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STATE OF ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 

DIVISION OF THE 
IL\\mo\s. STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

FRANK \^. De^^OLF. Chief 

BULLETIN NO. 34 



THE ARTESIAN WATERS 

OF NORTHEASTERN 

ILLINOIS 

By Carl B^ Anderson 




-PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 



URBANA, ILLINOIS 
1919 



V 






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K^ 



STATE OF ILLINOIS 
DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 

DIVISION OF THE 

STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

FRANK W. DeWOLF. Chief 

Committee of the Board of Natural Resources 
and Conservation 



Francis W. Shepahdsox, Cliairman 

Director of Registration and Education 

Kexdric C. Babcock 

Representing the President of the Uni- 
versity of Illinois 



RoLLiN D. Salisbury 
Geologist 



LIBRARY O^ CONGRESS 

DcC 1 1928 



lCJOCUMIItMT3-E<lVlSION 



ScHNEPP & Barxes. Printers 

Springfilld. III. 

1919. 

21S22 — 3M 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



• . State Geological Survey, 

Urbana, June 29, 1919. 

Francis W. Shepardson, Chairman, and Members of the Board of 
Natural Resources and Conservation: 

Gentlemen : I submit herewith a report on the Artesian Waters of 
Northeastern Illinois, and recommend that it be published as Bulletin 34. 

It is to be^regretted that on account of lack of funds the report 
could not have been published in 1915 or 1916 soon after completion of 
the work. However, I feel that the purpose of the book will not be 
defeated by its late publication and believe that its value will be realized 
by the industries and cities of northeastern Illinois seeking abundant 
artesian water supplies. 

..•""'*'-5^ery, .respectfully, 

I "■'''Frank W. DeWolf, Chief. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Part I. 

Introduction 17 

Area investigated 17 

Importance and purpose of investigation 17 

Field work 18 

Importance of preserving record 18 

Drillers' logs 18 

Drilling samples 18 

Directions for taking samples 19 

Examination of samples 19 

Acknowledgments 20 

Underground waters 20 

Sources 20 

Zone of^saturation 21 

Definition 21 

Factors affecting ground-water level 22 

General statement 22 

Effect of topography 22 

Effect of surface deposits 22 

Ground water in bed rock 23 

Springs 23 

Artesian waters 24 

Definition 24 

Distribution of artesian waters 25 

Geologic formations and their water-bearing capacity. 25 

General relationships 25 

Surface deposits 26 

General description. 26 

Terminal moraines 26 

Ground moraines 27 

Outwash deposits 28 

Stream or alluvial deposits 28 

Lacustrine deposits 29 

Bed rock formations 29 

Static head 31 

General statement 31 

Measurements 31 

Methods employed 31 



CONTEXTS — Continued 

PAGE 

Recession 36 

Chicago and vicinity 36 

Chemical character of underground waters 37 

General statement 37 

Factors affecting chemical character 38 

Hydrogen sulphide 40 

General statement 40 

Methods of analysis 40 

Occurrence 41 

Niagaran waters 41 

Deep-well waters 41 

Temperatures of underground waters 42 

General statement 42 

Methods of obtaining temperature data 42 

Chicago well waters 43 

Deep wells 44 

Depth of invariable stratum and temperature. 44 

Geothermal gradients 44 

Shallow wells 46 

Well waters outside Chicago 47 

Deep wells 47 

Shallow wells and springs 49 

Geothermal gradients in general northeastern Illinois 49 

Factors affecting geothermal gradients 49 

Application to northeastern Illinois 50 

Summary 50 

Wells 50 

Dug or open wells 50 

Driven wells : . . 51 

Drilled wells of small bore 51 

General description 51 

Costs of drilling , 52 

Drilled wells of large bore 52 

Drilling process 52 

Methods employed 52 

Depth of wells 53 

Casing of wells 54 

Size of wells 54 

Cost of drilling 55 

Drillers' specifications 55 

I 'uiiiping of wells 69 

Methods 6y 

Deep-well pumps 69 

Impeller or centrifugal pumps 69 

Air-lift i)UJiips 70 

Costs of pumping 73 

General considerations 73 

Deep-well and centrifugal pumps 73 

Air-lift pumps 74 

Yield as related to diameter of well 75 

(6) 



CONTENTS— Continued 

PAGE 

Part II. 

Boone County 77 

Physiography 77 

G-eology 77 

Underground waters 78 

General statement 78 

Belvidere 78 

Cook County 81 

Physiography 81 

Geology 82 

Underground waters 85 

Sources 85 

Chemical character 86 

Chicago 87 

General statement 87 

Shallow-rock wells 87 

Deep-rock wells 88 

Historical discussion 88 

Water-hearing strata 88 

St. Peter sandstone 88 

Prairie du Chien group 89 

"Potsdam" group 89 

Size of wells and casing 90 

Pumpage 90 

Daily supply 90 

Effects of heavy pumpage 91 

- Pumping methods 91 

Static head 93 

Galena-Platteville formation 93 

St. Peter sandstone 93 

"Potsdam" group 95 

Chemical character of Chicago waters 96 

Niagaran formation 96 

Galena-Platteville formation 97 

St. Peter sandstone 97 

Prairie du Chien group 98 

"Potsdam" group 98 

Upper sandstone member 98 

Middle sandstone member. . 100 

Lower sandstone member 101 

Local supplies 102 

Vicinity of Chicago 102 

Blue Island 102 

Harvey 104 

Riverdale 104 

Southeastern area 105 

General statement 105 

Chicago Heights 107 

Matteson 108 

(7) 



CONTEXTS— Continued 

PAGE 

Southwestern area 108 

General statement 108 

Lemont 108 

Western area 109 

Argo 109 

Bellewood Ill 

Berwyn Ill 

Clearing Ill 

Forest Park 112 

La Grange 113 

Lyons 114 

Maywood 114 

Melrose 115 

Proviso Township 116 

River Forest 120 

Riverside 121 

Summit 123 

Western Springs 124 

Northern area 124 

General statement 124 

Desplaines 124 

Hubbard Woods 126 

Park Ridge 126 

Northwestern area 127 

General statement 127 

Arlington Heights 127 

Barrington 128 

Palatine 128 

De Kalb County •. . 129 

Physiography 129 

Geology 130 

Underground waters 131 

Sources 131 

Chemical character 131 

Local supplies 132 

De Kalb 132 

Genoa 133 

Hinckley 134 

Kirkland 134 

Malta 134 

Sandwich 135 

Sonioniiuk 135 

Sycamore 136 

Du Page County 137 

Physiography 137 

Geology 138 

Undorgroiiiid waters 139 

Sources 139 



(8) 



CONTENTS— Continued 

PAGE 

Chemical character 140 

Local supplies 140 

Bensenville 140 

Downers Grove 142 

Elmhurst 144 

Eola 145 

Glen Ellyn 145 

Hinsdale 146 

Lombard 146 

Naperville ; 146 

West Chicago 147 

Wheaton 148 

Grundy County 149 

Physiography 149 

Geology 149 

Underground waters 150 

Sources 150 

Chemical character 150 

Local supplies , 151 

Braceville 151 

Carbon Hill 151 

Coal City 151 

Gardner 152 

Mazon 152 

Minooka 153 

Morris 154 

Kane County 157 

Physiography 157 

Geology 158 

Underground waters 159 

Sources 159 

Chemical character 160 

Local supplies 160 

Aurora 160 

Batavia 164 

Carpentersville 166 

Elburn 166 

Elgin 166 

Geneva 168 

Maple Park 168 

Montgomery 168 

Mooseheart 169 

St. Charles 170 

Virgil 171 

Kankakee County. 171 

Physiography 171 

Geology 171 



(9) 



cox TEXTS — Continued 

PAGE 

Underground waters 173 

Sources 173 

Chemical character 173 

Local supplies 173 

Kankakee 173 

IManteno 176 

Momence 176 

Reddick 176 

Kendall County 177 

Physiography 177 

Geology 178 

Underground waters 178 

Sources 178 

Local supplies 178 

Oswego 178 

Piano 379 

Yorkville 179 

Lake County 179 

Physiography 179 

Geology 180 

Underground waters 181 

Sources 181 

Chemical character 181 

Local supplies 182 

General statement 182 

Grays Lake 182 

Gurnee 183 

Highland Park 183 

Highwood "... 185 

Lake Bluff 185 

Lake Forest 185 

Lake Zurich 187 

Libertyville 187 

Ravinia Park 187 

Rondout 187 

Waukegan 188 

Zion City 188 

[.a Salle County .-...: 189 

Physiograi)hy 189 

Geology 190 

Underground waters 192 

Sources 192 

Chemical character 193 

Local supplies 193 

Cedar Point 193 

Deer Park 193 

Earlville 194 

Grand Ridge 194 

La Salle 195 

(10) 



CONTENTS— Continued 

PAGE 

Leland 195 

Lostant 195 

Marseilles 196 

Mendota 197 

Oglesby 198 

Ottawa 199 

Peru 201 

Ransom 203 

Seneca 203 

Sheridan 203 

Streator 203 

Utica 205 

Wedron 205 

McHenry County 206 

Physiography 206 

Geology 206 

Underground waters 208 

Sources 208 

Static head 208 

Chemical character 208 

Local supplies 208 

Algonquin 208 

Crystal Lake 209 

Harvard 209 

McHenry, 210 

Marengo 210 

- North Crystal Lake 210 

Ringwood 211 

Woodstock 211 

Will County 212 

Physiography 212 

Geology 213 

Underground waters 214 

Sources 214 

Static head 215 

Chemical character 215 

Local supplies 216 

Braidwood 216 

Crete 217 

Joliet 218 

Lockport 221 

Mokena 222 

Monee 223 

Peotone 223 

Plainfleld 223 

Rockdale 224 

Steger 224 

Wilmington 224 



(11) 



CONTEXTS— Concluded 

PAGE 

Winnebago County 225 

Physiography 225 

Geology 225 

Underground waters 226 

Sources 226 

Chemical character 227 

Local supplies 227 

Pecatonica 227 

Rockford 227 

Appendix. Tables of analyses 233 



(12) 



ILLU STK AXIOM S 

PLATE PAGE 

I. Map of the area covered by the report showing the artesian wells in 1914 16 

II. Generalized graphic columnar section for northeastern Illinois, includ- 
ing a summary of data on the artesian waters from the different for- 
mations 28 

III. Geologic map of northeastern Illinois showing the bed rock underlying 

each part of the region 36 

IV. Map of the Chicago district showing the Potsdam ground water level 

in 1914 by means of contours 94 

FIGURE 

1. Diagram showing the amount of water pumped daily from deep wells in 

the Chicago district in 1914 as compared with that from the wells in 
the Stock Yards district, from those in the rest of Chicago, and from 
the five largest in the Stock Yards 92 

2. Diagram showing the total number of wells in Chicago and their daily 

pumpage as compared with the number and pumpage of old wells and 

of the more recent ones 92 

3. Graph showing the lowering of the static head in the Stock Yards wells 

since they flowed in 1889 94 



(13) 



TABLES 

PAGE 

1. Data regarding the artesian water table in northeastern Illinois 32 

2. Temperatures of waters from representative deep wells in Chicago.... 45 

3. Temperatures of waters from shallow wells in Chicago 46 

4. Temperatures of waters from deep wells in northeastern Illinois, not 

including Chicago 46 

5. Temperatures of waters from shallow depths in northeastern Illinois, 

not including Chicago 48 

6. Drilling costs of representative deep wells 57 

7. Average analysis of waters from 31 shallow wells in Chicago 96 

8. Mean analysis of the waters from 57 representative wells in Chicago 

pumping over 75 gallons per minute and ranging in depth from 1,200 to 
1,750 feet 99 

9. Analysis of waters from the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway 

wells at Bensenville 143 



APPENDIX 

I. Mineral analyses of underground waters in northeastern Illinois 234 

II. Boiler analyses of underground waters in northeastern Illinois 250 



(15) 



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ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




I St. Peter and 
fLywer ilagneslan ■ 
an 1.700 feel J 



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60U--1.200 feet In d^P*^ , ,, 

♦ Over 1.200 feet but generally '"»""- 

» 100 to 1.600 Ket. 1"" "°' Penetral.ns the 

• 1,300-1.700 feet in "'*•'' . ,„ ,i,„.h } "Potsdam wcIIb" 

f 1.700 to a,5oo «»' " """'^ 



Map of the area covered by the report showing the artesian wells in 1914 



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THE ARTESIAN WATERS OF 

NORTHEASTERN 

ILLINOIS 

By Carl B. Anderson 
PART I 

INTRODUCTION 

Area Investigated 

The region described in this report includes an area of approximately 
7,755 square miles in northeastern Illinois. The counties included are 
Boone, Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Lake, 
LaSalle, McHenry, Will and Winnebago (see Plate I) with a total popu- 
lation of 2,980,379 in 1910, according to the census of that year. This 
is 52.8 per cent of that for the entire State, whereas the area is only 13.8 
per cent. The city of Chicago, with its two million and more inhabitants 
is responsible for this unequal ratio between population and area in re- 
spect to that of the remainder of the State. 

Importance and Purpose of Investigation 

The greater amount of water consumed by the inhabitants of this 
area, excluding Chicago and the towns along the north shore of Lake 
Michigan, is obtained from underground sources. The industries of Chi- 
cago alone pump over 30,000,000 gallons of water per day from deep 
wells. 

A thorough investigation of the underground water resources has 
therefore been deemed important, special emphasis being laid upon ob- 
taining data in regard to the deep artesian wells since it is from that 
source that the larger quantities of underground water are procured. 

It has been the object of this investigation to ascertain to the greatest 
practicable extent such information in regard to the underground waters, 
as quantity, quality, accessibility, distribution, static head, and depths be- 
neath the surface. Chemical analyses have been made of a large number 
of waters and the results are given. Measurements of the water level 
were made wherever feasible, or data in regard to the same obtained. 

It has been thought that the results of this investigation would be of 
the greatest practical service if the conditions existing in particular lo- 
calities were considered individually. The method of treatment has there- 
fore been by counties with detailed discussions regarding the different 

cities and villages. 

(17) 



18 ARTESIAN" WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Field Work 

Essentially all of the licld work for this report was done during the 
summers of 1914 and 1915, although some additional time in November 
and December of 1913 was spent in Chicago collecting well records and 
samples of water. The summer of 1911: \vas devoted almost entirely to 
work in Chicago and its immediate vicinity during which time the writer 
was assisted by Mr. 11. J. Weiland of the State Water Survey. Data 
were obtained which made possible the drawing of the contour map of 
"Potsdam" ground-water level (Plate IV). Likewise a large number of 
water samples w'ere collected. During the summer of 1915 the remainder 
of the area was covered. 

Lmi'ortaxce of Preserving Records 

The importance of ha\ing exact information regarding underground 
conditions is becoming more and more evident. To obtain such know- 
ledge and make it available to the j)ublic, is the purpose of the Illinois 
Geological Survey. 

drillers' logs 

It is usual for the driller to keep and fm-nish a log of the well to 
the owner, although in some instances even this is not done. However, 
the drillers' logs have come to be looked upon with doubt even by the 
drillers themselves. The personal factor is of much importance, as the 
logs kept by some experienced drillers are surprisingly accurate.- How- 
ever, in the drilling of a deep well that extends over a considerable period 
of time, it is very probable that different drillers will have been at work 
and as the names used 1)\' drillers to (lescril)e the different kinds of mater- 
ial jx'uctrated is subjecl to much variation, an inaccurate log will result. 
As an exam])lc. it is not unusual for a crystalline dolomite, which is a 
limestone with a notable magnesium content, to be called a sandstone; 
this is particularl}- true if there are a few sand grains embedded in the 
dolomitic matrix. The writer has frequently furnished drillers wdth 
logs, compiled from a study of drill cuttings, and it has been noted that 
there has been much more confidence placed in such a record than in one 
ilial is just a "driller's log." 

DRILLING SAMPLES 

TluTc is an increased interest in the collection of drillings among 
boili the cnicrjjrising well contractors and the people who are having 
wells drilled. The writer has u^uall}- found that it has been necessary 
()nl\- lo call to the well owner's attention the im]) )rtance of saving drillings 
in order to ha\e it done. I'he more progressive well contractors have also 
been \ erv willini: to assist in this matter. Hiere should l)e a detailed 



INTRODUCTION 19 

record of at least one deep well in every city or village as a guide for 
future drilling and therefore particular care should be taken to have a 
complete set of samples saved from the first well in a locality. The 
depths below the surface at which the water stood as the different forma- 
tions were penetrated together with information regarding any pumping 
tests should also be carefully recorded. A practice that is becoming more 
and more common is to have the collection of drillings made a part of the 
specifications. An accurate log will always be obtained in this manner. 
To encourage the saving of samples the State Geological Survey has 
had special cloth bags prepared for holding samples and these will be 
sent prepaid to those requesting the same. The Survey will also have 
the drillings carefully examined by competent geologists, and the detailed 
logs furnished free of charge. These logs are also kept on file in fire- 
proof cabinets in the Survey offices. There are already thousands of such 
logs on file, and the information thus obtained is available to the public 
in all cases in which the owners of the well have not requested that the 
data be treated as confidential. 

DIEECTIONS FOB TAKING SAMPLES 

Although the Geological Survey always encloses directions for the 
collection of samples whenever a set of bags is sent from the office, it will 
not be amiss to mention here some of the considerations that must be 
borne in mind. It is not necessary to have a large sample — a few ounces 
will suffice — but it is advisable to have a sample of the cuttings taken 
from every "screw," or every five feet of drilling. This is particularly 
true where the strata are thin and there is a rapid change in the different 
kinds of rock. The cuttings should not be washed, as in so doing some of 
the finer material will be lost. The sample should be representative of 
the material brought up by the bailer. If it is a mixture of coarse and 
fine material, the sample should be similarly neither entirely fine nor 
entirely coarse. 

The Survey also sends out small handbooks in which drillers may 
record their logs and any remarks that may pertain to the drilling, as 
the rate that drilling progresses and the action of the rock upon the bit 
are all indications of the character of the strata. The water levels and 
any pumping tests as has been said should be carefully recorded. 

EXAMINATION OF SAMPLES 

The study of the well drillings should be made by a competent 
geologist. It is not so easy as it may seem to determine correctly from a 
small sample of more or less powdered material, the kind of rock that it 
represents. A description of the material so accurate that it may be pos- 
sible to visualize the original rock is to be desired. 



20 AKTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

The reader is referred to a ])ullelin by Dr. L'dden^ published by this 
Surve\-. which gives very complete instructions for the study of well 
drillings. 

Acknowledgments 

In order to make a report of this nature at all complete, it is neces- 
sary 10 have the cooperation and assistance of so many people that it is 
impossible to make individual acknowledgment for all the information 
obtained. It has. however, been a source of great pleasure to the writer 
to note the general interest that has been taken in the work and the active 
assistance rendered wherever possible. 

The man\- drilling firms doing business in this area have freely fur- 
nished records and other information at their disposal. Partictilarly 
large contributors of such data have been the following: J. P. Miller 
Artesian Well Compan>-, S. B. Geiger, and the Cater Contracting Com- 
])an\'. ilowexer, man\- lugs have been obtained from other drillers, and 
credit is given in the body of the re])ort wherexer possible. In luany in- 
stances these well contractors ha\"e taken consideral)le trouble in having 
samples of the drillings collected in order that accurate records might be 
obtained. The city officials in charge of the water departments in the dif- 
ferent localities have contributed much data, as have likewise the differ- 
ent firms which are operating deep wells. 

The writer ])ai'ticiilarly \\ishes to acknowledge the aid rendered in the 
preparation of this bulletin by his fellow workers of the Illinois State 
Geological Survey. Mr. \\ W. DeW'olf. the director, has always been 
ready with hcl])ful suggestions and criticisms in regard to the general 
scope nf the work. Mr. G. If. Cady has furnished information in re- 
gard iu the LaSalle area, in which territory he has done nuich detailed 
work. Professor T. E. Savage has also rendered aid in the geological in- 
terpretation of the well records. 

Mr. 1^. (I riiicli of the l^ S. Geological Surxey has kindlv given 
his geological interpretations of some of the detailed well logs. His com- 
ments accompany the dilTerent logs. 

Tjrateful acknowledgment is due Dr. Piartow of the State \\'ater 
Survey for assistance in the chemical study of the waters. Almost all the 
analyses given were made in the la1)oratories of the State Water Survey. 

I'XDi.RCKorxD \\'.\ti-:rs 

Sot'RCES 

The underground water of any region has with few exceptions the 
same source ns the surface waters; that is. from the rainfall and snow- 



' TMflo?i. .J. A.. Some deep borinps in Tllinoi.s: Til. State Gool. Survey Bull. 24, 
11114. 



UNDERGROUND WATERS 21 

fall. The water that is thus precipitated upon the earth's surface re- 
turns again to the air through evaporation from plant, soil, or water sur- 
faces, is carried off by the streams to the oceans, or sinks into the 
ground to form the great body of underground water. It is this under- 
ground water that supplies the wells of a region and with which we are 
primarily concerned in this report. 

The most of the rocks older than the St. Peter sandstone, en- 
countered in many of the deep wells in northeastern Illinois, do not 
outcrop at the surface in the State. The proper subdivision and classifi- 
cation of these rocks can not be satisfactorily made from the study of 
well records or samples of drillings. The field study of these rocks, as 
well as their underground relations is under investigation in Wisconsin 
where these strata are exposed at the surface, but final conclusions have 
not yet been reached. Mr. Ulrich's comments on the logs of a few of 
the wells that were sent to him are included in this report, but it seems 
probable that more recent studies in Wisconsin will modify his views. 
For these reasons it has seemed best to use the old names and divisions 
for the rocks in this older part of the geologic column in the area under 
consideration until some agreement has been reached regarding their 
subdivisions and nomenclature. 

Zone of Saturation 
definition 

Shallow wells sunk in a flat region of uniform structure and with 
deposits of essentially the same character have a nearly uniform water 
level. If the water rises in a number of wells to within a certain dis- 
tance from the surface, the conclusion is that the rocks are saturated 
with water to within that distance of the surface. This general hvel of 
underground water is called the ground-water level, groiind-zvater sur- 
face, or water table; belov/ it ground- water fills the crevices, joints, and 
open spaces of the rock to unknown depths. This zone below the ground- 
water level and to the depths below which it is believed that it is not 
possible for water to be present is called the zone of saturation. 

This underground water is continually being drawn upon ; it supplies 
the permanent streams, escapes through springs, vegetation draws up 
water from beneath, and both the deep and shallow wells of a region owe 
their permanence to the underground reservoir. 

The water level in wells is known to be higher during the wet seasons 
than in times of drought; this is because of fluctuations in the ground- 
water level. During times of heavy precipitation more water sniks into 
the ground and thus causes a rise in the ground-water level. Whereas 
in the dry seasons the water level sinks because of excessive drain with- 
out replenishment. 



22 ABTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

FACTORS AFFECTING GROUND-WATER LEVEL 
GENERAL STATE:MENT 

A number of factors affect the depth of the ground-water level be- 
neath the land surface, as well as the amount of available water, and its 
chemical character. In a nearh- flat region with a heavy mantle of coarse 
material, such as sand and gravel, it is evident that a large amount of the 
rainfall will sink into the ground; whereas in a region of similar climate 
but of thin surface deposits, steep slopes, and well established drainage 
lines, the run-oft' will be greater, and not so much water will be ab- 
sorbed by the ground as under the former conditions. 

EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHY 

The contour of the ground-water surface is somewhat similar to 
that of the land surface but not so irregular. Although the ground- 
water level is higlier beneath the hilltops than in the valleys, the maxi- 
mum dift'erences are not so great as that between the elevations and de- 
pressions of the land surface. The water level in the permanent streams 
is continuous with the underground-water level of the land surface. The 
movement of the ground water is toward the valleys, and the important 
source of the permanent streams is the ground water from the uplands. 

The water table is not far below the ground surface in valleys, on 
flood plains, and in the vicinity of large ponds or lakes. It is therefore 
not an uncommon belief that the wells situated in these lowlands obtain 
their supply from the nearby large bodies of water. Such is only very 
rarely the case, as the movement of the ground water is toward points of 
lower elevation, and therefore the wells in the lowlands draw their water 
from the same underground reservoir as those on the uplands. However, 
if wells are located on banks of large streams or lakes and the ])umpage 
is at a greater rale than the inflow from the ground water, there will be 
a flow toward the well from the body of surface water. Likewise a 
sudden rise of the water in a stream may cause a temporar}- underground 
flow of water away from the stream and into wells. 

EFFECT OF SURFACE DEPOSITS 

Idle amount of available ground water depends to a great extent 
upon the amount and character of the surface deposits. In a sand and 
gravel deposit there is a notable amount of pore space that may be filled 
with water. Likewise the flow of water through such material is much 
more rapid than through that finer in grain. Whenever water is ])umped 
from a well at a greater rate than the rate of inflow of the ground water, 
there is a (lcpi-e<<ion of the ground-water le\el. However. l)ecause of 
this more rapid tlow in the coarse material, wells ta])ping such a bed will 
recover their normal water level in a shorter length of time than those 



UNDERGROTJXD WATERS 23 

whose waters come from such deposits as fine-grained clays. 

Naturally the most favorable conditions for large yielding surface 
wells are in flat regions of abundant precipitation and a heavy deposit of 
coarse material. In certain parts of the area covered by this report, shal- 
low wells of exceptionally large yield can be obtained. The conditions 
are usually local and are discussed under the different localities. 

GROUND WATER IX BED ROCK 

Many of the wells in this region draw their water from the bed rock 
underlying the drift. In those localities where the bed rock is a lime- 
stone or a sandstone it is not unusual to obtain wells which yield large 
vtmounts. The water from the drift gradually works its way downward 
to the underlying bed rock. In limestone, the cracks, joints, and other 
openings are filled by the water; solution of the limestone also takes 
place, so that in time the openings are much enlarged, and definite water 
channels are formed. This is particularaly true for that part of this 
region where the Niagaran limestone is the bed rock. 

A sandstone is also favorable for the storage of ground water. This 
is illustrated in those areas where the St. Peter sandstone underlies the 
drift. This formation is especially adapted as a reservoir because of the 
large pore space due to the almost complete absence of cementing ma- 
terial. 

It is seen that there is an intimate relation between the drift and 
bed rock in regard to the water content of the latter. If the conditions 
of the drift are favorable for the retention of a large amount of the 
rainfall, then the bed rock will furnish strong wells. In some places 
more water can be obtained from the bed rock wells than from those 
which penetrate only the drift. Definite water channels or large crev- 
ices may be encountered in which instances the water may not be from 
the immediate overlying drift, although the source is usually not at a 
great distance. 

Springs 

Springs are found along many of the valleys in the glacial drift that 
covers this region. The water issues usually from some gravel or sand 
bed outcropping along the sides of a valley. Springs may also occur at 
the contact of a bed of gravel with an underlying relatively impervious 
bed, as of clay or shale. 

Springs that issue from the bed rock also occur in the outcrop along 
the larger streams. The water issues from between bedding planes in 
the rock, crevices, or just above a comparatively impervious layer. 



24 AKTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

Artesian Waters 

definition 

The term "artesian" as used at present refers to water that is con- 
tained in a stratum under such pressure that it will rise when t<ipped 
by drilling, to a greater height than that of the retaining bed. It is not 
necessary for a well to flow in order that it can be designated as artesian. 
In many wells the water may be under sufficient pressure to rise many 
hundred feet above the water-bearing formation but still lack enough 
pressure to overflow ; whereas another well may tap the same aquifers 
and flow because it is situated on somewhat lower ground, although the 
liNflrostatic pressiu-e or static head will be essentially the same in both. 

The conditions and requisites for artesian waters were outlined 

many years ago by Professor T. C. Chamberlin^. They are as follows: 

1. A pervious stratum to permit the entrance and the passage of the water. 

2. A water-tight bed below to prevent the escape of the water downward. 

3. A like impervious bed above to prevent escape upward, for the water, 
being under pressure from the fountain-head, would otherwise find relief in 
that direction. 

4. An inclination of these beds, so that the edge at which the waters enter 
will be higher than the surface of the well. 

5. A suitable exposure of the edge of the porous stratum, so that it 
may take in a sufficient supply of water. 

6. An adequate rainfall to furnish this supply. 

7. An absence of any escape for the water at a lower level than the 
surface of the well. 

Another list of the essentials for artesian waters was published in 

190(S b\- .M\r()n L. l'\illcr o\ the U. S. Geological Survev"-. His summary 

is as lollows: 

1. An adequate source of water supply. 

2. A retaining agent offering more resistance to the passage of water 
llian the well or other opening. 

3. An adefiuate source of pressure. 

The first requisite is not made specific as regards source, because, as has 
been pointed out, artesian waters are not derived from a single but from a 
variety of sources. The second requisite — the retaining agent — may be a 
stratum, a vein of dike wall, a joint, fault, or other fracture plane, a water 
layer, or some one of a variety of other agents. * * * * The pressure, 
although primarily due to variations in level in the different parts of the 
artesian system, may be transmitted in so many ways and is subject to so many 
modifying factors that the postulation of a specific cause is impracticable. * * * 

It is believed tli;it I he thre? factors stated in \hv i)re('e(ling paragraph 
are all that can be considered as essential to artesian lh)ws, all other postulated 



' rhambf-rliii. T. C. Keaui.site mik] ciualifyinpr conditions of artesian wells: 
Geol. of AVis. vol. 1. pp. 6s;:»-7ni, 1S81. Al.^o Fifth .\nn. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 
pp. 12.".-1T:{. 1SS.5. 

- FulltT. Myron L.. {^unlnlarv of the ront loUiiiu factor.'^ of artesian flows: U. S. 
G«ol. Survey Hull. :'.19, pp. .3H-37. 1908. 



GEOLOGIC FORMATIOXS AXD THEIR WATER BEARING CAPACITY 25 

requisites being in reality modifying or accessory rather than essential factors. 
These secondary factors may be classified as follows: 

Secondary factors of artesian flows 

I. Hydrostatic factors (relating to pressure and movement) 

1. Factors mainly affecting pressure. 

a. Barometric pressure. 

b. Temperature. 

c. Density. 

d. Rock pressure. 

2. Factors mainly affecting movement. 

a. Porosity. 

b. Size of pores or openings. 

c. Temperature. 

II. Geologic factors (relating to reservoir). 

1. Character of reservoir. 

2. Retaining agents. 

3. Structure of reservoir. 

4. Topographic conditions. 

5. Conditions relating to supply. 

a. Catchment conditions. 

b. Conditions of underground feed. 

6. Conditions of leakage. 

DISTRIBUTION OF ARTESIAN WATERS 

The above outlined artesian conditions exist in the entire area 
considered in this report. At depths which vary with the different 
localities, there are present formations that contain water under great 
hydrostatic pressure. This pressure is not everywhere sufficient to cause 
a flowing well, but it is nevertheless ample to cause the water to rise 
many hundred feet above its containing formation. 

GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER-BEARING 

CAPACITY 

General Relationships 
Beneath an almost unbroken mantle of clay, sand, and gravel, called 
drift, present over this area, is found the bed rock. The contact between 
drift and bed rock is clear cut and although the surface of the latter is 
in its major aspects somewhat more irregular than the former, in general 
the bed rock surface is much smoother than the drift surface. The 
consolidated strata can be seen in quarries and also in some railroad 
cuts where the drift is not too thick. Likewise in a few places the bed 
rock outcrops, as along Illinois, Rock, and Fox rivers. The bed rock 
does not have the same character in all localities ; for instance, at Chi- 
cago and vicinity it is a limestone, whereas along Fox River it is a 
sandstone, and under the drift in Grundy County, shale. 



26 ARTESIAX WATERS OB^ XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Surface Deposits 
general description 

The deposit of clay, sand, gra^•el, and boulders, which covers 
essentially the entire area treated in this report, was laid down during 
the glacial epoch. The drift ranges in thickness from a few feet to 
over 300 feet, and with a probable average over the entire region of 50 
to To feet. The heterogenous mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders 
that was deposited directly by the ice is called ////; the drift that was 
worked over or sorted by the waters running from the glaciers and then 
redcposited is called stratified drift. 

Before glaciation the great mantle of clay, sand, and gravel, which 
now covers the region, was absent, the streams were cutting away at the 
bed rock surface that underlies the present drift deposit, and the land 
surface as a whole was more rugged. As the great ice sheets slowly 
advanced southward, the original soil and rock debris were ground up 
and carried along, frozen in and to the base of the glaciers, until as a 
result of an amelioration of the climate the ice melted, resulting in 
disappearance of the great ice sheet. All the clay, sand, gravel, and 
boulders which had been incorporated in, and carried along Ijy, the 
glacier was then deposited over the land surface to a thickness ranging 
from a few feet to over 300 feet. Crystalline rocks are found in the 
drift and as no such rocks outcrop in this region, but only in areas far 
to the north, this material must have been carried hundreds of miles 
before deposition. However, the greater proportion of this loose 
material has been carried only short distances. 

'I'hc deposition of all this loose material served to efface most of 
the smaller i)re-,^lacial streams and to alter the courses of many of the 
larger ones. Vov example, well drillings revealing the position of buried 
portions of a ])re-glacial \alley show ihnt Rock Ri\er was forced to leave 
its channel in a number of places. 

The topography of the drift-covered area is of several types, due 
to the fact that the loose i, material was not deposited everywhere in the 
same manner. iCach major t}-])e will be discussed in(li\i(lua]l}- empha- 
sizing its relationship to ground water su])])lies. 

TERM T X AL M OR AI N ES 

The terminal moraine is that thicker ])art of the di-ift which was 
deposited along the border of the ice sheet \\ bile the edge was stationary. 

Several of these ternn'nal morainic ridges or belts occur in the 
region, among which the \'alparaiso morainic system is the most note- 
worthy. Tt follows the general contour of T.ake Michigan, extending 
southward I'rcjm the Wisconsin line, through western Lake and eastern 
McIIenry counties, across parts of Cook, Kane, and DuPage counties, 



GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER BEARING CAPACITY 27 

and then southeastward so that it is found in southwestern Cook 
County and northeastern Will County. The inner border in most 
places is less than 15 miles from the lake, and the width ranges from 
r» or 6 miles to 20 or more miles at the Wisconsin-Illinois line. Minor 
morainic ridges, such as the branches of the Bloomington morainic 
system which cross certain of the counties are described under the 
different counties. 

The topography of the terminal morainic areas is as a rule more 
uneven than that of the surrounding region. Small knobs or knoll-like 
hills with steep slopes are common ; there are numerous depressions 
between the knolls which may contain lakes. Marshes are also not 
uncommon. 

it is possible to obtain rather abundant supplies of water from 
most locations in the terminal moraine. Because of the irregularity of 
the topography, the poor development of the drainage lines and the 
greater thickness of the drift in the terminal moraine than in surround- 
ing areas, an excessive run-oiT is prevented and a notably large amount 
of the rainfall sinks into the ground where it can be drawn upon by the 
wells. IMost of the beds of sand and gravel common in the terminal 
morainic areas will yield sufficient supplies of water for small villages 
and for private use. 

Along the Valparaiso morainic system, particularly in western 
Lake County, it is possible to secure unusually abundant supplies from 
the drift, yet most of the larger wells are continued to the bed rock, 
for the rock is a limestone so fissured that it is capable of storing 
extraordinary quantities of the water which seeps down from above. 
However, the drift is the source of this water, and it is because of the 
reasons mentioned in the previous paragraph that the underlying lime- 
stone contains such abundant supplies. 

GROUND MORAINES 

The ground moraine is the body of drift lying between the terminal 
moraines. It covers almost this entire region except in the few places 
where erosion has removed the drift. 

The topography of the ground moraine is less uneven than that of 
the terminal ; the hills are lower and have less slope ; the depressions 
are broader and shallower. It is not uncommon for ground morainic 
areas to be monotonous plains many miles in extent. 

In this region the character of the till is probably the most import- 
ant factor in determining the ground water possibilities of the ground 
moraine. Where the greater part of the till is composed of clayey 
material with only small amounts of sand and gravel, no wells of large 
yield are possible. However, with slight relief and some sand and gravel 
beds present, wells of moderate capacities can be obtained. ]Many wells 



28 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XOETHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

dug in the ground moraine, within a few miles of the terminal morainic 
ridges, yield good supplies. This is true where the rainfall that sinks 
into the ground on the higher collecting areas encounters a sand bed 
that extends under the groimd moraine. 

If the underlying bed rock is a limestone or sandstone, it is best tc 
continue the wells until these formations are encountered. However, in 
the reo'ions where the Pennsvlvanian rocks, or "Coal Aleasiu'es", under- 
lie the drift, it is desirable to try to obtain a water supply from the 
(Irit'i because the waters of the "Coal Measiu'es" in many places have 
a sulplmr taste due to the presence of hydrogen sulphide gas. 

OUTWASH DEPOSITS 

Uutwash deposits are made up of drift transported beyond the 
terminal moraine by water from the melting glacier. These outwash de- 
posits are of the same character as the main body of drift except that 
they are more or less stratified or sorted l)y the waters into different beds, 
each one characterized by a predominance of a certain constituent, as 
sand, clay, or gravel. 1 he coarser and heavier sediments will be deposited 
near the terminal moraine, whereas the lighter sands and silt will be 
carried out much tarthcr. The sediments deposited Ijy the many streams 
flowing from a glacier may unite, forming a plain-like area spread out in 
front of the terminal moraine. 

The outwash deposits that contain sand or gravel beds of any con- 
sequence contain considerable quantities of water, as the porous character 
of the material enables it to absorb the rainfall. A pervioils sand or 
gravel stratum is commonly included between impervious clay beds; in 
such a case where this pervious bed either changes to compact material 
down tlic >l()])e. oi- its lower end becomes blocked, artesian conditions may 
be develo])ed. Thus a number of flowing shallow wells are obtained from 
the outwash (le])osits. It is also usual for the pervious deposits of the 
outwash plain to be connected either directly or indirectK- with the 
terminal moraine, the elevated area and uneven to]X)graph\- of which 
make it a good collecting reservoir for rainfall; this also tends to produce 
artesian cinulitions on the outwash plain which is at a lower elevation. 

STRI•:A^r or alluvial dei'osits 

The material deposited along stream coiu'ses and river bottoms is 
called alluviuui or alluvial deposits. Touring times of excessive rainfall 
the streams become swollen, the swifter fiowing waters carrying more 
detrital material and haxing greater erosional ])()wer than under ordinary 
condition--. This results in the jjroadening of the \"alle}s and the torm- 
ation of llnod plains. ])articularl\' for the larger rivers. Also in past 
geologic ])eri()ds some of the ri\-ers carried much larger (juantities of 



ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
COLUMNAR SECTION 



FORMATIONS 



f 



PLEISTOCENE 



MoLEANSBORO 




OARBONDALE 



ALEXANDRIAN 



Trenton or Ga- 



GALENA 
PLATTEVILLE 



ffl 



La Sulle and Gnmdy i 



Lnke, Eane, Du Page, Cook, 



I Kankakee counties 



Boone, I)e Kalb, Kane, Kendall, Gn 



the whole of 



Underlies the whole 



Underlies the whole of every county t 
where covered by younger formatio: 



Dark-gray to block shale 
dominates, but there is 

and a few thin limestones 



lonsidcrable bi- 



Bltiish gray compact but soft 
shale, locally calcareous but 



Heavy-bedded, yello 



tone composed of rounded 
sub-angular, loosely ce- 
ted, clear quartz grains, 
er uniformly .5 mm. in 



reddish brown 



lin lower 



taining glauconite (g r 



Yellowish 



1 gained, rounded, 



and brown 
beds of 8 
dolomitic : 



and locally for small 1 
Small and confined to 



200 ga'lloas per 
unusual elsewhere 
Ions exceptional 



Moderate suppli 
Drilling 



private wells and locally small 



As a rule soft; but locally t 
hard for boiler purposes 

High mineral 
pliide 



Cook and adjoin 



isagreeable. See e 



Moderately 



limond where that sand- 



of the municipal 



., affording 
outside of Chicago, 



■ally capable of 



ceptional well 



north and harder ' 



Moderately 

illy iike Potsc 



tiehniond. From b a 



Highly mineralized and hard, 
becoming in general more 

• highly mineralized with in- 
creasini! depth. Sulphates 
and bicarbonates of colcium 
and magnesium are especially 
abundant and, except from 
certain horizons yielding 
water with low content of 
scale-fonning salts (see pp. 
100, 117. and 141), Potsdam 



wells locally. High head 



Low in Chicago and vicinity. Flowing wells and 
generally high head In southwestern part of 



wells locally in west 
rt of the area. High 
Cook and parts of ; 



. and Bouthwest- 



the New Richmond 



in Chicago and vicinity, where wi 
locallv 200± feet below the surfa 
high, flowing wells being not 



From the 






■See also Table I. 

1 See also Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5. 

Generalized graphic columna 



section for NortHeastern Illinois, including a summary of data on the artesian waters from the different formations 



m'm 



GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER BEARING CAPACITY 29 

water than at present ; this apphes especially to the Illinois and Desplaines 
rivers. After the recession of the flood stages when the stream occupies 
only its normal channel, there is left in many places a flood plain. The 
clay, sand, and gravel that covers this flat land is the material from the 
drift and bed rock over which the water has flowed. 

It is generally recognized that large supplies of water can be obtained 
from shallow wells on the flood plain and in the valley bottoms. The 
supposition often is that the source of the water is the streams. On the 
contrary, the source is the ground water that moves from the uplands 
toward the lower areas or the valleys supplying the streams with water. 
In some places flowing wells may be obtained from the alluvial deposits. 
This signifies alternate pervious and impervious strata with the artesian 
pressure developed from the higher water table underlying the uplands. 

At flood stages the waters from the streams may seep into the wells, 
because the waters have risen so rapidly that the ground water level has 
not been able to adjust itself. This condition could not last for long; if 
the flood stage does not recede in a short time, the ground-water table 
away from the banks of the stream assumes a higher elevation. How- 
ever, if the stream waters are polluted, there is danger during such flood 
periods that the lowland wells may become contaminated. 

LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS 

In the many small lakes that abound in terminal and ground morainic 
areas sediments Iiave accumulated until the lakes have become swamps 
and the swamps themselves have become filled, but such deposits are not 
of great importance. Even the largest lacustrine deposit of all of them 
bears no important relation to water supplies, though it constitutes a 
physiographic feature of noteworthy interest — the plain upon which 
Chicago is situated. 

This flat area was at one time occupied by an extension of a pre- 
historic Lake Michigan which has been named Lake Chicago and had an 
outlet down the Desplaines Valley to Mississippi River. Near Summit, 
southwest of Chicago, the St. Lawrence-Mississippi divide is only about 
10 feet above the present lake level. 

Bed-Rock Formations 
Glacial surface deposits are so variable in distribution and compo- 
sition that a written description was necessary in order to make even a 
generalization about them. But the succession of sandstones, limestones, 
and shales that make up the bed rock underlying the drift is much the 
same so far as major features are concerned throughout the area, mak- 
ing it possible, therefore, to generalize graphically in a columnar section 
for northeastern Illinois. (Plate II.) Though thicknesses as shown 
vary from the truth considerably in certain instances, the section is 
nevertheless to be taken as representing the average condition. Obvi- 



30 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

ously the lowest formation is the oldest and those overlying are suc- 
cessively younger, the youngest of all being the glacial surface deposits 
just described. 

Not every formation is represented in all parts of the area, because 
in some places the younger formations have been removed. For ex- 
ample, near Utica the Pennsylvanian, Xiagaran. Maciuoketa, Galena- 
riatteville, and St. Peter rocks have all been eroded completely, un- 
covering the Prairie du Chien beds, so that only the lower part of the 
general section, beginning somewhere in the Prairie du Chien group, 
represents the local Utica section. Again, over all of Winnebago County, 
Kiagaran and ^laquoketa rocks have been removed so that Galena- 
Platteville ("Trenton") rocks immediately underlie the drift and only 
that part of the section including the Trenton and below is applicable 
to Winnebago County. 

Although originally all these rocks were essentially flat as the sedi- 
ments from which they were derived were deposited on the sea bottom, 
they now have somewhat of a slope or dip in certain directions, due to 
movements in the earth's crust subsequent to their deposition. For 
instance, the limestone commonly known as "Lower ]\Iagnesian" out- 
crops in the vicinity of LaSalle, whereas at Chicago it is a thousand or 
more feet beneath the surface, though there is no notable diflrerence in 
the surface elevations at the two localities. The general dip in north- 
eastern Illinois is east and south ; thus as one goes west and north from 
the lake the older rocks will oulcro]) successively. Surface deposits 
scores of feet in thickness conceal the bed rock from view in most 
places, l)Ut the acconii)aii\ing ma]) (Plate III) shows which bed rock 
lies immediately below the unconsolidated material for e\ery ])art of the 
area as closely as it has been determined. 

The colunmar section is to be applied locally with the aid of such 
a geological map and all formations above the outcropping one as shown 
on the map should be omitted from consideration for a given area. 

11ie geologic history which has been interj^reted from the character, 
distribution, altitude, and succession of the various formations has little 
bearing on the problem of water su])]^lies and is therefore omitted from 
the report \ 

* For tho.se wlio aro intore.stod in tho iiitci-protation of tlie lii.'^tory tliat has 
brought al)ont tlif observed results, other buHetins of the Survey will be ol 
interest. 

Atwood, "Wallace W., and Goldthwait, James Walter. Physical g:eojrrai)hy of 
tho Evanston-Waukepran reprion: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 7, 1908. 

Goldthwait. .Tames Walter. The physical features of the Desplaines valley: 111. 
State Geol. Survey Bull. 11. 1000. 

TrowbridRp. Arthur G., Geology and u:eof;raphy of tho "W'hoaton f|uadranp:l<>: 111. 
State Geol. Survey Bull. 10. 1012. 

Cady. G. H.. Geolopry and mineral resources of the Hennepin and L,aSalle 
quadrangles : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 37, 1919. 

Geolopical map of Illinois. Fourth edition. 111. State Geol. Survev, 1917. 



STATIC HEAD 31 

STATIC HEAD 

General Statement 
The static head (hydrostatic pressure or artesian pressure) of the 
artesian water in a locaUty is of great importance, and therefore as 
much information as possible concerning the static head of the water 
in different locaUties was obtained. Detailed information will be found 
under the discussions of the different localities, but Table I has also been 
prepared to give a general survey of the artesian-water level in the 
area. Likewise, a contour map of the artesian water table in the Chicago 
region has been drawn (Plate IV). This map indicates the level of the 
water in the artesian wells and does not necessarily represent the static 
head of the water from a particular formation, because the wells are 
uncased and therefore the static head is the resultant of all those from 
the different water-bearing formations penetrated. In reality, however, 
it is essentially that of the "Potsdam" waters, as this group of sand- 
stones is the important aquifer. In the vicinity of LaSalle the static 
head represented is in general that of the St. Peter sandstone or New 
Richmond sandstone, as these are the aquifers that have there been 
most extensively developed. It will be noted that the water level is 
lowering, in some localities at a greater rate than in others, so that in 
time the static head indicated on the map will be too high. 

Measurements 

methods employed 

It was commonly found that the well owner or person in charge 
did not know the exact water level. Therefore, wherever possible it 
was actually measured by the writer or his assistant. The method 
employed is outlined below, and very satisfactory results were obtained 
on the wells pumped by the air lift. In most instances it was not possi- 
ble to determine the water level in wells equipped with deep-well or 
centrifugal pumps. This is because the pumping machinery covers the 
entire well opening, so that no weight can be lowered to reach the water 
level. In a number of such cases the approximate water level was ob- 
tained, as it had been measured the last time the pump had been removed 
from the well for repairs. 

The principle used in determining the static head was that of having 
the water surface in the wells close an electric circuit and measuring the 
amount of wire extending down from the surface. Two insulated wires 
twisted together so as to form one, and connected to a small hand- 
operated magneto at the ground surface, were lowered into the well. 
The ends of the wire were about 4 or 5 inches apart and properly 
insulated so that in lowering no contact with the iron pipes would close 



32 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 









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36 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

the circuit. A small weight consisting of an iron rod about 12 inches 
in length and .."> of an inch in diameter was fastened at the end of the 
wire in order to keep it taut. The two ends of the wire were connected 
to the magneto and the other two ends were weighted and lowered into 
the well. Current was generated by turning the crank on the magneto 
as the wire was lowered into the well. As soon as the ends of wire 
came in contact with the water the circuit was closed and a small bell 
on the magneto rang. The wire was then marked, pulled up, and 
measured. After testing a few wells in a locality in this manner the 
average distance to water was determined, so that in measuring other 
wells it was not necessary to crank the magneto until after the greater 
jA'irt of the wire had been lowered. The remainder of the wire would 
be slowly lowered until the ringing of the bell indicated that the water 
surface had been reached. 

Most of these measurements had to be made while the wells were 
idle, as nearly all the wells were closed at the top, so that it was not 
possible lo lower the wire between the well casing and the water and 
airpipes. The wire was generally let down the eduction pipe, but in 
certain cases where the discharge pipes were connected directly with the 
eduction pipe, this was not possible. In many such cases it was possible 
to lower the wire down the airpipe by removing a plug or elbow at its 
top. 

This method of measuring by magneto and wire was found to be 
very satisfactory. A well could be shut down and measured in less 
tlian 10 minutes. The chief precaution to be observed was to see that 
the wire insulations did not become broken and thus cause a short 
circuit. 

Recession 

chicago and vicinity 

It is very probable that the well drilled in Chicago^ in 18(U was one 
of the earliest, if not the first, deep well drilled in northeastern Illinois. 

This well was drilled to a de])th of 711 feet and therefore proba- 
l)1y obtained its flow from the Galena-Plattevillc limestone. The 
water rose to a height of <s() feet above the surface to an altitude 
of Gl)2 feet. 1'his well has since been abandoned, but the water 
level at present in other wells in the vicinity is 150 feet below the surface, 
or 230 feet lower than at first. Further, the present static head is of 
water from strata somewhat lower than those penetrated by the well 
drilled in ISfll. It is reasonable to suppose that these waters from the 
lower zones originall\- had even a higher head than that recorded in the 
early drilling. 



• Srhufeldt, Jr.. George A.. History of the Chicago arte.'sian well, Chicagro, lS6b. 
Reli&io-Philosophical Publi.shing Association. Chicago, 1S97. 



\ 



V 



\xx^ 



37 

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ng a 
ering 
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erent 
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lined 
lined 
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cal- 
ively 
ater. 
le by 
plete 






ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY 




Geologic map ot northeastern Illinois 



the bed rocks underlying each part of the region 



i 



36 

the circ 
in Icni;! 
wire in 
U) the n 
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lis tlu- 
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be slow' 
surface 

Mo 
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possible 
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top. 

Till 
very sa 
than 10 
the wir 
circuit. 



h i 
of the t 

Th 
bly oht 
water i 
of r,!)? 
level at 
or 230 
water f 
drilled : 
lower /.I 
early dr 



18 JA" 



j^^:.j^.u.i 



n.'jy-^^^ 1 



CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 37 

The hundreds of deep wells drilled in this area since 1864, have 
drawn exhaustively upon the underground water resources, causing a 
recession of the artesian-water table. The amount and rate of lowering 
has not been the same everywhere. It is in those localities where many 
wells of large yield have been drilled that the recession is the most 
marked. This is particularly noted in Chicago and immediate vicinity. 
The tabulated data indicate the recession and its rate in the different 
localities and the length of period over which the measurements extend. 
In general it will be seen that the recession is most rapid where develop- 
ment is greatest, a striking example being Chicago and vicinity. 

Detailed notes on recession will be found under the discussions of 
individual localities. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 

General Statement 

In the collection of the data for this report the chief attention was 
centered upon the deep artesian wells of the area. Such wells, 1,000 or 
more feet in depth, are the great producers of water. Essentially every 
municipal supply obtained from such wells was examined. Likewise in 
the different localities samples of water were collected from the wells. at 
the larger factories. Only a few analyses were made of the water from 
small private wells. In a locality the purpose was always to obtain the 
knowledge of the ground water that would be of the most importance. 
Wherever it was possible to secure samples of the water from different 
depths this was done. 

The analyses given in this report, with only a few exceptions, were 
made in the laboratory of the State Water Survey. The larger number 
of the analyses — about 115 — was made by the rapid method of boiler- 
water analysis used in this laboratory. The determinations made include 
residue on evaporation, nitrates, chlorine, alkalinity, iron, sulphates, 
magnesium, and non-carbonate hardness. The first four determinations 
are made according to the well-known methods. Iron is determined 
colorimetrically upon a 100 c. c. portion. Sulphates are determined 
gravimetrically upon a 250 c. c. portion. Magnesium is determined 
volumetrically by means of a solution of lime water upon a 100 c. c. 
portion which has been neutralized with sulphuric acid. Non-carbonate 
hardness is determined volumetrically in a 200 c. c. portion by means of 
N-20 soda reagent. Hypothetical combinations of ions have been cal- 
culated from these results. This method of analysis is comparatively 
rapid, but nevertheless indicates the essential characteristics of the water. 
The few mineral analyses did not differ essentially from those made by 
the rapid method. The mineral analyses are somewhat more complete 
and include small amounts of the less important salts. 



38 ARTESIAN WATEBS OF NORTHEASTEBN 1LLI^"0IS 

It would have been possible to include a larger number of analyses 
by also taking those made by the chemists of the various railroads, water- 
softening companies, and other industries. However, by having the 
analyses made by one institution, and by the same methods it was easier 
to make comparisons between the different waters. 

Since the mineral content of the water from any individual well is 
influenced by a number of factors, a knowledge of the conditions under 
which the sample was collected is of prime importance. Such data were 
obtained, as far as possible, by the writer at the time the sample of 
water was collected. 

Factors Affecting the Chemical Character of Well Waters 

It would ordinarily be supposed that in a small area artesian wells 
of the same depth and penetrating the same water-bearing formation 
should yield similar water. However, such is not ahvays the case. Ex- 
amples of variations in the chemical character of waters from wells of 
the same depth will be found under the discussion of Chicago, Kanka- 
kee, and other localities. The factors that determine the mineral char- 
acter of deep well water are depth of well, amount and condition of 
preservation of well casing, rate of pumping, and age of well. 

The depth of the well is a factor in that the water from the same 
formation in a certain locality, as a city, is essentially of a uniform 
character, provided that the formation is not subdivided into a number 
of smaller members containing waters of different characters. It is the 
addition of water in varying amounts froni upper strata that causes 
the difference in the waters from wells of the same depth. If wells of 
the same de])th also contained the same amount of tight casing, little 
variation in the chemical character of the water would be noted. 

However, the deep wells in this area have generally only enough 
casing to prevent the caving of any soft formations that were encoun- 
tered in drilling, llie casing as thus used is not for the purpose of 
excluding water. 

Tlie usual method of casing is to place heavy, standard, iron pipe 
down to bed rock, where a tight joint is made, either by using cement 
or by driving the pipe, to which an iron shoe is attached firmly into the 
bed rock. A lighter pipe, or the regulation casing, is used to shut off 
the Maf|n()kcta shale. Another caving formation, immediately below 
the St. Peter sandstone, usually requires 50 to GO feet of casing. Some 
of the more recently drilled large wells have, besides the surface pipe, 
another casing extending from the stu-face to a depth below the Macjuo- 
kela shale. A tight joint is here made in the Galena-Plattevillc lime- 
stone. This casing, unless it has deteriorated through age, excludes all 
surface and Xiagaran limestone water. 



CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 39 

Wells cased only with the surface pipe obtain water not only from 
the deep-seated, water-bearing strata, but also from the overlying beds. 
The water in most wells added from the upper formations, as the Nia- 
garan limestone, Galena-Platteville, and upper part of the Lower Mag- 
nesian, is only a small amount. In some places, however, these limestone 
formations may contain numerous crevices which are natural water 
channels. In such cases, it may be possible for the final water obtained 
from the well to have been considerably altered by the addition of this 
water present in the crevices. Further, two or more water-bearing 
strata, the static heads of which do not differ greatly, may be penetrated 
in drilling. The absence of casing in such instances may cause a highly 
mineralized water from one stratum to greatly affect the better waters 
from other beds. 

In wells completely cased to the water-bearing stratum, the rate 
of pumping would have no effect, but such wells in this region are few. 
The rate of pumping may be a factor of great importance in determining 
the chemical character of the waters from many artesian wells in the 
area that are not completely cased to the aquifer. As a general rule 
the static head of the artesian waters is below that of the ground water 
table, and therefore this water runs into the deep well. In some locali- 
ties the limestone underlying the drift contains many crevices filled with 
water which flows into the well from the upper zone and escapes through 
the deep-seated water-bearing stratum. This same principle is some- 
times used by drillers to test the capacity of a well ; the rise in the water 
level in the well when a certain amount is poured into it being equal to 
the lowering of the level when the same amount is pumped from it. 
However, such tests are not always conclusive in uncased wells, as 
crevices may be present that do not contain water but will nevertheless 
carry away the water that is poured into the well. 

To illustrate the effect of the rate of pumping upon the chemical 
character of the water, consider a 1,600-foot well cased with 75 feet 
of surface pipe, drawing its water from a 200-foot sandstone encoun- 
tered at 1,400 feet. The artesian-water level is 150 feet below the sur- 
face, and the ground-water table is 40 feet below the ground level. 
Further, let the bed rock be a creviced limestone that contains a notable 
amount of water and consider that its mineral content is 400 parts per 
million. Suppose that the water from the 300-foot, or lower, sandstone 
has a chemical content of 1,200 parts per million. 

Now if water from the creviced limestone runs into the well at a 
rate of 25 to 50 gallons per minutes, this will be practically the only kind 
of water pumped from the well, provided that the rate of pumping is 
not over 25 to 50 gallons per minute. Very little of the water with the 



40 ARTESIAN WATEKS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

higher mineral content from the lower zone will be obtained from the 
well. However, as the rate of pumping increases the proportion of 
the upper zone water will gradually grow^ less and less. Therefore, w^hen 
the yield is hundreds of gallons per minute, the water delivered from 
the well will l)e essentially that from the lower strata. A well that is 
pumped for an hour or so and then allowed to remain idle for a corre- 
sponding length of time, will deliver water which will have a mineral 
content varying with the time the sample was collected. For this reason 
it is possible to have two neighboring wells of the same elevation, same 
depth, same amount of casing, which yield dilierent kinds of water, 
because from one a much greater amount of water is pumped than from 
the other. 

The age of the well is a factor in determining the chemical content 
of the water obtained in that it may have become partly filled and the 
lower water-bearing formations shut off. Shale formations encountered 
in drilling may have caved or ''bridged" over the hole ; in case the shale 
had originally been cased off, the pipe may have been w^orn through by 
the corroding action of the waters, thus permitting the shale to cave. In 
such cases the water obtained from the well is only from the upper 
strata. Usuall\- cleaning out the well will give an increased yield, al- 
though thc^ cliaracter of water obtained may be entirely different from 
that delivered before cleaning. 

Hydrogen Sulphide 
general statement 

Hydrogen sulphide (HoS) is a gas with an odor similar to rotten 
eggs. It occurs dissolved in some ground w^aters, which are usually 
Slacken of as sulphurous. It is corrosive when present in amounts suffi- 
cient to ])v noted by taste or odor, lis presence is objectionable in the 
\\'alers used in such industries as laundries, dye works, and bakeries. 

Through hydrogen suli)hi(le is encountered in considerable quantity 
in but two water-bearing strata of this region, yet it has seemed worth 
while to discuss it at this point, because its presence in abundance pro- 
duces such noliceal)le elYecls on tlie nature and usefulness of the water, 
and because nian\- large and im])orlani wells. ])articularly in the Chicago 
area, \ield water with a very high content of the gas. 

MI/rilODS OF ANALYSIS 

Assays of the waters of re])resentative wells in Chicago and vicinity 
were made in the field by Tf. j. W'eiland of the v^tate Water Survey, who 
assisted the writer during the >uninier of 1!M 1. 

The standard method of analysis was used exce])t for slight modifi- 
cations for convenience in tlie held' Tlie water to l)e tested was poured 
into a \][vv bollle graduated al intervals of 10 c. c, until the 500 c. c. 



'American ru]>n<- Ilcaltli Assot-intioii. Utl2, j). 69. 



CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 41 

mark was reached. Then 10 c. c. of one hundredth normal iodine and 
1 gram of potassium iodide were added. After sufficient time had elapsed 
(2 or 3 minutes) to permit the reaction to reach equilibrium, the excess 
iodine was determined by titration with one hundredth normal sodium 
thiosulphate until a straw color was obtained. One cubic centimeter 
starch solution was then added and the titration continued until the blue 
color disappeared. The hydrogen sulphide in parts per million is cal- 
culated by multiplying the difference in the number of cubic centimeters 
of iodine and sodium thiosulphate used, by the factor 0.34:. 

OCCl/kRENCE 
NIAGARAN WATERS 

The wells in Chicago, a few hundred feet in depth and which pene- 
trate the Niagaran formation, yield a water of low mineral content and 
variable amounts of hydrogen sulphide. The determinations are given in 
the mineral analyses in the appendix. The average amount in the 34 
assays made was 1.31 parts per million; the range was from .39 to 5.87 
parts per million. The average content is sufficient to give the water a 
somewhat sulphurous taste and a slight odor. The source of the hydrogen 
sulphide in the Niagaran limestone waters has not been determined. 
Occasionally small bits of iron pyrites are found in the drillings from 
this formation. It may be that some of the hydrogen sulphide is formed 
through solution and hydrolosis of the pyrite. The Niagaran limestone 
in places as at Stony Island shows blotches of a bituminous substance. 
In view of the prevalence of hydrogen sulphide in petroleum-bearing 
rocks, this may be the explanation for its occurrence in the Niagaran 
limestone. It may be mentioned in this connection, that a little gas and 
some petroliferous substance were encountered in the Niagaran limestone 
in drilling a well on the estate of Ogden Armour in Lake County. 

DEEP WELL WATERS 

Early in the investigations it was noted that the waters from some 
of the deep wells were sulphurous. These waters had all the character- 
istics of Niagaran limestone water, such as similar mineral analyses, low 
temperatures, and noticeable amounts of hydrogen sulphide. 

The explanation of the similarity of the deep-well waters to those 
from the Niagaran limestone is to be found in leakage into uncased wells 
from this formation. These wells are cased only to the bed rock, or 
Niagaran limestone. Therefore if a well is of small bore and the pump 
is not operated at a much greater rate than the water from the Niagaran 
limestone flows into the well, the final yield will resemble that from this 
upper formation to a greater extent than that from the lower strata. 

The amount of water obtainable from the Niagaran limestone does 
not exceed 20 to 40 gallons per minute. If a 1,600-foot well is not operat- 



42 ARTESIAN WATEKS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

ing at a greater rate than 50 to 75 gallons per minute, the greater amount 
of the water obtained is from the Niagaran. As the rate of pumpage in- 
creases, more and more water is drawn from the lower strata and the 
per cent of dilution from the upper waters becomes less. If the well is 
delivering 200 or more gallons per minute, the amount obtained from the 
Niagaran limestone becomes negligible. 

It was noted that the hydrogen sulphide content in waters from wells 
pumped by air was less than that from those pumped by deep-well pumps. 
This is because the air oxidizes the hydrogen sulphide according to the 
following reaction : 

2H,S-|-0,=2H,0+2S. 
In one well at River Forest small particles of sulphur were found in the 
water of the discharge tank. 

In Chicago and its immediate vicinity the waters from the deep wells 
that deliver 200 and more gallons per minute do not commonly contain 
over .3 parts per million and in many instances less. However, this does 
not a])])ly universally to the deep wells of the area, for the St. Peter 
water in man)- places is sulphurous. 

te:\iperatures of underground waters 

General Statement 

It is commonly known that the waters from the shallow wells are 
cooler than those which come from the deep, artesian strata. This in- 
dicates that there is an increase in the temperature of the rocks them- 
selves as the greater depths are penetrated. This is shown further by 
the temperature determinations that have been made in mines and deep 
borings, some of which extend to depths of over a mile. The rate of 
increase in temperature as the earth's crust is penetrated is called the 
gcofJiennal gnidicnt. 

Hie geothermal gradient for that part of the earth's crust as deep 
as it is Isiiown is generally assumed to be on the average 1 degree Centi- 
grade for 30 meters or 1 degree Fahrenheit for 55 feet. In connection 
with the present study of the underground waters of northeastern Illinois 
it was decided to determine the temperatures of the well waters wherever 
practicable, and tlien to compare the geothermal gradient obtained from 
these results with those existing in other regions. 

Methods of Obtaining Tkmperature 
The temperatures were taken with an accurate chemical thermom- 
eter graduated in degrees, and the tenths of a degree were estimated. 
The thermometer was held in the water as it issued from tlie mouth of 
the well and the readinir obtained without removinir the instrument. It 



TEMPERATURE OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 43 

must be considered whether this temperature represents that of the 
water-bearing formation. These artesian wells usually obtain the water 
from one main stratum, although in the deeper wells there may be two 
or more productive formations. The waters of the shallow depths are 
miuch cooler than those from the lower horizons. Therefore in obtain- 
ing the temperature of a deep-well water it must be decided whether the 
lower, warmer waters have been diluted by the cooler ones from the 
upper horizons. 

The wells in practically the entire area have only about 75 feet of 
surface pipe and 200 feet of casing for the Maquoketa shale. In case 
any other caving formations are encountered they are also cased oil. 
The casing as thus used excludes very little water. Although these un- 
cased limestones generally contain only a small amount of water, in 
exceptional cases they afford abundant supplies. An example of a large 
amount of cool, upper-zone waters entering a well is at Kankakee ; the 
conditions which exist at this locality are explained later. 

It is generally possible to determine whether the deep-well waters 
have been diluted to any considerable extent by surface waters, because 
of differences in chemical character and temperatures. ' The method of 
pumping is also likely to alter the temperature one way or another. 

Chicago Well Waters 

The temperatures of the well waters in Chicago are believed to 
represent essentially those of the water-bearing formations, because of 
certain conditions, given below, that exist in this locality. In this city 
a large number of wells exceed 1,500 feet in depth, so that many tem- 
perature tests could be made. The temperatures given are of wells 
pumped at a high rate, at least 200 gallons per minute and ranging up 
to 1,500 gallons. Therefore, although the wells have only enough casing 
for the surface material and any other caving formations that may be 
encountered, the small amount of surface water that may get into the 
well has practically no effect in cooling the lower waters. Further proof 
that this deep well water is from the lower strata is that the chemical 
analysis is much different from that of the shallow well water. The 
quantity of water that can be obtained from the shallow wells in Chicago 
is small. The average Niagaran limestone well does not yield over 20 
gallons per minute, and in many cases the yield is much less. 

Most of these deep wells are pumped by means of an air-lift system 
and the water is thus discharged without passing through a pump. 
There is very little likelihood that the water is heated by the compressed 
air when the high rates of pumping are taken into consideration. If 
this were the case it would tend to increase the gradient which is never- 
theless far below the normal. 



44 ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

In determining the geothermal gradient it is necessary to know the 
temperature of the invariahle horizon. This horizon is usually regarded 
as being at about 50 feet below the surface, although in places it may be 
much deeper. The temperature at this depth is just below the influences 
of those at the surface. The temperature of this horizon is generally 
taken as the average for the locality as determined for a period of many 
years. It is possible, if not probable, that the temperature of the in- 
variable stratum is higher than the mean annual temperature of a 
locality. This has been recognized by A. C. Lane^ and others. The 
cliief reason given to explain the diiTference is that the snow covering in 
\\'inter prevents the ground from becoming as cold as the surface air. 
This modification would therefore be especially applicable in the tem- 
perate zone and in the higher latitudes. It is worthy of note that in no 
case was the temperature of the water from a shallow well in Chicago 
within 3° F. of the mean annual tem]:)erature. 

DEEP WELLS 
DEPTH OF INVARIABLE STRATUM AND TEMPERATURE 

The annual temperature at Chicago as determined over a period of 
31 years is 48° F. This figure is used as the temperature of the invari- 
able stratum, which is regarded as lying at a depth of 50 feet. In the 
table of temperatures of deep well waters of Chicago the calculations 
have l)een made on a basis of 50° F. as the invariable temperature as 
well as on a l)asis of 48° F. As the drilling has usually passed through 
the water-bearing formation, the temperature of the water obtained can 
not be said to be the same as that at the bottom of the well. The water- 
bearing formation in Chicago of the 1,650-foot type of wells is usually 
about 200 feet in thickness. Therefore in the geothermal calculations 
llie maximum depth is taken as about 100 feet less than the depth of 
the well. In the {lee])er wells a similar reduction is used. 

GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS 

The ta1>le of the Chicago wells (Table 2) includes only the most 
rcliahk' readings thai have been taken. The average temperature of 
wells of the l,()50-f()ot class is 59.4° F. This would give a geothermal 
gradient of l-'l? feet ])er 1" V. if the t(Mn])erature of the invariable stratum 
is taken to he Is h". and its (k'])th 50 feet. A (k'])th of 1.550 feet 
is taken to rc])resent the horizon yielding the greatest amount of water. 
If the calculations are made in an assumption that the invariable 
tem])erature is 50° \\ the geothermal gradient would he KiO feet per 1° F. 

\u the well^ o\ er 2. (»()() feet in dejHh the temperature of the water 
i> about ()3.4^ F. and the gradient is about 12S feet per 1° F. The 



1 Lane. A. C, Michigan GeoL & Biol. Survey. Vol. 2. p. 759. 1011. 



TEMPERATURE OF UXDERGROUND WATERS 



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46 



ABTESIA.X WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



second water-bearing stratum is struck in Chicago at about 1,900 feet, 
and the water obtained is a few degrees warmer than that from the 
zone between 1,400 and 1,600 feet, 

SHALLOW WELLS 

A number of temperatures of shallow well waters were obtained, 
l)ut they are not considered important as indicative of rock temperatures 
(Table 3). There are a number of reasons why the shallow well data 
are not comparable with those of the deeper wells. These wells vary in 
depth from less than 200 to more than 500 feet, and the water is in 
crevices of the limestone. It is possible that in a well -100 feet deep the 
greater amount of water is obtained from crevices less than 100 feet 
below the surface. Therefore, the water temperatures of wells 200 and 
400 feet in depth might be the same. It is likewise not possible to 
obtain the temperatures until the water has passed through the pumps, 
vrhich very probably affect the results. The amounts pumped are usually 
less than 20 gallons per minute. This makes it possible for changes to 
occur between the original temperature of the water in the well and that 
obtained at the surface. 

The results primarily indicate the average temperature of the shal- 
low well waters in Chicago as delivered from the pumps. It is not 
advisable to construct geothermal gradients from these data. 

Table 3. — Temperatures of waters from shallow wells in Chicago 



Owner 



Depth : Pumpage i Tempera- 
I ture 



Bissel Laundry 

Bunge Vinegar Works 

Drexel Arms Hotel 

Lehigh Valley Coal Co 

Miller and Hart 

J. Mohr & Sons 

Murray & Nichel 

Norris Elevator Co 

Uialto l^lcxator Co 

J. Rosenbaum Grain Co 

Star & Crescent Milling Co 
Willard Sons, Bell & Co.... 

Wisconsin Steel Co 

Winamac Apartment 

Average 



Feet 

o 

312 
185 
365 
300 
350 
286 
348 
401 
502 
340 
187 
405 
400 



(Jal.per 

min. 

25 

10 

8 
15 
12 
35 
30 
30 
15 

6 
L5 

7 
20 
20 



Degrees F. 
52.6 
50.8 
54.1 
54.0 
53.2 
55.8 
55.0 
55.9 
53.1 
54.5 
52.9 
55.6 
54.5 
53.8 



337 



IS 



53.9 



Table i.—Temveratura 


of loatei 


s from deep wells in 


northeastern 


Illinois, not including Chicago. 












Geothermal gradient 






Owner 


Depth 


Pumpage 
or flow 


Temper- 
ature of 


In feet 


per 1° F. 




Locality 


Considering 
temp, of in- 


Considering 
temp, of in- 


Remarks 










water 


variable 

stratum as 

48° F. 


variable 

stratum as 

50° F. 










Gal. pel- 


Degrees 








Boone County— 




Feet 


min. 


P. 








Belvidere 


City 


1803 


200 


52.6 






Very probably considerable water is obtained 
from zones a tew hundred feet from surface 
















CooTc County — 
















Blue Island... 


City 


1649 


■300 


69.0 


136 


163 




May wood 


City 


1606 


"700 


57.7 


150 


ISS 




River Forest.. 


City 


1000 


■160 


62.0 






Probably dilution by Niagaran limestone 
water 
















Summit 


Village 


1547 


225 


58.0 


140 


174 




De Kan County— 
















Sycamore 


City 


902 


160 


51.6 






Very cool for this depth, either affected by 
pump or dilution by water from upper zones 
















Dii Page County- 
















West Chicago. . 


City 


775 


100 


50.2 






Probably Niagaran limestone water for the 
most part 
















Grundy 0li^unty — 
















Minooka 


Village 


2280± 


»60 


66.6 


115 


129 


Some doubt regarding depth 


Kane County — 
















Batavia 


City 


2001 


1140 


69.2 


165 


201 




Aurora 


City 


2263 


"■160 


63.5 


136 


157 




Aurora 


Aurora 
Bleachery 


1280 


■200 


67.2 


123 


166 




Kankakee County 
















Kankakee 


Asylum 


1812 


■260 


61.5 


123 


145 




Kankakee 


. Asylum 


1847 


•250 


66.2 






Diluted by waters from Niagaran limestone; 
see local description 








Lake County — 














Some doubt regarding depth 


Lake Bluft.... 


Village 


1900± 


75 


63.7 


111 


128 




Ravinia Park.. 


Park 


1096 


75 


65.6 


124 


169 




Zion City 


City 


1668 


'200 


61.2 


107 


126 




LaSalle County — 
















Marseilles 


City 


800 


"100 


54.0 


133 


200 


Some doubt regarding depth 


Ottawa 


City (No. 2) 


1200 


■175 


57.5 


111 


140 


After flowing through about 250 feet of pipe 


Ottawa 


J. P. Catlin 


1840 


'3 


61.0 


130 


153 


ifter flov/ing through about 60 feet of pipe 


Streator 


American 
Bottling Co. 


■700± 


"95 


59.5 


67 


GS 


Surface rocks are "Coal Measures." Some 
doubt regarding depth 


Streator 


Western 
Glass Co. 


"687 


60 


69.7 


46 


55 


Surface roclcs are "Coal Measures" 



"Pumped by air-lift, all others witl 

" Flowing well. 

'■No other deductions made from depth of well 



form of deep-well pump. 

pt 50 feet for invariablestr. 



TEMPERATURE OF UNDERGROUxXD WATERS 47 

Well Waters Outside Chicago 
deep wells 

Temperatures of well waters have also been obtained in localities 
in this area outside of Chicago (Table 4). These, as a whole, have not 
been so satisfactory as those determined in Chicago. In many instances 
it was not possible to take the temperature immediately after the water 
issued from the well, but only after it had flowed through varying 
amounts of pipe. Likewise, in most cases the water first passed through 
pumps, an operation that affects the temperature. The amounts pumped 
were usually less than those in Chicago, and thus a greater amount of 
the cool upper-zone waters was permitted to become mixed with that 
from lower depths. The temperatures given are those considered the 
most reliable. 

The effects of the surface ground water entering the well are shown 
in a few cases where the water from a deep well is similar in temperature 
to that from one only a few hundred feet in depth. The well at Belvi- 
dere has a depth of 1,803 feet, and the water should have a temperature 
of at least 59° F., whereas it is only 52.6° F. It is very probable that 
a large amount of the water is from horizons only a few hundred feet 
below the surface. Another anomaly is seen at Kankakee, in the case 
of two wells only 275 feet apart. The wells are 1,812 and 1,847 feet in 
depth, and the pumpage is approximately 250 gallons per minute from 
each. The temperature of the water from the 1,812-foot well is 61.5° F. 
and that from the 1,847-foot well is 56.2° F. There is also a marked 
difference in the chemical character of the waters. The water with the 
higher temperature contains a much greater amount of dissolved mineral 
matter than the one with the lower temperature. The wells are approxi- 
mately the same depths, but the anomaly is made more striking by the 
fact that the cooler water is furnished by the well of slightly greater 
depth. 

The difference in temperatures is due to the entrance of cool, under- 
ground surface Avater into one well at a greater rate than the quantity 
pumped. This water is prevented from entering the other, the 1,812- 
foot well, by means of the surface casing. This surface pipe is 75 feet 
in length in the 1,847-foot or cool-water well, and 100 feet in the other 
one. The . locations are only a few hundred feet from the Kankakee 
River and the curb elevations are not over 12 feet above the water level 
in the river. It may also be mentioned that there is a great difference 
in the static head of the waters in the two wells. The level in the 1,847- 
foot or cool-water well is only 51 feet below the surface, whereas in the 
other one the level is 126 feet. The latter figure is the true static head 
of the artesian water from the deep-lying formations ; the other level is 
only that of the shallow, underground water table. 



48 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



O 



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TEMPERATURE OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 49 

SHALLOW WELLS AND SPRINGS 

The temperatures of the shallow-well waters at Downers Grove, 
Hinsdale, Naperville, Wheaton, and West Chicago are of interest 
(Table 5). These towns are located in a terminal morainic belt that has 
rather inadequate drainage. The heavy mantle of glacial drift acts as a 
collecting reservoir for the rainfall. Consequently the shallow wells yield 
large quantities of water. The temperatures range from 50° F. to 
62.5° F., and this slight variation may be due to some heating as the 
water passed through the pumps. The normal annual temperature at 
these localities may be taken to be 48° F. ; it is therefore seen that the 
coolest water is yet 2° F. warmer than the normal temperature. 

These data were collected in July and August and the temperatures 
should therefore have been the lowest, if they were influenced by sea- 
sonal changes, because the effect of the annual variation in temperature 
proceeds so slowly downward from the surface that at depths of 30 or 
40 feet the highest temperatures will be experienced in winter and the 
lowest in summer.^ 

GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS IN GENERAL NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS, 

The geothermal gradient obtained from the preceding determinations 
of the temperatures of deep-well waters in northeastern Illinois is seen 
to be much lower than the normal. It is therefore advisable to state 
the factors which may affect the normal geothermal gradient and then 
consider them in relation to the conditions that exist in this area. 

Factors Affecting Geothermal Gradients 

There are a number of factors that tend to affect the normal geo- 
thermal gradient, among which the following cause a rapid increase 

of temperature: 

1. Proximity to regions of recent eruptive rocks. 

2. Regions of heat-producing waters, where the higher temperatures 
may be due to recent igneous activity or to exothermal chemical processes, as of 
decomposition. 

3. Proximity to coal-bearing or highly carbonaceous strata. 

4. Proximity to oil fields. 

5. Existence in the vicinity of rocks containing oxidizable minerals. 

The following factors have been regarded as having a tendency to 

lower the normal geothermal gradient : 

1. High ridges and mountains. 

2. Existence in the vicinity of large bodies of water. 

3. Mines cooled by ventilation. 

4. Very good circulation of underground waters. 

It would therefore seem that the normal gradient should exist in 
regions of slight relief where the rocks are unaltered or not recent 



1 Milham, W. I., Textbook on Meteorology, page 106, 1912. 



50 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

eruptives and where the especially modifying influences which have 
previously been mentioned, are absent. 

Application to Northeastern Illinois 
Northeastern Illinois has, as a whole, a gently undulating topog- 
raphy. The entire region is covered by a mantle of glacial drift whose 
geological age is comparatively recent. The maximum difference of 
elevation is about 600 feet. The lowest elevations are about 450 feet 
cUid are found along Illinois River; the highest areas are near 1,000 feet 
and occur along the Illinois-\Msconsin boundary line. The relief in any 
locality is rarely over 200 feet and is usually less. This region can 
therefore be considered as comparatively flat, and the modifying efTects 
upon the geothermal gradient found in mountainous districts are here 
absent. 

The geological succession is a series of magnesian limestone, shales, 
and sandstones. No coal-bearing strata are present in the greater part 
of the area; such rocks are fotmd in LaSalle and Grundy counties, but 
the temperatures here are of waters from the underlying formations 
that are much older in age and contain no coal beds. Likewise most 
of the determinations were made on well waters in Chicago, at least 
forty miles from any coal-bearing strata. It is also to be noted that 
highly carbonaceous strata tend to increase the temperatures, whereas 
those obtained in Illinois are below the normal. 

Summary 
All the temperatures of deep-well waters in northeastern Illinois 
indicate a very low geothermal gradient. This is to be expected when 
the number of favorable factors tliat here exist are considered. The 
land has \cry little relief ; no coal-bearing nor petroleum-producing 
strata arc present. The formations are, for the most part, limestones 
and sandstones. Occasionally a small bit of pyrite may be found in the 
limestone, otherwise the rocks contain no oxidizable minerals. It is not 
thought tliat the cooling efl'ect of Lake Michigan is of any great im- 
portance, as the low geothermal gradients are noted at distances of 50 
miles from the lake. 

WELLS 

Dug or Open Wells 
'khc dug wells are most commonly circular in shape, 3 to 5 feet in 
diameter, and from 20 to 50 feet in de])th ; the walls are generally lined 
with brick' or planks. The water enters the well at the openings in the 
lining of llic walls and at the bottom. 11ie common practice is to dis- 
continue the well when a sand or gravel stratum yielding a sufficient 



WELLS 51 

supply of water has been penetrated. A few of the smaller towns have 
wells which are up to 20 feet in diameter, with the depths less than 30 
feet. Wells of this type may be continued to the bed rock. 

The chief objection to dug wells is the danger of pollution. The 
private wells are protected only by a plank top, in which cracks and 
other openings develop through warping, shrinkage, and other causes. 
Therefore surface water, carrying dirt from the shoes, domestic fowls, 
and other sources is washed into the well. The liquids from the barns, 
cesspools, and other outhouses seep into the ground and form a part of 
the underground waters. Therefore shallow wells in the vicinity of such 
buildings are subject to contamination. The water from such shallow 
wells has in many localities been the cause of serious epidemics of 
typhoid fever. 

If dug wells are necessary, the coverings should be water tight, 
and a casing of the same character should be sunk into the ground as 
far as practicable. Pumps should be used in preference to the old- 
fashioned rope and bucket. No pools of foul or stagnant water should 
be permitted around any well. 

Another disadvantage to most dug wells is the lirnited supply and 
fluctuation of the ground-water table. In times of drought when water 
is needed the most, these shallow wells frequently go dry. Deeper wells 
of smaller bore are more dependable. 

Driven Wells 

Driven wells are not common in this region. These wells consist 
of a pipe fitted with a porous section or ''sand point", which is driven 
into sandy or unconsolidated material either by mallets wielded by hand, 
or by an apparatus somewhat similar to a pile driver. 

Drilled Wells of Small Bore 
general description 

Drilled wells are gradually supplanting dug wells and at the present 
time this is the prevalent type for small municipalities and the larger 
farms. Most of these are from four to eight inches in diameter at the 
surface, six inches being a common size, and the depth is from one to 
four or five hundred feet. These wells are drilled by the percussion 
method or churn drills by which the rock is broken up by the repeated 
blows of the drill suspended at the end of a cable. The drillings are re- 
moved at frequent intervals by lowering a sand pump or bailer. Most of 
these wells are drilled with a portable outfit in contrast to the ''standard 
rig" used in drilling the larger wells. Over much of this area limestone 



52 ARTESIAN M'ATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

is the bed rock, and the drilled wells are cased to rock ; then the drilling 
is continued with a hole of less diameter until a sufficient supply of water 
has been obtained. 

Most of the wells that end in a sand or gra\-el bed in the drift are 
completely cased from the surface to the bottom. In some wells a screen 
is placed at the end of the casing, or the lower length of the pipe is per- 
forated with a numl)er of small holes. 

COSTS OF DRILLING 

The shallow rock wells are from lOii u]) to 400 or 500 feet in depth 
and are cased to bed rock. The cost depends primarily upon the depth 
and diameter of the hole. However, there is some variation in the prices 
charged by the different drillers. The table below probably represents the 
average cost, which includes ordinary iron pipe casing to rock, the con- 
tractor furnishing all necessary supplies and tools for drilling. 

COSTS OF DRILLING SHALLOW ROCK WELLS 

Diameter of hole Price per foot" 

3 inch $1.25— $1.50 

4 inch 1 . 50— 1 . 75 

6 inch 2 . 00— 2 . 25 

» Includes casing' to bed rock. 

Drilled Wells of Large Bore 
drilling process 

METHODS EMPI.OYKI) 

The dee]) artesian wells of Illinois are in general drilled 1)y the per- 
cussion method. The rock is pounded to small l)its by the repeated blows 
of a heavy drill or bit suspended by a cable or a mmiber of wooden poles 
jointed together. This and other methods of drilling and the necessary 
apparatus are described in detail by Isaiah Bowman.^ It will here suffice 
to mention only those phases of drilling and types of wells which are 
cliaracteristic of this area. 

Two types of "outfits," as all the necessary tools and other appli- 
ances for drilling are called, are in use. These are termed the standard 
and the portable. Tn using the standard outfit it is necessary to have a 
derrick, a pyramidal framework. •']() to i)0 feet in height, erected over the 
well site. This derrick supports a crown block and pulley over which 
the cable passes in raising and lowering the tools. The portable outfit or 
"rig" is a modified form of the standard. The greater pari of the drilling 
machinerv is supported b}- a heavy framework usuall}- mounted on wheels, 

'Bowman. I.-^aiah. WeU-drillinK" niethod.s: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 
Paper Xo. 2.57, 1911. 



WELLS 53 

in order that it may be moved from place to place by means of horses or 
a traction engine. The derrick is dispensed with, and instead a mast is 
used Avhich can be collapsed and tilted back over the machinery when the 
outfit is being hauled. 

The advantages of the portable outfit are its compactness, its easy 
removal after the completion of the well, and its elimination of the der- 
rick. The standard outfit must be completely torn down and rebuilt for 
for each well. However, in general the portable outfits do not have the 
strength of the standard ones and are not adapted for so deep nor as 
heavy work. 

The greater number of the deep wells in Illinois have been drilled 
with standard outfits, either cable or poles having been used. The pole 
method differs from the cable only in that the tools are supported by 
wooden rods instead of by cable or rope. The rods are from 2 to 3 inches 
in diameter. Each length of rod consists of two 18-foot pieces, spliced to- 
gether and reinforced at the joints by irons. In drilling wells in this 
region most of the holes are full of water, which causes great friction on 
the rope cable. By using the wooden rods or poles the friction is greatly 
reduced, and the drilling proceeds more efficiently. Formerly most of 
the wells wxre drilled by the pole method, but at present this is being 
superseded by the use of steel cable because the increased size of hole 
necessitates the use of much heavier drilling tools. 

Although most of the wells in this region have been drilled with the 
standard outfit, in the past two or three years some of the largest and 
deepest holes have been drilled with semi-portable outfits. A certain Chi- 
cago well contractor has had exceptionally notable success with the semi- 
portable outfit. A well at Aurora was drilled with one of these semi- 
portable outfits to a depth of 2,263 feet and completed with a diameter at 
the bottom of 15 inches.. 

DEPTH OF WELLS 

The important artesian wells in this area range in depth from 500 to 
2,700 feet. The average depth is influenced by the large number of wells 
in Chicago and vicinity which are about 1,600 feet in depth. It is very 
probable that the average depth of the important or large yielding wells 
in northeastern Illinois would be between 1,600 and 1,800 feet. The 
deepest well in this region, as far as could be learned, is one at Aurora 
which has a depth of 2,T59 feet. Another deep drilling is the one at 
Streator with a depth of 2,496 feet. In the Stock Yards district at Chi- 
cago a number of wells have been drilled to depths greater than 2,200 feet 
and possibly over 2,500 feet, but no accurate data could be obtained in 
regard to these very old wells. 



54 ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

]\Jost of the very deep wells were sunk for the purpose of obtain- 
ing an overflow at the surface. This was obtained in many places, but 
usually the resulting water had so high a mineral content that it could not 
be used for ordinary- purposes. ?\fany good wells have been ruined by 
continuing them to too great a depth and then encountering salt water. 
The belief is common that the deeper the hole the greater the yield : there 
is no greater fallacy. A greater head may be obtained at a greater depth, 
but not always an increased yield. The practice at present is to drill wells 
of larger diameters, as these have been found to give the increased 
yields. 

CASING OF WKI.I.S 

The general type of artesian well in northeastern Illinois contains 
very little casing, as most of the strata are hard and do not cave. There is 
always a "drive" or surface pipe which extends through the drift to bed 
rock. In those localities where it is present the ^Nlaquoketa shale is usually 
cased ofif with a lighter pipe, although in numerous wells it was found to 
have been uncased. Occasionally some of the lower strata, as a zone 
below the St. Peter sandstone, will give a little trou1)le through caving. 
These are usual!}' protected with a few lengths of casing. A few wells in 
this region have been cased completely to the water-bearing formations. 
Such wells are those at Proviso owned by the Chicago, North Western 
Railroad and the Chicago, ^Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway wells at Ben- 
senville. The well owned by Mr. ]\Toore at Lake Forest is of a similar 
ty])e. The only well in Chicago having a large amount of casing 
is that of Sears Roebuck Company. In regard to the effect of 
these large amounts of casing ui)on ([uantity and (|uality of water ob- 
tained, the reader is referred to the more detailed discussions under the 
different localities. 

STZK OF WELLS 

Naturally there is much \ariation in the diameters of the wells. As 
it is always necessary to reduce the size of the hole w hen any casing is 
placed, in order to leave a shoulder of rock for the pipe to rest upon, the 
wells arc always smaller at the l)()U()m than at the top. Then as the 
drilling is easier and progresses more rapidly with a small hole, the 
drillers prefer the lesser diameters unless the contracts s]K'cify otherwise. 

Formerly the wells were much smaller in diameter, and if a large 
supply was desired the depth was made as great as possible, in many 
instances without gixing an increased }iel(l. or more wells were drilled. 
In late years it has been found that it is the wells of large diameter in 
in the water-bearing formations that gi\e the great yields. Therefore 
sucli wells are being constructed. The wells drilled twenty years ago 
rarely had a surface diameter over 1<) inches, and m.anv of them were 



WELLS 55 

only 6 or 8 inches ; the bottom diameter would depend upon the depth and 
the number of lengths of casing that had to be placed. In many wells 
where the hole became not much over 3 inches in diameter the drilling 
with the old pole outfits became very difficult, as the wooden rods were 
almost the size of the hole. Most of the wells now drilled for the differ- 
ent municipalities and large industrial plants have a surface diameter be- 
tween 12 and 16 inches and though rarely less than 6 inches at the bot- 
tom, they are more commonly 8 or 10 inches. The deepest well of a large 
diameter in this region is the 2,263-foot well at Aurora which has a 
diameter of 15 inches at the bottom. Other wells of large diameter are 
at Rockford, on the Ogden Armour estate at Lake Forest, and in the 
Chicago Stock Yards district. More data in regard to these wells can be 
obtained by referring to the discussion of the localities in which they are 
situated. 

COSTS OF DKILI.IXG 

There is much greater variation in the drilling costs of the deep 
artesian wells than of those which barely penetrate the bed rock. The 
cost of drilling these deep wells is usually several thousand dollars, so 
that the common practice is to have a number of drilling contractors bid 
upon a well. Some of the factors which aftect the cost of drilling are : 
character of strata, depth of well, diameter of hole at different parts, 
amount, size, and kind of casing, whether steam and light is furnished 
for drilling, whether a guarantee of a certain capacity is required, and 
whether a definite time of completion is specified. Also certain varia- 
tions in costs are dependent upon supply and demand. If the contractors 
are all busy, they are not so likely to bid as low on new work as during 
times of less activity. A drilling firm with an idle drilling rig and with 
men that can be secured at low wages will bid lower than one not thus 
situated. Likewise drillers who are noted for rapid and successful com- 
pletion of their work will obtain contracts at higher rates than will those 
who do not have this reputation. 

drillers' specificatioxs 
The usual mode of procedure for a firm or municipality desirous of 
having a well drilled is to draw up a set of specifications, that states the 
different lengths of a certain size hole that are desired, amount, size, and 
kind of casing, and any other description that pertains to the type of 
well that is desired. Whenever possible it is best to have a competent 
supervising engineer or someone familiar with deep wells to decide upon 
the kind of well that will best serve the purposes for which it is desired. 
The specifications are sent to recognized drilling firms, and bids are 
usually received, with and without casing of a definite size, or the bid 



56 ARTESIAX WATERS OF rsORTllEASTERX ILLINOIS 

may be a definite sum for the com])letion of the well according to speci- 
fications. A few typical specifications will be found on the following 
pages. 

By another method the owner consults with a well contractor, stating 
that a well of about a certain capacity is d-esired. The driller determines 
from his experience the size of well required and names a definite sum 
for the com])leti()n of such a well. The driller may also give the price per 
foot for the lengths of a hole of a certain diameter, cased and uncased, 
a specitication that enables the owner to compare with the prices of other 
contractors ; this virtually amcnmts to bidding. The best plan is to have 
specifications made and then sealed bids received upon this basis. 

The cost of a number of recently drilled wells in this area follows 
(Table 6). Requests have been made to withhold the names of certain 
drillers and owners. 



WELLS 



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WELLS 59 

SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR ARTESIAN WELL TO BE DRILLED AND EQUIPPED FOR.... 

COMPANY, A CORPORATION HEREINAFTER CALLED THE OWNER 

Size, Depth and Casing of Well. — A hole about 18" in diameter is to be 
drilled from the surface of the ground to a water tight connection into the 
rock at whatever distance below the surface located, and same is to be cased off 
with 18" outside diameter pipe %" thick, butted joints, extra heavy couplings 
extending from the surface of the ground to a watertight connection with the 
rock at whatever distance below the surface located. For convenience in con- 
struction, the contractor may make the casing as much larger than 18" 0. D. 
as he may desire. This casing shall be standard well casing having not less 
than %" inch wall, with couplings of ample strength fitted in all respects for 
the purpose used. 

The lower end of the casing shall be fitted with a suitable steel shoe, 
and the casing shall penetrate the rock a sufficient distance to produce a tight 
connection between the casing and the rock, so that all sand, mud, gravel or 
surface ^ater will be shut off from the well. From the lower end of this 
casing to a point 250 feet below the surface of the ground a 17%" hole is to be 
bored. From this point a 12" hole is to be extended down through and past the 
shale, and the skale through its entire length, lapping 4 feet above top of 
shale, is to be cased off with 10" standard wrought iron pipe., From this point 
a 10" hole is to be extended down through the formation known as the cave, 
which will be a point approximately 1,000 feet from the surface of the ground. 
This caving rock is to be cased off through its entire length with 8" standard 
wrought iron pipe^ From this point an 8" hole is to be extended down through 
the rock to a point 1,650 feet from the surface of the ground, or to be con- 
tinued down to a depth anywhere between 1,650 foot level to a depth 2,000 feet, 
at the option of the owner. 

Should any further casing be necessary other than that specified above 
to insure the permanency of this well, the Contractor is to install same 
without additional cost to owner, and in no instance is the outside diameter 
of the standard wrought iron pipe to be less than the diameter of the hole 
in which same is inserted. 

Drilling. — The Contractor shall furnish all derricks, engines, tools and 
machinery of whatever description that are necessary to construct and com- 
plete the well. 

Alignment. — It is intended that a pump casing with a diameter as large 
as is practicable shall be admitted in that part of the bore which is 17% 
inches in diameter, which pump may be lowered to any point below the water 
level down to the bottom of the 17%" hole, and before the well shall be 
accepted, the Contractor shall demonstrate that the alignment and bore of this 
hole is sufficiently straight in concentric to accommodate said pump. 

In order that this fact may be demonstrated, the Contractor shall, at his 
own expense, make the following tests: 

A dummy shall be constructed 20 feet in length, have three (3) rings, 
each ring 12 inches wide and 16% inches outside diameter. The rings shall 
be truly cylindrical and shall be spaced one at each end of the dummy and 
one ring in the center thereof. The spokes of the rings shall be at right angles 
to the vertical axis of the dummy. This dummy shall be lowered into the 
well and shall move freely without binding, to a depth of two hundred and 



60 AKTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

fifty (250) feet below the surface. Should the dummy fail to move freely 
throughout this entire length, the alignment of the well shall be corrected 
by the Contractor at his own expense, or should he fail to correct the alignment, 
a new well shall be constructed at a point to be designated by the Owner, 
without additional expense to the Owner. 

ScdhijIcs and Records. — The Contractor shall keep an accurate record of 
the location of the top and bottom of each strata penetrated, and shall save 
and deliver to the Owner a sample of material from every 10 feet of drilling, 
which same shall be enclosed in a suitable wade mouthed bottle, plainly 
labeled with the depth of the top and bottom of said stratum. Bottles will 
be furnished by the Owner. 

The contractor shall collect and deliver to the Owner samples of clear water 
for the purpose of analysis at such times as may be designated by the Owner 
throughout the construction of the well. 

Measurements. — To determine the depth of the various sized holes the 
Contractor is to verify measurements of the holes with the Engineer repre- 
senting the Owner, and as soon as a particular sized hole is completed, he is 
not to start on next size smaller until both he and the Engineer have agreed 
as to the depth of same. 

Steam. Water, and Light. — The Owner will permit free use to Contractor 
of Owner's steam, water and electric light, and will make the necessary 
steam connections from boiler to Contractor's engine at Owner's expense. 

Dehris from Well. — Contractor is to construct a box into which the cut- 
tings from the well shall be dumped, and Owner w^ill cart same from the 
premises and will provide an outlet for the water which is dumped from 
the well. 

Guarantee and Tests. — The Contractor guarantees, without reservations 
or understandings not expressly mentioned in these specifications, that the well 
will furnish five hundred (500) gallons of water per minute. 

In order to demonstrate the fulfillment of this guarantee, the Owner will, 
at its own expense, use a standard type of air lift, similar to Harris, Pohle, 
or Weber, at its own option. 

The air pressure for this test to be not over 175 pounds to start the well; 
the size of air pipe to be 2 inches. Submerging of air pipe to be within the 
limit of the 175 pounds pressure. 

The method of measurement to be weir and notch with hook gauge. 
Compressed air is to be furnished at the well from the air compressor fur- 
nished by the Owner. 

The Owner reserves the right to make the final test a continuous test ex- 
tending over 15 days. To fulfill the guarantee the well must discharge 500 
gallons of water per minute during the entire period of fifteen days continu- 
ously. 

In case the guarantee is not fulfilled by the above test, the Contractor 
reserves the right to make a test at its own expense with a deep well pump. 
This test to extend continuously for 48 hours; water to be measured same as 
in test with air. 

The tests mentioned to be made when the well has reached a depth of 
1,650 feet from the ground. If the well fulfills the guarantee at the depth 
of 1.050 feet, then the drilling shall cease; if the well docs not fulfill the 
guarantee at that depth, the Contractor shall continue to drill to a depth of 
1,850 feet, at which depth another set of tests are to be made same as specified 



WELLS 61 

above. If the vrell fulfills the guarantee at the depth of 1,850 feet, the drilling 
shall cease; if the well does not fulfill the guarantee at the depth of 1,850 feet, 
the Contractor is to continue to drill to a depth of 2,000 feet, at which depth 
another set of tests are to be made, same as specified above. If the well 
does not fulfill the guarantee at the depth of 2,000 feet, then the Contractor 
may, at its option, drill to a depth of 2,500 feet, at which depth another set 
of tests are to be made, same as specified above. 

In order that the Owner may know when to make the said tests, the 
Contractor shall in writing notify the Owner when each of the depths speci- 
fied for the making of the tests has been reached. Should the Contractor 
elect to make the tests, which the Contractor has reserved the right to make, 
he shall in writing notify the Owner of the time when the making of the 
tests is to begin, to the end that the Owner may have its representative 
present. 

The Owner is to be put to no expense in making the tests for the 
use of tools or apparatus of any kind belonging to Contractor, or for the 
time of Contractor's men, such being the intent and purpose of this con- 
tract and specifications. 

PROPOSALS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND CONTRACT FOR THE SINKING OF 

A WELL, TO BE CONNECTED WITH THE MUNICIPAL PLANT 

OF THE CITY OF BATAVIA, ILLINOIS 

Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the City Clerk of City of 
Batavia, Kane County, Illinois, until five o'clock P. M., Monday, July 27th, 
1914, for the drilling, casing and connecting with the pumping pit of the 
Municipal Plant of the City of Batavia, Kane County, Illinois, of an artesian 
well. 

LOCATION 

The well is to be located on the north east corner of sub lot B. of block 5 
of the Island Addition to the City of Batavia, Illinois, as shown by plat 
thereof on file in the Recorder's office of the County of Kane. Provided, how- 
ever, this location may be changed by the direction of the Committee on Fire 
and Water of the City Council of the City of Batavia, Illinois. 

IN GENERAL 

Bidders will make an examination of the premises and make themselves 
familiar with any difficulties that may be foreseen. 

Specifications, contract and proposal blanks can be had on application at 
the office of the City Clerk. 

All bids must be accompanied by a certified check, equal to ten per cent 
of the amount of the bid for the total of items, 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the proposal, 
made payable to the City of Batavia, as a guarantee that if the bid is accepted, 
contract will be entered into within ten days from the acceptance of the 
same. 

Proposals must be made on the blanks furnished by the City of Batavia. 
The City Council reserves the right to reject any or all bids or to waive any 
informality which may be for the benefit of said city. 

W. H. Reaney, City Clerk. 

Authorized by the City Council of the City of Batavia, Illinois. 



62 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE SINKING OF A WELL FOR THE CITY OF BATAVIA, KANE 

COUNTY, ILLINOIS 

Hereinafter the City of Batavia, Illinois, will be known and referred to 
as the Owner; the person, firm or corporation that is to furnish the materials, 
apparatus, appliances and labor, as the Contractor; and when the term Engi- 
neer is used herein, it shall refer to L. A. Parre, Superintendent of the 
Municipal Plant of the City of Batavia, Kane County, Illinois. 

The Contractor will be held to execute such work and to use such 
materials and to perform such other duties as are hereinafter described, and 
all parts and portions of the completed installation must present a work- 
manlike piece of work and be in a thoroughly first-class operating condition. 

The Engineer shall have the privilege and shall be afforded every op- 
portunity for properly inspecting the materials, appliances, apparatus and ap- 
purtenances and the condition of the well in the passing through the different 
strata of rock or other formation. 

The Owner reserves the right to alter or modify the specifications or to 
add to or deduct form the contract price without rendering the original con- 
tract void. 

In case of alteration in the specifications, an addition to or a deduction 
from the contract price shall be made in proportion as such labor and materials 
necessary to the accomplishment of said alteration is to the amount of labor 
and materials contracted for, but no alteration is to be made or extra work 
done for which a charge will be approved or a credit allowed unless a price 
for same be agreed upon beforehand and the amount endorsed upon the 
original contract or set forth in a written instrument executed by the Engi- 
neer, and in case no agreement can be effected between the Owner and the 
Contractor as to the price to be paid for such alteration or extra work, the 
decision of the Engineer to be binding and conclusive. 

The interpretation or explanation of these specifications obtained" from any 
other source than the Engineer will not be accepted as binding, and his 
report and decision is binding and conclusive. 

Before submitting a tender, the Contractor shall visit the premises and 
make a thorough and careful examination to familiarize himself with all con- 
ditions existing, and in awarding the contract, it will be assumed that such 
action has been taken. 

The work must be commenced within such time from the date of the 
execution of the contract as shall be set forth in said contract, and shall be 
prosecuted uninterruptedly and with a sufficient force to insure the speedy 
completion of all parts and portions thereof. 

The Contractor must put himself in communication with the Engineer 
and arrange the prosecution of the work to be performed by him so as not to 
unnecessarily hinder or delay the prosecution of any work being performed 
by or for the said Owner. 

The Contractor is to use such methods and appliances for the performance 
of all work embracorl under this contract as will secure a satisfactory quality 
of work and a rate of progress which, in the judgment of the Engineer, will 
secure the completion of the work within the time limit specified in the con- 
tract. 

The Contractor will be required to furnish a good and sufficient bond, 
acceptable to tlie Owner, to insure the faithful performance of the obligations 



WELLS 63 

set forth in the contract and these specifications, including the payment of 
laborers and mechanics for labor. 

The Contractor shall not be entitled to any claim for damages, for any 
hindrance or delay from any source or cause whatsoever in the progress of the 
work or any portion thereof, but such hindrance will entitle the Contractor to 
such extension of time for completing the contract as may be determined by the 
Engineer, provided the Engineer be given notice in writing at the time of such 
hindrance or the cause of detention. 

The Contractor must sustain all losses and damages arising from the action 
of the elements, flood waters, or the nature of the work to be done under these 
specifications, and he will be held responsible for any and all material or work 
to the full amount of the payments made thereon and he will be required to 
make good at his own cost any injury or damage which the said materials 
or work may sustain from any source or cause whatsoever before the final 
acceptance thereof. 

The Contractor shall indemnify and save harmless the said Owner or its 
oflBcers or agents from any and all claims for renumeration or indemnity 
for or on account of any injury or damage to person or property received or sus- 
tained by any person or persons, firm or corporation, by or from the said 
Contractor or by or in consequence of any materials or explosives used in or 
around or upon the said work, or by or on account of any improper material or 
workmanship used or employed in the construction, or by or on account of any 
accident or any act or omission of the said Contractor or his agents or servants 
or employes, and so much of the money that is due or to become due the Con- 
tractor under his contract as shall be considered necessary by the Engineer may 
be retained by the Owner until such suits or claims for damages or otherwise 
as aforesaid, shall have been finally determined and settled, and evidence to that 
effect furnished to the satisfaction of the Owner and Engineer. 

Defective materials may be condemned by the Engineer and when so 
condemned shall be destroyed or removed and shall not be used by the Con- 
tractor on any part of the work. In case of failure to remove or destroy 
such condemned materials, after written notice has been served by the 
Engineer, within the time specified in said notice, the Engineer may cause 
the said condemned materials to be destroyed or removed and acceptable 
materials substituted therefore. The cost of such substituted material and 
the cost of removing or destroying said condemned materials, shall be 
deducted from any amounts due or to become due the said Contractor. 

The Contractor shall strictly observe and comply with any and all 
Ordinances of the city and statutes of the State in which the work herein 
provided for is to be performed, and shall obtain any or all permits, inspec- 
tions and otherwise, which shall be necessary or required for the conduct 
of such work or the placing of the completed work in operation or service. 

The Contractor shall not use any patented device in connection with any 
part or portion of the work herein provided for without the written consent 
of the patentee first had and obtained, and the execution of the contract by 
the Contractor shall constitute a written guarantee, protecting the said 
Owner on account of any suit, action or proceeding brought in any court 
for infringement of patent or patents on any part or portion of the work 
herein provided for. 

The Contractor shall, at his own expense, defend by good and competent 
attorneys any and all suits, actions or proceedings brought against said 



04 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Owner, or any or all of its officers or agents, due to any of the causes set 
forth in these specifications, and shall pay any and all judgments that may 
be rendered therein without calling upon the Owner or any or all of its 
officers or agents for the same or any part thereof. 

SIZE AND CASING OF CAVES 

The well is to he twelve inches in diameter from the surface of the 
ground to such point in the rock as solid uniform rock shall be found in 
which a twelve-inch casing is to be thoroughly packed, from the bottom of 
said casing, which is where the solid uniform rock as aforesaid has been 
encountered, to the bottom of the well a hole twelve inches in diameter shall 
be drilled, provided however, if a cave be encountered at or below 900 feet, 
the Contractor may case off the cave in a proper manner and satisfactory to 
the Engineer, and from this said cave so encountered, shall continue the well 
to the bottom at a diameter of not less than eight inches provided further, 
that if a second cave be encountered at or below 1500 feet, the Contractor 
may case off such cave so encountered, in a proper manner and satisfactory 
to the Engineer, and from there continue the v.ell to the bottom of a diam- 
eter of not less than seven inches. The well shall not be less than seven inches 
in diameter at any point from 1500 feet to 2200 feet in depth, and not less 
than eight inches in diameter at any point from 900 feet to 1500 feet in 
depth, not less than ten inches in diameter at any point above 900 feet in 
depth. 

DRILLING 

The Contractor shall furnish all tools, materials, appliances, labor and 
the necessary 12-inch, 10-inch, 8-inch and 7-incli galvanized, full weight pipe 
for casing, required for the prosecution of the work in accordance with these 
specifications, and testing of the well at its completion in accordance with 
these specifications. 

PRESERVATION OP SAMPLES 

The Contractor on sinking the well shall preserve samples of the ma- 
terial or strata encountered, in the manner hereinafter described. 

Samples of Materials shall be taken at each ten feet in depth of the well 
and also at each and every point where a variation in the strata from 
the last sample taken may be observable. 

Each sample of said material shall be placed in a one pint glass fruit 
jar to be furnished by the Owner and labeled by the Contractor with the 
depth from the surface of the well, at which the sample was taken. 

Samples obtained during each twenty-four hours shall be delivered to the 
Owner, represented by the City Clerk, or the Engineer on or before twelve 
o'clock noon of each day during the continuance of the work, and the Con- 
tractor shall receive a receipt for said samples so delivered, said receipt 
shall show the number of samples taken during the previous twenty-four 
hours and the depts at which each sample was taken. The preservation of 
these samples is considered an essential point in the execution of the con- 
tract and failure to properly fulfill these specifications shall be considered 
as definite damage to the Owner for which they shall be entitled to retain 
from the contract price for the work of sinking the well the sum of Five 



WELLS 



65 



Dollars ($5.00) for eacli sample which the said contractor shall fail to pre- 
serve and deliver as above described. The receipts given for and upon the 
delivery of the samples shall be taken as a check on the number of feet 
sunk in the drilling of the well. 

CASING 

The casing above referred to shall extend down to the solid rock and 
shall be twelve inches nominal inside diameter and twelve and 80-100 inches 
outside diameter, full weight galvanized. Said casing shall be of the best 
lap welded charcoal refined iron and shall be made with flush joints and 
shall be packed in said rock at the depth specified in a manner approved by 
the Engineer. 

LIMIT OF DEPTH 

At any point where a flow of water is encountered large enough to war- 
rant the Owner in the belief that it will be sufiicient for the desired water 
supply the Owner shall have the right to discontinue the work on said well 
and the test hereinafter described may then be made. 

If the test is not satisfactory and the Owner may so direct, the drilling 
shall be continued to further depths and so on until the maximum depth 
herein specified shall be reached, at which time the drilling thereof may be 
ordered discontinued by the Owner. 

The Owner reserves the right to discontinue the sinking of the well 
at any depth below 900 feet which shows upon test that in the opinioit 
of the Owner and the Engineer the flow of water is sufficient for the desired 
water supply and the quality of the water is approved. 

TESTS 

At any point wherein a flow of water is struck which appears to be 
sufficient for the necessary water supply the Contractor shall make the fol- 
lowing tests of the well. 

The well shall be piped to various heights and the point to which water 
will run in said pipe shall be accurately determined. 

At any point in said pipe at a height which the Owner may direct a Tee 
shall be inserted in the said pipe and a test of the flow of said well made 
by running the water through said Tee over a weir or into a tank to be 
provided by the Owner and the amount of water flowing be determined. 

This measurement may be repeated at from two to eight different heights 
as the Engineer may direct. 

If the Owner shall so direct the following test shall also be made. 

This test shall be made by means of a two-inch wrought iron pipe of suit- 
able length, which shall be packed off just above the water bearing strata 
and at various heights above said strata, not to exceed ten in number, which 
the Owner may select. Said two-inch wrought iron pipe shall be joined 
together by water tight sleeve couplings and shall be of such length as to 
reach from the point at which the pipe is to be packed to the surface so that 
the variation in head if any, due to the packing off of the pipe at such 
depth may be noted, the packing to be at the lower end of such two-inch 
pipe and to be made by means of a double bag of heavy canvas or leather 
filled with fiaxseed or such other packing as the Contractor may select, which 



66 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

will thoroughly accomplish the same purpose, to the satisfaction of the 
Owner and the Engineer. 

During the making of any test of the flow of water, should the difference 
in pressure between the heights of two testing spots show a leakage in the 
well, the well shall be cased off to prevent such leakage and the test again 
applied. 

At any and all depths where a test of the flow of the water is made, 
samples of the water shall be taken and placed in receptacles furnished by 
the Illinois Water Survey, said samples so taken shall be forwarded to the 
State Water Survey for their examination and should the result of their 
analysis show that there is an excess of salt, sulphur or other mineral of 
an objectionable nature, the well shall be cased off to prevent said water, 
so objected to, from entering the well, the expense of said casing off shall 
be borne by the Contractor. 

TILE 

All the tile used in the construction of the connection between the pump- 
ing pit and well shall be of the best quality vitrified, salt glazed tile, well 
burned throughout their thickness, the body of the pipe to have a uniform 
thickness of 1% inches. All tile having fire cracks, blisters and iron pimples, 
which the Engineer shall deem injurious, will be rejected. All hubs and 
sockets must be of sufficient diameter to receive, to their full length, the 
spigot end of the following pipe, without any chipping whatever of either 
and to leave a space of not less than 14 inch in width all around for the 
cement mortar joints, the joints will be made by tightly pressing cement 
mortar to the full depth of the joint, the ends of the tile are to abut close 
against each other in such manner that there shall be no shoulder or want 
of uniformity of surface on the interior of the tiles, the joints "are to be 
as uniform as possible in thickness and thoroughly filled with mortar, each 
joint is to be wiped clean of mortar on the inside before another length of 
tile is laid. 

All cement for filling the joints shall be pure fresh ground Louisville, 
Utica or other equally as good cement of best quality, with only enough 
water added to give it the proper consistency and shall be mixed only as 
needed for use, one part cement by measure and two parts by measure of 
clear sharp sand. 

The trench when excavated for the tile shall be deep enough so that 
the top edge of the tile shall be at least twelve inches below the surface of 
the ground. 

C'OXNECTIOXS 

I'lx)!! completion of the well as herein described the Contractor shall 
furnish one twelve-inch cast iron Tee. flanged pattern with companion flanges 
for two brandies of said Tee, also one twelve-inch gate valve. 

The Contractor shall guarantee the completed work to be complete in 
every detail and free from defective materials and imperfect workmanship 
and to be in all respects in accordance with these specifications. 

In awarding this contract consideration will be given the following. 

1st. Time of completion. 



WELLS 67 

2nd. Ability and reliability of Contractor as shown in previous en- 
deavors in this line of work. 

3rd. Price per foot at the various depths. 

4th. Price of materials to be furnished. 

To the Mayor and City Council of the City of Batavia, Illinois: 

The undersigned having examined the specifications and premises, here- 
with present proposals as follows: 

ITEM 

1 For the furnishing of approximately 40 feet of twelve-inch 
casing, one twelve-inch tee, one twelve-inch gate valve 
with companion flange, one twelve-inch nipple, approxi- 
mately 40 feet vitrified salt glazed tile and connecting 
well with the pumping pit of the Municipal Plant of the 

City of Batavia $ 

2 For the sinking of the well 900 feet, price per foot 

Estimated time required for same, days 

3 For the sinking of the well from 900 feet to 1,200 feet, 

price per foot > 

Estimated time required for same, days 

4 For the sinking of the well from 1200 feet to 1500 feet, 

price per foot 

Estimated time required for same, days '. . 

5 For the sinking of the well from 1500 feet to 1800 feet, 

price per foot 

Estimated time required for same, days 

6 For the sinking of the well from 1800 feet to 2200 feet, 

price per foot 

Estimated time required for same, days 

7 For the sinking of the well below 2200 feet, price per foot 



Respectfully submitted. 
By 



Certified check, inclosed, $, 



This Agreement, made this day of 

A. D. 1914, between the City of Batavia, Illinois, party of the first part and 

of the City of Batavia, State of Illinois, party of the second part. 

WITNESSETH, that for and in consideration of the agreement and covenants 
hereinafter . contained on the part of the first party, the party of the second 
part hereby agrees to sink a well for the said first party according to and in all 
respects in compliance with the proposal and specifications heretofore attached. 

The second party agrees to commence within twenty days from the signing 
of this contract upon the actual drilling and sinking of the well and to within 
twenty days from the signing of this contract place themselves and their ma- 
chinery in such a position that they will be well equipped and able to com- 
mence such actual drilling not later than at the expiration of the said 
twenty days from the signing of this contract. 



68 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

The said second partj^ further agrees that in every respect they will com- 
plete the sinking of the well referred to in this contract within such time as 
follows : 

If the well shall be nine hundred feet or less, within 

days from the commencement of the actual drilling of the same. 

If the well shall be more than nine hundred feet and twelve hundred feet 
or less, within days from the commencement of the actual drill- 
ing of the same. 

If the well shall be more than twelve hundred feet and fifteen hundred feet 
or less, within days from the commencement of the actual drill- 
ing of the same. 

If the well shall be more than fifteen hundred feet and eighteen hundred 

feet or less, within days from the commencement of the actual 

drilling of the same. 

If the well shall be more than eighteen hundred feet and twenty-two 

hundred feet or less, within days from the commencement of the 

actual drilling of the same. 

If the well shall be more than twenty-two hundred feet within 

days from the commencement of the actual drilling of the same. 

The said first party agrees that for and in consideration of the perform- 
ance of the covenants of the said second party and for the satisfactory 
performance of their work in accordance with the specifications attached hereto 
agree to pay to the said second party the following amount: For the furnish- 
ing of approximately 40 feet of twelve-inch casing, one twelve-inch tee. one 
twelve-inch gate valve with companion flange, one twelve-inch nipple, approxi- 
mately 40 feet vitrified salt glazed tile, sinking of the well the first nine hundred 
feet, and connecting well with the pumping pit of the Municipal Plant of the 

City of Batavia, 

'. . Dollars 

For the next three hundred feet Per foot 

For the next three hundred feet Per foot 

For the next three hundred feet Per foot 

For the next four hundred feet Per foot 

Below twenty-two hundred feet Per foot 

The payment for the sinking of the said well shall be made in the follow- 
ing manner at the expiration of every two weeks from the commencing of the 
actual drilling of the well. The said first party shall pay to the said second 
party seventy-five per cent of the amount which is at such times due and un- 
paid, and such payments shall be made in accordance with and upon the 
issuing of the certificate by the Engineer of the City of Batavia, which certifi- 
cate shall set forth the depth which has been reached at the time of the 
issuance thereof. 

It is further agreed between the parties hereto that the remaining twenty- 
five per cent of the amount due and unpaid in accordance with the above 
paragraph shall be paid to the second party upon the certificate of the Engi- 
neer that the well has been completed and tested and recommending the accept- 
ance of same by the Owner. 

It is further agreed l)etween the parties hereto that the proposals and speci- 
fications hereto attached shall be nuide and considered a part of this contract 
as fully as though the same were printed in the body hereof over the signatures 



WELLS 69 

and seals of the parties hereto, and where any questions of any nature arises 
under this contract or in reference to the same, the proposals and specifications 
hereto attached shall have the same force and effect as though they were writ- 
ten or printed in the body of this contract. 

In Testimony Whereof, the party of the first part has caused these presents 
to be signed in its behalf by its Mayor, and its Corporate Seal to be hereto 
aflfixed, attested by its City Clerk, and the parties of the second part have here- 
unto set their hands and seals, the day and year first above written. 

City of Batavia, 

By 

Mayor. 
Attest to Seal 



City Clerk. 

[seal] 

[seal] 

[seal] 

PUMPING OF WELLS 
METHODS 

Deep-well piunps. — The municipal wells of the smaller towns and at 
many of the industrial plants are equipped with the rod-and-plunger dis- 
placement, commonly called "deep-well pump." These pumps are gener- 
ally used where the lift does not exceed 150 feet and the desired yield is 
not over 100 gallons per minute. Most of the smaller pumps of this type 
are single-acting, but the larger, newer ones are double-acting or of the 
continuous-flow- class. The small, common deep-well pump that is used 
in factories is the "steam pump" ; in this type the steam and water 
cylinders are placed on the same machine. 

Many of the larger, double-acting, deep-well pumps, which have 
capacities up to and over 250 gallons per minute, are motor driven. The 
following towns are a few of those in this area that are equipped with 
large, motor-driven, deep-well pumps : Park Ridge, De Kalb, Morris, 
Minooka, Lemont, Lyons, and Grand Ridge. 

Impeller or centrifugal pumps. — This class includes the centrifugal 
or as it is sometimes called the "turbine pump." The water is raised by 
the energy transmitted to it through the rapid rotation of curved vanes in 
an enclosed chamber. In a common type of this pump the chamber or 
"stage," as it is called, is beneath the water level, and the axis to which 
the vanes are attached, extends to the surface. Then the entire axis is 
rotated rapidly by some motive power applied at the surface, and the 
water is thus elevated. Where the lifts are large, it is usual to have a 



(U ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

number of stages in order to transmit sufficient velocity to the water to 
send it to the surface. The centrifugal pump is used in a number of the 
municipal pumping plants in this locality ; as a rule it has been found 
very satisfactory with lifts not over 150 feet. This form of pump is 
operating against a very high lift, in one of the cit}- wells at Aurora where 
a 4-stage, 17-inch turl)ine ])ump is placed at a (le])th of "^Ol feet and at 
times it is necessary to raise the water against this entire head. The fol- 
lowing municipal plants are equipped with one form or another of the 
centrifugal pump: Rockford, Aurora, Batavia, LaGrange, Forest Park, 
and Chicago Heights. 

Air-lift piiuips. — The air-lift is a device by means of which the water 
is raised from a well through the action of compressed air. The ])ump- 
ing equipment consists of an air compressor at the surface, an air- 
receiver tank to regulate the amount and pressure of air from the com- 
pressor, a large pipe in tlie well for the discharge of the water called the 
"eduction pipe,'' and an air pi])e to convey the compressed air to the bot- 
tom of the eduction pipe. The air pipe may be placed within the eduction 
pipe, the water thus occupying the space between the two. Another 
method is where the air pipe is placed along side the eduction ])ipe, the 
air l)eing conveyed to the eduction pij^e at its l)ottom. The latter ar- 
rangement is the one more commonl) in use, although where the well is 
not of sufficient diameter to contain two pipes of the necessary sizes the 
air ])ipe is ]:)laced within the eduction. In some places the bottom of the 
air pipe is equipped with what is called a foot-piece or nozzle. The foot- 
piece is supposed to give the air lift a greater capacity. 

The reader is referred to a bulletin of the Uni\ersity of W^isconsin 
which treats of an investigation of the air-lift made by Davis and 
Weidner.' This is an excellent treatise on the subject deriyed from tests 
obtained on a small air lift, the maximum lift being about "^l feet, in the 
Uniyersity Engineering Laboratories. Tlie bulletin contains also a very 
good bibliography concerning the air-lit'l pump. 

The authors recognize five variables which may affect a particular 
type and size of ])ump; these are: (1) percentage of submergence, 
(2) lift, (3) discharge, (4) volume of air, (5) pressure of air. The 
conclusions reached are gi\en below. These conclusions ha\e been souie- 
w hat ([uestioned b)- certain manufacturers of air-lift equipment as not 
being entirely applicable to large wells with lifts of over 200 feet: they 
say that the ex])erimental ])um])ing ])lant at Wisconsin was too. small and 
did not re])resent actual conditions in large wells. In all justice to the 
authors it should be stated that they say that the conclusions will hold 



^ Davis, Geo. J., and Weidner, C. R. An investigation of the air-lift pump: Hull. 
of the University of Wisconsin No. 450. Eng-. Series voL 6, No. 7. i)p. -105-573, 1 iHl 



WELLS 71 

only for the particular type, size, and length of pump in which the experi- 
ments were performed. They infer, however, that the conclusions wall 
hold for other types and sizes. These inferences, on the whole, the 
writer believes to be correct. 
The conclusions are : 

1. The central air-tube pump has the greatest theoretical capacity for 
a given size of well. 

2. The coefficient of pipe friction and slip decreases as the discharge in- 
creases, and decreases as the ratio of volume of air to volume of water in 
creases. 

3. The coefficient of pipe friction and of slip varies with the length of 
pump, but it seems to be independent of the percentage of submergence and 
of the lift. 

4. The length of pump, the percentage of submergence, and therefore 
the lift remaining constant, there is a definite quantity of air causing the 
maximum discharge. This quantity of air for maximum discharge, as also 
the ratio of volume of air to volume of water, differs for different percentages 
of submergence and lift, the length of the pump remaining constant. 

5. The length of pump remaining constant, the maximum output occurs 
at about the same percentage of submergence for all rates of air consumption, 
being at from 61 to 65 per cent for the pump used in the Wisconsin experi- 
ments. At other submergences the output varies as the ordinates of a para- 
bola having a vertical axis. Under these conditions the lift does not re- 
main constant as the percentage of submergence varies. 

6. The length of pump and percentage of submergence remaining con- 
stant, and therefore constant lift, the efficiency increases as the input de- 
creases; that is, the highest efficiencies are obtained at the lowest rates of 
pumping. 

7. By varying the percentage of submergence, and therefore the lift, 
the length of pump remaining constant, the maximum efficiency is obtained 
at approximately 63 per cent submergence for all rates of input or discharge. 

8. The lift remaining constant, the efficiency increases as the percentage 
of submergence increases, for all rates of input and all practical percentages 
of submergence. 

9. With the same size and type of pump, the percentage of submergence 
remaining constant, the efficiency increased as the lift increased for the small 
lifts experimented on; that is, up to about 24 feet. Prom a theoretical 
study, however, the indications are that a point will be reached from which 
the efficiency will decrease as the lift increases. 

10. Other conditions remaining constant, there is no advantage to be 
gained by introducing compressed air above the surface of the water in the 
well. 

11. The type of the foot-piece has very little effect on the efficiency of 
the pump, so long as the air is introduced in an efficient manner, and the 
full cross-sectional area of the education pipe is realized for the passage of 
the liquid. Any thing in the shape of a nozzle to increase the kinetic energy 
of the air is detrimental. 

12. A diverging outlet which will conserve the kinetic energy of the ve- 
locity head increases the efficiency. 



72 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

The percentage of submergence is that per cent of the total length of 
pil)e between the discharge of the water at the surface and the lowest en- 
trance of air into the eduction pipe in the well, which is submerged. If 
the discharge pipe does not extend below the lowest entrance of air into 
it. the percentage of submergence is the per cent of the length of the dis- 
charge pipe which is submerged. The amount of submergence used in 
the air-lift pumps varies, although about 60 per cent is the amount that is 
used in practically all efficient equipments. In a number of cases where 
the air compressor's capacity is not great enough to permit this amount of 
submergence, the length of air pipe is not so great. Some wells that are 
sul>iect to a great lowering of the water level on pumping, as wells of 
small bore at the bottom, are equipped with auxiliary air lines to permit 
the initial head to be pumped off at lower pressures. By these means it 
is possible to secure a greater submergence and yet not require any higher 
air pressure than that required, under operating conditions. There is no 
doul)t but that tise of these auxiliary air lines is an advantage and many 
of the smaller installations would have a greater efficiency by making 
such changes. This would give a better submergence and utilize to the 
greatest extent the possibilities of the small air compressor. 

The increased size of the eduction pipe toward the outlet is another 
means of increased efficiency that is used in some cases and should be 
used to a greater extent. 

The conditions are rarely the same in any two wells, and therefore 
a very satisfactory air-lift equipment for one w^ell might not be at all 
applicable to another. Each well is a problem in itself. Therefore be- 
fore the installation of any permanent pumping equipment, sufficient 
tests should be made under the direction of a competent engineer to de- 
termine what arrangements of the different lengths and sizes of pipe are 
most efficient. I^vcn a very go(j(l air-lift may become anli(|uated by a 
lowering of ihe water lc\cl or liy changes in the rate of pumping. 

The air-lift is used to a greater extent in this area than any other 
pun]])ing arrangement where it is necessary to raise large quantities 
against a great head. It is l)y far the most important jHimping equipment 
in Chicago and \icinity, w liere the head pumped against is in many in- 
.stances over 'ioO t'cet. The air-lift has commonly not l)een considered 
very efficient, although some of the larger installations in the Chicago 
Stock Yards district have obtained very satisfactory results. The flex- 
i])ility of the air-lift and the lack of repairs required are reasons why it is 
in such wide use. No other ])umping method is probably capable of rais- 
ing larger (|uantities of water from a bore-hole with such high lifts as 
encountered around C hicauo. 



WELLS 73 



COSTS OF PUMPING 



General considerations. — So many factors affect the cost of deep- 
well pumping that it is very difficult to make comparisons between the 
different installations. Merely because a certain pumping equipment is 
able to deliver water at a lower cost per thousand gallons does not neces- 
sarily mean that it is more efficient than another where the cost is greater. 
Much depends upon the amount of water available, height to be raised, 
cost of power, and other factors. 

Accurate data in regard to the cost of pumping were very rarely ob- 
tainable, as at most stations tests had not been made, and costs of opera- 
tion were not kept. Where steam pumps were used, the cost of steam and 
the amounts of water pumped were rarely known. Likewise with the air- 
lift, neither the amounts of water pumped nor the cost of running the 
compressor were accurately known. At most places where information 
in regard to pumping costs was obtained, the pumps or air compressors 
were motor driven, and thus the calculations were based on the amount 
of electricity consumed, however, there were variations in the cost of the 
electricity. Further, when the cost of pumping is given, it does not in- 
clude depreciation and other fixed charges that generally exist. 

Deep-well and centrifugal pumps. — The costs of operation of the 
small steam pumps were not obtained, but these are noted for their in- 
efficiency. In most places where they are used, large quantities of water 
are not needed, so that it may not always be advisable to install more 
efficient equipment at an increased expense. 

Many of the smaller towns that have motor-driven deep-well pumps 
have turned the management of the pumps over to large electric com- 
panies. The electric company then charges the towns a given amount per 
thousand gallons for delivering the water into the city mains. The rate 
is in most cases 4 to 5 cents per thousand gallons. Generally the munici- 
palities own the wells, pumps and other equipment, although the electric 
company looks after the repairs, except for new parts. Commonly a 
representative of the company attends to the pump, although most pumps 
require little attention as they have automatic starting and stopping 
devices. The towns of De Kalb, Morris, Barrington, Lemont, and 
others have found this arrangement satisfactory. 

At one city where the electric company owns the water works, it is 
able to pump water for one cent per thousand gallons. However, this in- 
cludes no depreciation, and the lift is not over 50 feet. 

The No. 7 well at Rockford, which is equipped with an "American" 
17-inch, 6-stage combination deep- well and pressure pump, has a high 
efficiency as indicated by the tests made by the city engineers. Further 



(4 AKTKSIAX WATEHS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

description of the Rock ford c(|ui})nK'in will be found under the discussion 
of that locality. The following is a reported test of this j^unip. 

Capacity — I.08O gallons per minute. 

Discharge pressure — 6II/2 pounds equal to 142 feet. 

Static heart to center of pressure gauge — 95.57 feet. 

Total heart of 237.57 feet. 

Theoretical Horse Power would be 82.1. 

Meter reading ahead of transformers — 116 K. W. 

90% Efficiency Transformers— 104.4 K. W. 

90:; Efficiency Motor— 93.39 K. W. or 125 H. P. delivered to shaft of pump. 

Efficiency of pump — 65. 5 'r^. 

The output of this pump for 12 hours per day was 960,000 gallons 
at (55 pounds pressure. The electricity consumed was 1,400 K. \A'. at 
11/4 cents per K. \\'. H. or a cost of 1.82 cents per 1000 gallons. The 
estimated cost, including depreciation and other fixed charges, is 2 cents 
per 1,000 gallons. 

A reported test on an electrically driven, turbine deep-well pump in 
Chicago gave a cost of 1.8 cents per 1,000 gallons. The pump delivered 
500 galloiis per minute against a head of 216 feet; the electricity was cal- 
culated at one cent per kilowatt hour. No depreciation nor fixed charges 
were included. 

Another test on a deep-well pump in Chicago follows. This is a 
motor-dri\en, double-acting, deep-well pump rated at GOO gallons per 
minute. During the test 530 gallons per minute were pumped against a 
head of n5 feet. The cost was 1.06 cents per 1,000 gallons counting 
current at J. 2 cents ])er kilowatt hour. No costs other than the actual 
consumption of electricity were considered. 

Air-lift piimf's. — -An idea of the widespread use of the air-lift system 
of ])umping may l)e gained by noting that in Chicago 86.8 per cent of 
the water obtained from wells 1,000 or more feet in depth is pumped 1)}' 
the air-lift. 

One of the largest |)acking concerns in the Stock Yards district 
whose wells are ])umped Ijy this method reports a cost of 3.22 cents per 
1,000 gallons which charge includes repumping to the different depart- 
ments after it lias first been brought to the surface by means of the air- 
lift. This coni])an\- ])imips as nnich or more than any other hrni in Chi- 
cago. and the pum])ing e(|uipment is probably as efficient a representative 
of the air-Hft as can be found in the city. ( )n a test this lirni was able 
to obtain a> low as .12 ctil)ic feet free air i)er gallon delivered. ( )r(li' 
narily one gallon is e(|ui\alent to about .85 cubic feet free air. These re- 
sults were obtained with al)0Ut 60 per cent submergence, pumping against 
a head of aj)])roximately 2'M) feet. 

These sali>faclor\- results were obtained without the use of a foot 
piece on the air pipe. I lowever. ihe lower 8 or 10 feet of the air pipe was 



AVELLS 75 

perforated by a number of small holes whose total area was equivalent to 
about three times the area of the pipe cross-section. 

The above pumping cost of 3.22 cents is approximately equaled by 
another Chicago packing company which reports slightly less than 3 cents 
per 1,000 gallons. This latter figure includes only pumping to the sur- 
face and does not consider depreciation nor fixed charges. The head 
pumped against is at least 230 feet. 

The previously cited examples of efiicient air-lifts are owned by con- 
cerns which have a number of wells and pump a very large amount of 
water. Companies pumping only 200 or 300 gallons per minute and with 
less modern equipment, undoubtedly have higher pumping costs. 

The cost of air-lift pumping varies in the plants owned and man- 
aged by the municipalities. This is to be expected as the height to w^hich 
the water must be raised is not everywhere the same ; likewise some 
equipments are more efiicient than others. The tendency in many in- 
stances is to make the cost of pumping appear as low as possible, so that 
many items that should be included are omitted. In general the pump- 
ing costs range from 3 to 7 cents per 1,000 gallons, no depreciation nor 
other fixed charges included. Most of these data can .not be considered 
very satisfactory, as all of the necessary information could not be ob- 
tained. 

YIELD AS RELATED TO DIAMETER OF WELL 

Most of the wells drilled in northeastern Illinois up to five or ten 
years ago were completed with a diameter at the bottom of five inches or 
less. In wells of this size, where the water-bearing formation is 1,000 or 
more feet below the surface, the friction of the water against the walls is 
great. Where pipe is used instead of leaving the well uncased, the fric- 
tion is somewhat reduced. If the diameter of the well is increased, the 
pipe or wall friction is greatly reduced, and more w^ater is obtained at a 
less draw-down. 

This may be illustrated by considering typical 8-inch deep wells in 
Chicago. These wells are about 1,650 feet in depth, and the important 
water-bearing sandstone is encountered at 1,350 to 1,400 feet. A well of 
the above depth and a bottom diameter of eight inches, with the water 
level at 200 feet below the surface will yield twice as much as a well with 
the same amount of lowering and similar depth but finished at six inches. 
This increase is dependent not so much upon the increased size of the 
opening that penetrates the water-bearing formation, as upon the reduc- 
tion of the wall friction, which the larger hole makes possible. 

The wells of 10 and 12 inches also have an advantage over the 8-inch 
well, although the increase is not proportionate. The increase in yield 



(6 ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

of the 12-inch well over the 10-inch is only about a third of that of the 
10-inch over the 8-inch. In wells of this depth the advantage gained by 
wells over 1"2 inches in diameter is very slight as the important factor 
is then ground friction or the resistance to flow into the well. This 
ground friction is usually considered as proportionate to the yield or flow. 
In case the openings into the well become clogged, as by the filling of the 
interstices between the sand grains with foreign material, the ground 
friction may become very high. Cleaning the well or blasting the previous 
bed with dynamite or nitroglycerine will generally remedy these condi- 
tions. 



PART II 

BOONE COUNTY 

Physiography 

Boone County is situated along the northern border of the State, 
just east of the center; McHenry County adjoins it on the east, De Kalb 
County on the south, and Winnebago County bounds it on the west. The 
total area is but 293 square miles. 

The part of the county south of Kishwaukee River has a rolling 
prairie topography without great relief. This type of topography con- 
tinues northward along the eastern part of the county, but toward the 
north the altitude is greater, more hills are present, a'nd the land as a 
whole is more rolling. The gravel plains which extend westw^ard from 
the morainic belts in McHenry County are the controlling factors in de- 
termining the topography. The western and northwestern parts of the 
county are somewhat lower than the remainder and, if anything, more 
hilly. Some timber is found along the stream courses. 

The principal drainage is effected by the Kishwaukee River and its 
tributaries which flow westward across the southern part of the county. 
The Kishwaukee joins Rock River in the county to the west. Rock River 
tributaries flowing westward drain the northwestern set of townships. 

Geology 

The greater part of the area is covered with glacial deposits although 
these are not so heavy as in McHenry County to the east. The gravel 
plains in the eastern part are related to the morainic systems of Wisconsin 
age which are present in the county to the east. The sheet of drift cov- 
ering the remainder of the county is referred by Leverett^ to the lowan 
stage of glaciation. 

The drift in the northern part of the county is generally at least 
75 feet in thickness and in places is probably more. In the southern 
townships the drift is much thinner, so that in a few places the rock is 



iLeverett, F., The Illinois glacial lobe ; U. S. Geol. Survey. Monograph 38, 
p. 573, 1899. 

77 



(8 ARTESIA.X WATERS OF >,OKTHEASTEKN JLLINOIS 

within a few feet of the surface. There are some quarries in the two 
southern townships. 

The rock formation underlying the greater part of the county is 
the Galena-Platteville hmestone. This formation passes under the 
-Maquoketa shale toward the southeast, so that this latter formation 
underlies the drift in this part of the county. 

The only data obtained in regard to the deeper strata in the county 
are from a single deep well at Belvidere. 

The record represents the formations that will be encountered in 
drilling in other parts of the county except for the overlying Maquoketa 
shale which is present in the southeastern part. The depths to the 
various strata will vary somewhat because of differences in surface ele- 
vations. The altitudes are greater in the northern townships, but the 
rise of the formations toward the northeast probably compensates for 
the higher elevation so that the depths to the various strata are somewhat 
similar to those at Belvidere. It would seem that the formations lie at 
their greatest depths in the southeastern corner of the county. 

The vSt. Peter sandstone was struck in the Belvidere well at a depth 
of 3-iO feet and was 185 feet thick. The sandstone should therefore be a 
source of water in other parts of the county where a moderate supply is 
desired without drilling to any great depth. Below a depth of T25 feet 
a series of sandstones are present which continue to the bottom of the 
well. 

Underground Waters 

general statement 

The count}- has a number of possibilities for developing under- 
ground water supplies. In case it should not be possible to secure 
sufficient supplies from wells 'iOO or 300 feet in depth, the St. Peter 
sandstone is present at a not much greater depth. Then finally there is 
the great series of "Potsdam" sandstones which lie about 200 to 300 
feet below the St. Peter. 

r.i:iA"ii)i:Ri': 

The cilv water su])])ly i> furnished b\ three dee]) wells which range 
ill (1e])th from 1 .sOiJ to 1, !)()() feel. The succession of strata is indicated 
by the record of well No. 3, which was drilled in IDOl). 

The first well was drilled in ISDl to a depth of l.OoO feet. This 
well flowed at first but ceased at the end of about a year. The second 
well was drilled in 11)0 1 to a depth of l.Sfil feet and at that time the 
level was 3 feet below the surface. The third well was completed in 
190!), at which time the static head was 8 feet below the surface; no 
further recession has been noted. The effect of pumping is not exactly 



BOONE COUNTY 79 

known, but each well is capable of supplying 400 gallons per minute 
with a suction lift. The No. 3 well is 10 inches in diameter at the sur- 
face and cased to bed rock, or to a depth of 50 feet ; the bottom diameter 
is 8 inches or somewhat less. The other wells have 8-inch surface and 
6-inch bottom diameters ; the amount of casing is probably similar to 
that in No. 3. 

The temperature of the water from the 1,803-foot well was only 
52.6° F., which is at least 7° F. lower than that of other waters from 
this depth. This temperature of 52.6° F. is that generally obtained from 
shallow well waters. It is therefore very probable that this well obtains 
large additions of water from horizons near the surface or at the utmost 
a few hundred feet in depth. This seems even more highly probable 
when it is noted that the waterworks plant is located in the valley of 
the Kishwaukee River and therefore at a lower elevation than the sur- 
rounding area. 

The chemical character of the water is indicated by an analysis 
made in 1899 from the water in the 1,900-foot well. The water is moder- 
ately mineralized and contains chiefly the carbonates of calcium and 
magnesium. It is used for boiler purposes, but some soft scale would 
form. 

The Chicago and North Western Railway Company also has a well 
which is 1,231 f^et in depth. The water level is 23 feet below the sur- 
face, but the ground elevation is probably 20 feet above that at the city 
waterworks. The well delivers about 150 gallons per minute continu- 
ously ; the dimensions of the bore are not known. 

The chemical character of the water is similar to that from the city 
wells, although not quite so hard. The water is used in the locomotive 
boilers. 

Log of the Belvidere city well, SW. 1/4 sec. 25. T. U ^^- R- -^ E. 

Elevation — 755 feet 

Drilled in 1909 by J. P. Miller Artesian Well Co., Chicago 

Generalized section 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and recent 

Surface material, sand, gravel, etc 16 46 

Ordovician system 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite or limestone, gray 294 340 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, white, rounded quartz sand 185 525 



80 



ARTESIAN WATEHS OF NORTHEASTEaSN ILLINOIS 



Description of strata 
Prairie du C'liien limestone 

Sandstone and limestone 

Dolomite or limestone, cherty 

Dolomite or limestone, grayish red 

Dolomite or limestone, gray 

Dolomite or limestone, grayish red 

Sandstone 

Dolomite or limestone, gray 

Shale, red 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone 45 

Sandstone, a slight reddish color 5 

Sandstone, white 10 

Sandstone; some red shale 65 

Shale, red 10 

Shale, gray , 10 

Shale, red 10 

Shale, gray or grayish green 45 

Sandstone 125 

Shale, gray 20 

Shale, bright green 20 

Shale, gray 10 

Sandstone, gray 70 

Sliale, gray 10 

Sandstone, gray, medium grained 20 

Sandstone, gray, fine grained 15 

Sandstone, gray, medium grained 5 

Sandstone, shaly, fine grained 5 

Sandstone, gray, medium grained 5 

Sandstone, shaly, gray 10 

Sandstone, gray, medium grained 25 

Sandstone, red, medium grained 5 

Shale, sandy, red 10 

Sandstone, red, rather coarse grained 5 

Sandstone, red, medium grained 5 

Shale, dark red 5 

Sandstone, light yellow, medium grained 10 

Sandstone, red, fine grained 10 

Sandstone, red, fine grained 5 

Sandstone, coarse grained 5 

Sandstone, red. medium grained 10 

Sandstone, light pink, medium grained 60 

Sandstone, pink, medium grained 5 

Shale, red 5 

Sandstone, light yellow to pink 20 

Shale, (lark red 3 

Sandstone, red. medium grained 2 

Shale, dark red 5 



Thickness 


Depth 


Feet 


Feet 


15 


530 


10 


540 


10 


550 


10 


560 


15 


575 


10 


585 


60 


645 


80 


725 



770 
775 
785 
850 
860 
870 
880 
925 
1050 
1070 
1090 
1100 
1170 
1180 
1200 
1215 
1220 
1225 
1230 
1240 
1265 
1270 
1280 
1285 
1290 
1295 
1305 
1315 
1320 
1325 
1335 
1395 
1400 
1405 
1425 
1428 
1430 
1435 



COOK COUNTY 81 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Sandstone, red, medium grained 3 1438 

Shale, dark red 2 1440 

Sandstone, pink, medium grained. 10 1450 

Sandstone, light yellow, medium grainerl 10 1460 

Sandstone, light pink, medium grained 50 1510 

Shale, sandy, red 5 1515 

Sandstone, red, fine grained 5 1520 

Shale, sandy, pink 5 1525 

Sandstone, pink, fine grained 5 1530 

Shale, red 10 1540 

Sandstone, reddish yellow, medium grained 10 1550 

Sandstone, grayish red", medium grained 97 1647 

Sandstone, gray, medium grained 8 1655 

Shale, grayish pink 5 1660 

Sandstone, yellowish red, medium, grained 5 1665 

Sandstone, pink, coarse grained 5 1670 

Sandstone, light pink, rather coarse grained 5 1675 

Sandstone, light yellow, medium to coarse grained 20 1695. 

Sandstone, pink, medium grained 15 1710^ 

Sandstone, light pink, fairly coarse grained 20 1730- 

Sandstone, gray, medium grained 10 1740 

Sandstone, yellowish pink, coarse 15 1755. 

Sandstone, pink, medium to coarse 48 1803; 

COOK COUNTY : 

Physiography 

Cook County, with Lake Michigan as the greater part of its eastern 
boundary is one of the largest counties in the State, having an area over 
900 square miles. The maximum north and south extent is fifty miles, 
and the average width is about eighteen, although the western boundary 
is very irregular. The relief varies from the flat plain of Chicago and 
environs to the undulating surface of the western part of the county. 
There is a gradual rise from the level of Lake Michigan at 581 feet to 
the western part of the Chicago plain which has an elevation of 640 
feet above sea level or 60 feet above the lake. This flat area is in the 
form of a crescent, with the lake forming the inner border. The north- 
ern tip is at Winnetka on the lake shore about eight miles north of the 
Chicago city limits. The outer border of the crescent then extends 
south and westward in the vicinity of Melrose Park and LaGrange ; 
whence it swings eastward, passing through the village of Glenwood, 
and finally extending into Indiana at Dyer. 

The transition from the Chicago plain to the region of undulating 
topography to the west is in some places noticeable, but in most cases 
the change is scarcely perceptible.. This belt of undulating country, 
continuing southward from Lake County through the northwestern part 



S2 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

of Cook County, and extending across DuPage and the western, south- 
western, and extreme southern part of Cook County, is called the Val- 
paraiso niorainic system. ]\Iany parts of this higher area have eleva- 
tions of 200 feet above Lake Michigan, and in the extreme northwestern 
part of the county some points are 300 feet above the lake. This 
niorainic system has an important bearing on the underground waters 
of this district, as will be shown later. 

Drainage is not well developed, but it is accomplished chiefly by the 
Desplaines and Chicago rivers and their tributaries. The extreme north- 
western part of the county is in the drainage basin of the Fox River. 
The southeastern part of the county, in the vicinity of South Chicago 
and Lake Calumet, is poorly drained by the Calumet River, This inter- 
esting stream has its source in the western part of La Porte County, 
Indiana, and for a distance of 45 miles flows sluggishly westward, 
paralleling Lake ^Michigan at a distance of only a few miles. At the city 
of Blue Island it abruptly changes its course and flows eastward for 
20 miles, not over two or three miles north of its westerly course. The 
outlet to Lake Michigan is finally effected at two places. The peculiar 
course of this stream is due to the recession of the old Lake Chicago, 
the waters of which formerly flowed southward into the Desplaines 
River at Summit and through the Sag outlet.^ 

Geology 

The greater part of the county is covered by a mantle of glacial 
drift consisting of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders; although in many 
places on the Chicago plain the drift is comparatively thin, and there are 
even a few outcroj)s, the bed rock is for the most part concealed by a 
heavy mantel of drift which has a thickness of 140 feet at Superior and 
North State streets, a location al)Out three-quarters of a mile northeast 
of the junction of the North and South Branches of Chicago River. As 
there is v(.'r\- little siu'face relief, these variations in tlic thickness of the 
drift indicate that the underlying rock surface has prominences and 
depressions. 14ie average thickness of the drift on the Chicago plain is 
about <iO or '^5 feet. 44ie (h'ift is usuall\" thick along the X'alparaiso 
morainic system, thicknesses of 200 feet not being unusual ; likewise in 
tlie northwestern ])art of tlie county in the vicinity of Palatine and Bar- 
rington and in Schaumberg 4'ownship the drift is 250 to 300 feet thick. 

14ie Niagaran limestone is the underlying rock formation of Cook 
County and is the youngest of the indurated strata to have been pre- 
served. Evidences, however, have been found of the existence at one 



1 Levcrett, F., The lUinoi-s Glacial Lobe: \J. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, p. 
420. 1899. 



COOK COUNTY 83 

time in this region of deposits of a younger age than the Niagaran. At 
Elmhurst, in Du Page County, just over the western boundary of Cook 
County, Devonian fossils have been found in the crevices of the Nia- 
garan Hmestone.^ Also samples from a deep well drilled for the Grasselli 
Chemical Company, East Chicago, Indiana, which is 4 miles east of the 
Illinois-Indiana boundary at West Hammond, indicate 110 feet of shale 
and argillaceous limestone above the typical Niagaran, containing spores 
of plants called Spoj^angites, which have usually been considered indi- 
cative of Devonian age. The Niagaran limestone can be seen in many 
quarries along the Desplaines River as at Willow Springs. This forma- 
tion has an interesting exposure in the southern part of Chicago, called 
Stony Island. The Niagaran is a rather compact, gray, subcrystalline 
limestone containing in many places so much magnesium that it is called 
a dolomite. The exposed surfaces in quarries weather to a light buflf or 
gray color. In a few exposures the rock contains some bitumen and 
asphalt, occurring in pores and cavities of the limestone, and the presence 
of a noticeable amount of hydrogen sulphide in much of the water from 
the Niagaran limestone may be traceable to this cause. The thickness 
of this formation varies from less than 100 feet in the northwestern 
part of the county to over 450 feet in parts of Chicago. 

The Maquoketa shale underlies the Niagaran limestone. The char- 
acter of this formation in this locality can be inferred only from a study 
of the well drillrngs, which indicate a very compact, close-textured, gray 
or bluish-gray shale. The well records show a variation in thickness 
from 120 feet in the south part of Chicago to 250 feet in the Stock 
Yards, not over seven miles distant. The average thickness is probably 
less than 200 feet. The compactness of the Maquoketa shale prevents 
it from being a water-bearing formation. Indeed, it serves as an im- 
pervious stratum separating the waters of the Niagaran limestone from 
those of the Galena-Platteville. 

The Galena-Platteville limestone, which underlies the Maquoketa 
shale, is a light gray to cream-colored gray, dolomite or limestone, in 
places cherty, containing considerable magnesium carbonate. The thick- 
ness ranges from 300 to 450 feet. 

The St. Peter sandstone is the next formation in descending order. 
This was one of the earliest sources of considerable artesian water. The 
extreme development of the underground water resources in this county, 
particularly in Chicago and vicinity, has depleted the supply to a great 
extent. The St. Peter is composed of a remarkably pure, rather well- 
rounded, siliceous sand, ranging in size from a powder to grains one 



1 Weller, Stuart. A peculiar Devonian deposit in northeastern Illinois: Jour. 
Geology, vol. 8, p. 483, 1899. 



84 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTt'E^ 1LLI>;0IS 

millimeter in diameter but averaging less than .5 millimeter. The thick- 
ness varies abruptl}' ; differences of 100 feet, between places a com- 
paratively short distance apart, are not unusual. Thicknesses ranging 
from 20 to over 300 feet have been noted. The St. Peter sand was 
deposited on a very uneven surface of the Prairie du Chien limestone, 
\\-hicli accoun.ts for its great variation in thickness. The contact between 
the St. Peter and the underlying Prairie du Chien limestone is distin- 
guished in many well drillings by a red shale and cherty horizon. 

The Prairie du Chien limestone is in most places a dolomite gray 
in color, or gray with a faint brow'n tinge. In many places the lower 
part of the formation contains a dolomitic sandstone wdiich has a notable 
content of disseminated glauconite or green sand. This is imderlain by 
a sandy dolomite w^hich is also somewhat glauconiferous. The thickness 
of this glauconiferous, sandy, and dolomitic zone is variable but about 
50 feet is probably the average. This is underlain by the first heavy 
sandstone of the ''Potsdam" group. It is difficult to say whether this 
sandy glauconiferous bed corresponds with Chamberlin's ^ ^Madison 
and Mendota of Wisconsin, or whether the underlying 200 feet of sand- 
stone is the equivalent of the Madison. This sandy bed at the base of 
the "Lower Alagnesian" is recognized only in a study of the well drill- 
ings and is not differentiated in the drillers' logs. It has therefore been 
thought best in this report to define the "Potsdam" group as beginning 
with the first heavy sandstone below the St. Peter. 

The known succession of the ''Potsdam" group, as the term is here 
used, can l)e divided into three divisions, in descending order. The first, 
or upper, consists of a 200-foot sandstone very similar to the St. Peter, 
although the grains are probably not so well rounded. This is the great 
water-bearing stratum of Chicago and Cook County, and is usually 
spoken of by drillers as the "Potsdam sandstone." The second division 
is a thickness of 30(J to ooO feet of siliceous and dolomitic shales, inter- 
bedded with thin beds of shaly dolomite and dolomitic sandstones. The 
thii'd (li\isi()n. which has been penetrated for at least 350 feet, is a 
medium to coarse-grained sandstone. The sand grains of the upper 250 
feet of the lowest division are fine to coarse in size and vary from 
colorless to hght yellow. The lower 100 feel is a chocolate-colored or 
rcfldish-brown sandstone. 

This three-fold (h\i>ion is similar to a ]il<e stratigraphic succession 
recognized in Miniu'^ola and h)\\"a, in descending order, as the Jordan 
sandstone, the St. Lawrence formation, and the Dresbach sandstone and 
underlying Cainl)rian strata; these divisions in Iowa and Minnesota may 
correlate with those of Illinois. 



' rhaml)oiiin. T. C, Goolopry of "Wiscon.'^in. 1<;73-1S79. 



COOK COUNTY 85 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

The waters of the surface deposits are of importance in some 
locahties. The controlHng factors in determining the quantity of water 
available in these unconsolidated deposits are the character and thickness 
of the drift and the surface drainage. In some cases the sand and gravel 
of the drift may be present in more or less irregular beds which vary in 
composition, thickness, and extent. 

The surface drainage along the Valparaiso morainic system is so 
poor that a large amount of water soaks into the ground. This surface 
water later finds beds of sand or gravel which act as transmitting 
mediums ; where these pervious strata are sloping and are overlain by 
compact clay beds, artesian conditions are produced, and wells drilled at 
lower elevations than those of the general region may flow. In many 
instances, even though the wells do not overflow, there is enough static 
head and water available to make these wells important sources of 
supply. 

The amount of water in the underlying bed rock is likewise de- 
pendent upon that collected by the overlying drift. The limestone is 
more or less fissured and in many places definite water channels have 
been formed. It has also been found that the bed-rock surface under- 
lying the morainic system has a somewhat greater altitude than the rock 
surface underlying the bordering ground moraine. Therefore, with the 
moraine acting as a collecting area at a higher elevation, wells along 
its border often yield large supplies of water. Such conditions exist 
along the western and southern boundaries of the county, as illustrated 
by the wells at Chicago Heights and vicinity, the collecting region of 
higher elevation being to the south. Also the shallow wells at Elmhurst 
and Hinsdale, just over the line in Du Page County furnish a large 
amount of water. 

Particularly in the extreme northv/estern part of the county, be- 
cause of the heavy drift mantle, large supplies are obtained from wells 
terminating either in the drift or in the underlying Niagaran limestone. 

Most of the towns of the western part of the county obtain their 
municipal supply from wells penetrating the ''Potsdam" group, but as 
these wells are uncased undoubtedly some additional water is obtained 
also from the Niagaran limestone. 

Every rock formation underlying Cook County, with the exception 
of the Maquoketa shale, is capable of 3aelding some water. The strata, 
however, that contain the largest amounts of water of artesian char- 
acter are the "Potsdam" group and the St. Peter sandstone. The forma- 



86 ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

tions rise gradually toward the north and west until they finally outcrop 
in south-central Wisconsin. The porous rocks here become saturated 
with water from rainfall. The water is then transmitted through these 
pervious formations by gravity or hydrostatic pressure. The upward 
escape of the water is prevented by overlying impervious strata ; it is 
only when these water-charged beds are tapped by drilling in a region 
of lower elevation than the collecting area that the waters escape. The 
hydrostatic head may not be sufficient in all cases to yield flowing wells, 
but the conditions are nevertheless artesian. 

The sand}', glauconiferous horizon of the Prairie du Chicn limestone, 
about 100 feet above the "Potsdam" group, is also water bearing. Some 
of the drillers' logs mention crevices at this depth. This water may have 
been forced upward from the underlying "Potsdam" group by its own 
hydrostatic pressure. 

The Galena-Platteville in some localities contains a little water. 
However, because it is the usual practice to leave this formation uncased. 
it is pr()l)able that more water is lost through crevices than is gained. 

The Niagaran limestone in many places yields large supplies of 
water, particularly where the region is overlain by a heavy mantle of 
drift. Wells in the Xiagaran limestone at the borders of heavy belts of 
drift or moraines furnish especially large amounts of water. 

There has been a general lowering of the static head of the under- 
ground waters of this county, particularly in Chicago, since the first wells 
were drilled. The amount oi lowering is in direct ratio to the amount of 
development. For instance, in the Stock Yards at Chicago, where wells 
of very large capacity have been drilled within the past few years, the 
head has been dro])ping at the rate of about nine feet per year. The 
recession in this part of Chicago has been approximately 240 feet since 
1889. In other parts of Chicago and the county the lowering has not 
been so rajjid. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

1"here is considerable difference in the amount of dissolved mineral 
matter in the waters from difi'erent depths. \\ ater from the same bed at 
difU'renl localities shows also a \-ariation, althotigh in a unit area of the 
size of Chicago the waters from the same stratum are very similar. As 
the prevalent practice is to case the wells only throtigh the surface drift 
and any caving formation that may be encountered, the artesian waters 
t rom lower horizons are ])ossil)ly diluted bv the waters from the upper 
beds. A large number of analyses of waters from this C()unt\- have been 
made, and t actors determining the cliemieal character will be discussed 
in describinj/ the water from the ditferent localities. 



COOK COUNTY 87 

The water obtained from the drift and the Niagaran Hmestone is, as 
a rule, softer than that from the lower artesian horizons. It is not possible 
in all places, however, to secure a sufficient supply from these shallow 
depths. 

In general, the water obtained from the first sandstone of the 
"Potsdam" group has a high mineral content. The sulphates and bicar- 
bonates of calcium and magnesium are present in large amounts, and 
the water is not adapted to boiler use without treatment. Some water 
containing a small amount of the calcium and magnesium salts is obtained 
from the shaly sandstones of the second division in the ''Potsdam" group. 
The amount, however, is small, as indicated by tests made on the Chicago 
and North Western Railway wells at Proviso. These wells are eight inches 
in diameter at the bottom and did not yield over 100 gallons per minute 
with a lowering of 200 feet in the water level. The sandstones of the 
third division of the "Potsdam" series cannot be penetrated for a great 
distance before salt water is struck ; this is particularly true in Chicago 
and the southeastern part of the county. 

Chicago 

general statement 

Many industries in Chicago requiring large amounts of water have 
been fortunate in being able to secure this supply from underground 
sources. Until within the past ten years the static head has also been so 
high that pumping has not been difficult. The wells of Chicago may be 
divided into two groups: (1) shallow rock wells, less than 500 feet in 
depth, which obtain water from the Niagaran limestone; (2) deep rock 
wells which are over 1,000 feet in depth and obtain their main supply of 
water from the St. Peter sandstone, Prairie du Chien limestone, and 
"Potsdam" group. 

SHALLOW ROCK WELLS 

The shallow rock wells penetrate the Niagaran formation and range 
from 200 to 500 feet in depth and average 300 to 350 feet. They are 
usually drilled where only a comparatively small amount of water is 
required, as not over 20 gallons per minute. The diameter of the surface 
casing varies from 4 to 8 inches, 6 and 8 inches being the sizes most used. 
The wells are finished at 3^ to 6 inches in diameter at the bottom, 5 
inches being a common size. 

The yield from these wells is not great ; 15 to 20 gallons per minute 
is about the average, although some wells were reported yielding 25 and 
35 gallons, and one at the Crane plant produces 75 gallons per minute. 
This latter figure is very unusual, and it is evident that a limestone crevice 



88 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

has been penetrated which contains much water. It is probable that 
more water could be obtained from these Niagaran limestone wells by 
increasing their diameter. However, no large amount of water is con- 
tained in this formation at Chicago, and the yield from these wells will 
never in any way compare with that from the deeper rock wells. 

The water level in the shallow wells is not constant but varies greatly 
within short distances and is also dependent upon pumpage and the 
number of wells in the neighborhood. Deep- well steam pumps, either 
single or double acting, are in general use. 

DEEP ROCK WELLS 
HISTORICAL DISCUSSION 

Probably the first deep rock well drilled in Chicago was sunk in 
1864 at the corner of Chicago and W^estern avenues.^ A strong flow of 
vv'ater was obtained at a depth of Til feet, probably in the lower part 
of the Galena-Platteville limestone. The water rose to a height of 80 
feet above the surface or about 111 feet above Lake Michigan. This 
well has since been abandoned. The water level has greatly lowered 
since that time so that at present the level in other wells drilled in the 
vicinity is 150 feet below the surface. This is a lowering of 230 feet, 
and the present static head is of water from a lower horizon than that 
penetrated by the well drilled in 1861. 

Since the drilling of this first well a large number of others have 
been sunk. It is not possible to determine the total number of wells 
drilled in tlie city, as a large number of them have been abandoned. 
However, from an incomplete record of the abandoned wells that have 
been located and of ihe present 125 or more wells in active service, it is 
probable that since 1861 at least 300 or 350 wells 1,000 feet or more in 
dej^th have been drilled. It is hardly apparent that more wells have 
ever been in operation than at the present time, but as old wells became 
clogged and the casings corroded, new wells were sunk instead of re- 
pairing old ones. The recent tendency is to replace a group of old 
wells of small bore by one large well. More water has been obtained by 
this method and at a lower cost of ])umping. There is no doubt but 
that a greater amount of water is ]nimped at the present time than ever 
before. 

WATKIMJKARIXG STRATA 

St. Peter sandstone. — The earlier deep wells in the city obtained 
water from the St. Peter sandstone which in 13 logs is found at an 



^ Schufoldt, Jr., George A., History of the Chicago artesian well, Chicago, 1865: 
Religin-Philo.'^ophical Puhlishing Association, Chicago, 1897. 



COOK COUNTY 89 

average depth of 894 feet, with an average thickness of 115 feet. The 
shallowest depth recorded is in the Stock Yards district, where it is 860 
feet, and its greatest depth is in the southeastern part of the city, where 
it was found to be 988 feet in the Columbia Malting Company well. It 
may be even deeper in the extreme southeastern corner of the city, as 
four miles east in Indiana and at practically the same elevation its depth 
is 1,115 feet. 

As the number of wells increased in Chicago, less and less water 
was obtained from the St. Peter horizon, so that at the present time 
scarcely a well obtains its chief supply from this formation. A test was 
made of the amount of water that could be obtained from this sand- 
stone in a well drilled in 1912 at the Western Electric Co. in the western 
part of the city in which the St. Peter was 145 feet thick and 860 feet 
deep. The tests indicated that the supply was less than 20 gallons per 
minute. 

Prairie du Chien group. — When it was no longer possible to obtain 
a sufficient supply from the St. Peter, the wells were drilled to 1,200 or 
1,300 feet where a sandy and fissured stratum containing considerable 
water is present in the Prairie du Chien. This sandy stratum will yet 
yield from a well 6 or 8 inches in bottom diameter, over 100 gallons per 
minute. However, as a 200-foot bed of sandstone is found at 1,400 
feet, the usual practice is to drill through this formation and complete 
the well at about 1,600 feet. 

It is not to be inferred that no wells deeper than the St. Peter sand- 
stone were drilled while this formation yielded large amounts, because 
wells obtaining water from the "Potsdam" group have been drilled for 
at least 35 years. The purpose is only to show the gradual deepening 
of all wells. 

''Potsdam'' group. — The first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group, 
which has already been referred to as the source of the greatest amount 
of Chicago's deep well water, is found at an average depth of 1,400 feet. 
The 29 drillers' logs used in determining the average depth gave also 
an average thickness of 192 feet. The variation in depth and thickness 
is probably due in part to the difficulty the drillers have in accurately 
differentiating the lower sandy member of the Prairie du Chien lime- 
stone from the main sandstone. There is probably a variation of over 
100 feet in the depth with apparently the shallowest depth of 1,385 feet 
at the Stock Yards. The maximum is in the southeastern part of the 
city, where it is at least 1,495 feet as shown by the log of the American 
Malting Company at Kensington. This variation must be due to the 
dip of the formation, as there is only a difference of a few feet in the 
surface elevations. 



90 ARTESIAN U'ATEKS Of A'ORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

The next division of the ''Potsdam" group from about 1,600 to 
1,875 feet is for the most part a shale, in phices slightly dolomitic and 
sand}'. The formation, because of its impervious character, contains 
very little water. Although a number of the wells penetrate it for a 
considerable distance, no increased stipply of water is thus obtained. 

A number of the wells draw water from the third division of the 
"Potsdam", or the lower sandstone. This is struck in the Sears, Roe- 
buck (& Company well in the west-central part of the city at 1,868 feet, 
aiul in the Stock Yards well it is found at about 1,8T5 feet, according 
to the drillers' logs. The water from this lower sandstone contains a 
large amount of dissolved mineral matter, particularly sodium chloride 
or common salt. 

SIZE OF AVELLS AXD CASING 

The wells in Chicago encoimter at least two horizons that are likely 
to cave, and these formations are therefore most commonly cased off. 
The placing of this casing reduces the size of the hole, so that to secure 
a well finished at a definite diameter it is necessary to have the hole at 
the stir face much larger. For instance, a typical well that is drilled at 
present has a hole drilled large enough to admit a 12-inch surface pipe 
to bed rock. This distance will vary, but is abotit 7 5 feet; the hole is 
then drilled 1"^ inches in diameter until the Maquoketa shale is passed 
at about 550 feet. This shale, which is about 200 feet thick, is likely 
to cave and is therefore cased oft' with 1()-inch ]^ipe. The well is then 
continued at 10 inches, or slightly less, luuil the base of the St.- Peter is 
reached at about 1,000 feet, where another caving formation, present at 
ni;:n)- ])laces. nuist Ijc cased off with .'K) to 60 feet of 8-inch casing, and 
the well is drilled to completion 8 inches, or slightly less, in diameter. 
A number of wells of this size and al)0Ut 1,650 feet in depth have been 
drilled in Chicago during the ])ast two or three years. These wells have 
proved satisfactory and yield as high as TOO gallons per minute. 

A few large wells have been drilled in the Stock Yards district 
w iihin the past few years, which have been 20 and 22 inches in diameter 
at the surface and finished at 15^ or 16 inches. The yield from these 
large wells has been enormous, one well testing nearly 2,000 gallons per 
minute for several hours. 

PUMPAGE 

Dally Supply. — During the summer of 1011, the number of wells 
in CTicago over 1,000 feet deep in active service was 125. The pumpage 
from these wells was over ."50. 100,000 gallons per 24 hours. \Mthin a 
circle of a half-mile radius in the Stock Yards 26 wells delivered I;3,i50,- 
200 gallons, or 41. o per cent of the total daily pumpage from the deep 



COOK COUNTY 91 

v/ells in the city. Five wells in the Stock Yards area pumped 7,315,200 
gallons daily or 51:. 4 per cent of the pumpage from the wells in the 
previously mentioned circular area. The pumpage from these five wells 
is also 24.3 per cent of the total pumpage from the 125 wells in Chicago. 
(See figure 1.) 

It was also found that within the past 5 years a number of wells 
yielding a large amount have been drilled. The wells in active service 
were divided into two groups according to their age. It was found that 
84 had been drilled previous to January 1, 1909, and that 41 had been 
drilled since that date up to the summer of 1914. The old 84 wells 
pumped only 13,900,000 or 46.2 per cent of the daily amount, whereas 
the 41 recently drilled wells pumped the remaining 53.8 per cent (fig. 2). 
This also corresponds with the great lowering of the static head within 
the' past few years as shown by figure 3. 

The 30,100,000 gallons of water pumped daily from the deep wells 
of Chicago is equivalent to a per capita consumption of 100 gallons in 
a city with a population of 300,000. This amount of water would also 
cover 100 acres to a depth of one foot. 

Effects of heavy pumpage. — It is obvious that the more water ob- 
tained from a well or a group of wells, the greater the effect will be upon 
neighboring wells. Also, the greater the pumpage, the greater is the 
circle of influence. 

The effect of the concentrated pumping in the Stock Yards district 
undoubtedly exerts an influence over a large area. The contour map of 
the artesian water table in Chicago (Plate IV) shows this depression at 
the Stock Yards, and the gradual rise in the static head as the distance 
from this locality increases. It is difficult, however, to note accurately 
the pumping effects of any one well or group of wells on others, as each 
of the many wells in the vicinity affect all the others. 

The lowering of the water level in any single well during pumping 
depends upon such factors as : size of well, rate of pumping, presence 
or absence of casing, and number of neighboring wells. The size of the 
well plays a greater part in the lowering of level during operation than 
has commonly been considered in Chicago. This is due to the fact that 
the main water-bearing horizon lies at a depth of at least 1,400 feet, and 
the water therefore encounters considerable friction against the walls of 
the well in rising through this height. Another resistance to flow is the 
ground friction or the resistance to entrance into the well. 

Pumping methods. — The greater amount of the artesian water is 
pumped by means of the air-lift. The pumping equipment of 97 wells or 
77.6 per cent of the total 125 wells is the air lift, and these wells pump 
26,130,740 gallons or 86.8 per cent of the daily pumpage. The great head 



92 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



A 


Millions of gallons per day 


5 lO 15 lio 


26 


30 


^^^ 






















- 




B 


B 










C 




^^^■^^^^^^H 












D 


mBHHHH 







Pig. 1. Diagram showing the amount of water pumped daily in 1914 from: 

A. All the deep wells in Chicago; 

B. The 26 wells in the Stock Yards; 

C. The 99 wells in the rest of Chicago; 

D. The 5 largest wells in the Stock Yards. 



A 

B 
C 


Millions of gallons per day 


S lO 15 20 


25 


30 


^^^ 




^^^ 


























i 





A 
B 
C 


Wells in Chicago 


25 


GO 


75 


lOO 11 


i 5 


ISO 




1 





























Fig. 2. Diagram showing the amount of water pumped daily and the number of 
wells in 1914 in Chicago for: 

A. The entire city; 

B. The wells drilled prior to 1909; 

C. The wells drilled from 1909 to 1914. 



COOK COUNTY 93 



to be pumped against (usually 200 or more feet), the flexibility gained, 
and the few repairs required by the air-lift system are probably the 
factors that have caused this method to be so widely used. Some of the 
wells are equipped with double-acting deep-well pumps and two or three 
multiple-stage turbine pumps are also in use. 

Accurate pumping costs were difficult to obtain, so very rarely have 
they been determined. The largest consumers in the Stock Yards dis- 
trict, who have a number of wells pumped at high pressure, appear to 
obtain the water at the lowest cost. Some data regarding pumping costs 
are to be found in the chapter entitled "W^ells". 



STATIC HEAD 



A large number of measurements of the water level in deep wells 
were made during the summer of 1914 by the writer and his assistant, Mr. 
Weiland. Other measurements have been made since that time to note 
accurately the lowering that has taken place. The methods of determin- 
ing water level have been outlined in Part I under the discussion of 
"Static Head." 

Galena-Platteville formation. — When the first deep well in Chicago 
was drilled in 1864, the water rose to a height of 80 feet above the surface 
or to an elevation of 695 feet above sea level. This well was 711 feet 
deep and probably obtained water from the lower part of the Galena- 
Platteville limestone. The static head has receded since that time until 
it is now many feet below the surface. 

St. Peter sandstone. — The water from the St. Peter sandstone has 
been practically exhausted in the city and it was therefore not possible to 
determine its exact head. The well drillers report neither a dropping off 
nor a rise of the ground-water level in the well, when passing through this 
sandstone. This generalization regarding the St. Peter does not hold for 
the Stock Yards district. In drilling a recent well in this area, the surface 
water was carefully cased oiT to a depth of 500 feet and very little water 
was encountered until the St. Peter sandstone was reached. The water 
then rose to the general level of the "Potsdam" water in the Stock Yards 
district. This is apparently not the natural static head of the water from 
the St. Peter sandstone, because, as previously mentioned, in drilling deep 
wells in other parts of the city very little difference is noted between the 
ground-water level and that of the St. Peter water. The surface ground- 
water holds the water level during drilling at about 50 feet, until a depth 
of from 1,200 to 1,400 feet is reached, when the level drops to a depth 
varying between 150 and 235 feet, depending upon the part of the city in 
which the well is located. These latter figures indicate the head of the 
"Potsdam" water. 



94 



(kTKSTAX waters of northeastern ILLINOIS 




OS 
00 



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o 






m 






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o K « p) s a 

'» t 't * ' o 

laAai V3e BAOBV J.33J NI N0IJ.VA3-I3 



ha 



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CO 

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IL.UNOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




COOK COUNTY 95 

The St. Peter sandstone at one time contained considerable water, 
but tests made within the past few years indicate that in Chicago this 
source of supply has been practically exhausted. The amount obtained 
from this stratum in a test made by the Western Electric Company was 
less than 20 gallons per minute. The water level in the well, after pass- 
ing through the St. Peter sandstone, was 68 feet below the surface or 
essentially the same as that of the ground- water table which had been 
nearly constant since drilling had commenced. Therefore, it appears that 
in the recently drilled well in the Stock Yards, the head of the St. Peter 
water which was practically the same as that from the "Potsdam" group, 
does not represent the actual head of the water originally contained in the 
St. Peter sandstone. It is, on the other hand, probable that some water 
from the "Potsdam" group rises and enters the St. Peter sandstone be- 
cause of lack of casing in neighboring wells. This is very likely to be 
the case in the Stock Yards district where so many wells have been 
drilled within such a small area. 

''Potsdam" group. — The present static head of the artesian water of 
Chicago is that from the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group struck 
at about 1,^00 feet. This is the water table that is contoured on Plate IV. 
The water table shows areas of elevation and depression. The area of 
greatest depression is in the Stock Yards, where in the summer of 1914 
the pumping level was about 232 feet below the surface and 212 or 214 
feet at rest. These latter figures showing the highest head for the dis- 
trict were obtained on a Sunday when some of the largest wells were 
idle. This measurement of 212 feet below the surface was probably 
the highest head in the Stock Yards during the summer of 1914. A few 
measurements in October, 1915, showed a level of about 240 feet during 
pumping and 225 feet at rest. 

The highest head noted in the vicinity of Chicago was at Park 
Ridge, northwest of the city. The static head during the summer of 
J 914 was here 95 feet below the surface or at an elevation of 565 feet 
above sea level. This level was approximately 190 feet higher than that 
for the Stock Yards, about 15 miles to the southeast. In the south part 
of Chicago, at Riverdale, the head is about 90 feet higher than that at 
the Stock Yards about 12 miles to the northwest. 

Data that showed the lowering of the water level in any one well 
over an extended period of years were not obtainable. The water level, 
however, is so uniform in the Stock Yards district that the measure- 
ments from a number of wells have been used to construct a curve 
(figure 3) showing the lowering of the static head since they flowed in 
1889. The greatest lowering is seen to have taken place since 1907, no 
doubt to be accounted for bv the considerable number of wells of larsfe 
•capacity drilled in following years. 



96 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF CHICAGO WATERS 
NIAGAILVN FOR]\LATION 

The shallow rock wells are cased only to bed rock, so as to shut 
off the surface sand and gravel ; therefore this casing generally extends 
less than 100 feet below the surface. The water is found in the crevices 
of the limestone, into which it has seeped down slowly as surface water 
from the overlying drift. Generally a long period of time has elapsed 
since the water left the surface before it is pumped from the wells. It 
HKi}- have percolated through beds of sand and gravel or flowed through 
the limestone crevices. The water during this period has been in con- 
tact with more or less soluble rocks, and it therefore contains some 
dissolved mineral matter. Most of these dissolved solids are bicarbonates 
of calcium and magnesium, the soluble forms of limestone, but other 
salts, such as the sulphated magnesium and the chloride, sulphate and 
carbonate of sodium are also present in small amounts. Samples of 
water from the typical shallow wells of Chicago were analyzed by the 
State Water Survey. The average analysis calculated from 31 samples 
is shown in Table 7. 

Table 7. — Average analysis of ivaters from 31 shalloiv ivells in Chicago 

(Hypothetical combinations) 

Parts per Grains per 

Compound million U. S. gallon 

Sodium nitrate (NaNOs) 1.82 • .11 

Sodium chloride (NaCl) 39.77 2.32 

Sodium sulphate (Na,SO,) 20.92 1.22 

Sodium carbonate (NaXO,) 97.10 5.66 

Magnesium carbonate (MgCO,) 39.57 2.31 

Calcium carbonate ( CaCOs) 38.58 2.25 

Iron carbonate (FeCO,) 2.84 .16 

Undetermined 17.63 1.03 

Total 258.23 15.06 

It is believed that the calculated analysis of the 31 analyses repre- 
sents the average water obtained from the Niagaran limestone in 
Chicago. This water, although it contains nearly twice the amount of 
dissolved mineral matter found in Lake Michigan water, is nevertheless 
considered a soft water. The amount of scale-forming solids is small. 
The water is used for boiler purposes in a number of factories and 
scarcely an\' ti-oulile has l)een reported; the scale is comparatively soft 
and easil}' removed. 

Altogether 36 samples of shallow-well waters were collected, but as 
5 of these waters are somewhat different from the others, they are not 



COOK COUNTY 97 

included in the average analysis. These 5 waters contained some mag- 
nesium sulphate which was not found in the other 31 analyses. This 
magnesium sulphate was a negligible amount, less than a grain per gal- 
lon, except in two cases. The two shallow wells that contained a 
considerable amount of this scale-forming magnesium salt belong to 
Hoerbers Brewery and to Miller and Hart. In both cases the exact 
depth of the well was not known, and there is a possibility that they are 
deeper than the indicated approximate depths. If such is the case, it 
explains why the water is harder than that from the usual shallow well,, 
as the water from the lower horizons contains more magnesium sulphate.. 

GALEXA-PLATTEVILLE FORMATION 

It is difficult to say anything definite concerning the water from the 
Galena- Platteville limestone, as few wells end in this formation. The 
wells either do not reach the base of the Niagaran limestone or else they 
continue to 1,200 feet or more. The water is present in crevices and 
doubtless the quantity is less than that in the Niagaran. As the forma- 
tions are both limestones, the characters of the water are probably similar 
although that from the Niagaran is likely to contain 'a greater amount 
of hydrogen sulphide. 

ST. PETEP. SANDSTONE 

Very little can be said concerning the mineral character of the St. 
Peter sandstone water. Only one or two wells in Chicago end in this 
formation and these well waters show practically no difference from 
that obtained from the Niagaran limestone, except for a slight increase 
in mineral content. The wells are of small bore, have only surface-pipe 
casing, and are equipped with low-capacity pumping equipment so that 
the greater part of the water may be from the Niagaran limestone. The 
only well in Chicago thought to end in the St. Peter sandstone and 
pumping an appreciable amount of water was the one located at the 
Gutman Tanneries. This well is supposed to be 990 feet in depth, but 
as it is very old there is some doubt concerning this measurement. The 
v/ater obtained is very similar to that obtained from wells 1,400 or more 
feet in depth. As there are a number of wells of this depth in the 
immediate vicinity, there is a possibility of water from these wells enter- 
ing the Gutman well either by crevices in the limestone or through the 
St. Peter sandstone. None of the wells has casing other than the sur- 
face pipe and that for caving formations. 

It was thought that water could be obtained from the different 
strata while a well was being drilled by collecting water from the bottom 
of the bailer. This was done at the American Malting Company and the 



98 ABTESIAX WATEHS OK ^TOHTHEASTEKN ILLINOIS 

analyses are given in the ajjpendix. The resnhs were not a success as the 
analyses indicate Xiagaran limestone or surface water in all cases. The 
well was cased with surface pipe only so that Xiagaran limestone water 
must have been continually running into the well. Further, the bailer 
was open at the top. which evidently permitted upper strata water to 
enter. In order to obtain an accurate sample of the water from any 
horizon, the casing should be carried completely down to the water- 
bearing formation. Even with this precaution, it is best to have the 
well pumped for some time before the sample is collected. If more 
than one water-bearing stratum is penetrated, and a sample from a par- 
ticular one is desired it is of course necessary to case off the others. 

PRAIRIE DU CHIEX GROUP 

The next water horizon of any importance below the St. Peter 
sandstone is in the basal part of the "Lower ]\Iagnesian" or Prairie du 
Chien limestone group. This horizon, struck at from 1,200 to 1,300 feet, 
is characterized by a distinctly sandy and somewhat shaly phase. Grains 
of glauconite are present and in some cases give a green color to the 
drillings. Distinct water channels, \vl'iich may be only sandstone beds, 
arc present ; this horizon is called ''the Crevices" by the well drillers 
because a large part of the well drillings tend to flow away, suggesting 
the existence of some openings. 

The water obtained from the wells which stop at about this horizon 
is not essentially different from that in wells 1,600 to 1,700. feet in 
depth. These deeper wells draw their main supply from the first sand- 
stone of the "r\)tsdam" group which lies inmiediately below the sandy, 
glauconiferous stratum of the base of the ''Lower ^lagnesian" lime- 
stone. This first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group, which is al)out 200 
feet in thickness, is the chief water-bearing formation underl}-ing Chi- 
cago and the surrounding territory. It is very probable that the escape 
of water upward from this horizon into the overlying sandy and glau- 
coniferous stratum accounts for the ])resence and siniilarit}' of the \vater. 

"potsda:m" c.Rori' 

rppcr Saiulslunc Member. — The chai-acter of ilie water from the 
"Potsdam" sandstone is shown by over 12') a])])en(k(l analyses. Most 
of the analvses have been made b)- the ra]:»i(l method of boiler-water 
anahsis u-eil in ilic lalxiratorx' of the State Water Survey, although a 
few of the more com])lele mineral analyses of re])resentative waters 
ha\-e also been made. The determinations made are given in ad cases as 
well as t!:e calculated hyi)()thetical combinations ol ions. 

In order to determine the average composition of the water from 
the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group, the average analysis was 



COOK COUNTY 99 

calculated of the waters from 57 wells pumping over 75 gallons per 
minute and ranging in depth from 1,200 to 1,750 feet. The pumping 
restrictions were applied because it was found that wells which delivered 
less than 75 gallons per minute were influenced by waters from the 
uncased upper strata. 

"potsdam" group 

Table 8. — Mean analysis of the waters from 51 representative wells in Chicago 
pumping over 75 gallons per minute and ranging in depth from 1,200 to 
1,750 feet. 

Parts per Grains per 
Dissolved solids million U. S. gallon 

Sodium nitrate (NaNOg) 2.09 .12 

Sodium chloride (NaCl) 334.84 19.52 

Sodium sulphate (NaoSO*) 265.72 15.49 

Magnesium sulphate (MgSOJ 184.26 10.74 

Calcium sulphate (CaSO^) 226.86 13.22 

Calcium carbonate (CaCOa) 212.30 12.55 

Iron carbonate (FeCOg) 1.14 .06 

Undetermined 51.05 2.98 

Total 1,278.26 74.68 

A list is also added showing the number of wells of the different 
depths that comprise the above group of 57. 

Numher of wells of the different depths 

Depth 

Feet Number 

1200—1300 5 

1301—1400 5 

1401—1500 4 

1501—1600 15 

1601—1700 25 

1701—1750 3 

Total 57 

It is seen that 40 out of the 57, or 70 .2 per cent, range in depth from 
1,501 to 1,700 feet. This also represents the depth of the average deep 
well in Chicago. A number of these wells extend below the first 
"Potsdam" sandstone, in some cases for 150 feet, but the underlying 
formation is a shale for the most part and contains scarcely any water. 

The average of the 57 analyses indicates that the water contains a 
considerable amount of mineral matter. It might be called a sulphate 
water, although considerable sodium chloride and calcium carbonate are 
also present. The detrimental constituents from the point of view of 
boiler usage are the sulphates of magnesium and calcium, present in large 



100 ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

amounts. These salts, in the quantities indicated, produce a hard, heavy 
scale when the water is used in boilers. The water could be softened, but 
it is not done in Chicago because of the accessibility of the soft lake 
water. There is a possibilit}- that the water from the first "Potsdam" 
sandstone has a lower mineral content than that indicated by the average 
of the 57 analyses. This would be due to the lack of casing in the wells 
and the consequent addition of water from the Prairie du Chien lime- 
stone. However, in view of the fact that some wells in the Stock Yards 
which do not extend below the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" series 
deliver over 1,000 gallons per minute, it would seem that the greater 
amount of the water is from this sandstone. 

The water has a pleasant taste and is used for drinking purposes in 
man\' manufacturing plants. The water is used in those industries which 
require a large amount of water and where the mineral content is not a 
factor. For example it is used extensively for cooling and washing pur- 
poses. The temperature of the water, about 59° F., and the absence of 
variation with the seasons, is in many cases an advantage. The iron con- 
tent, although not high, is nevertheless in some instances sufficient to 
discolor wash basins and other porcelain ware. Some of the largest users 
of the deep well water are the packing houses, breweries, malting houses, 
vinegar manufacturers, steel mills, and cold storage companies. 

Middle sandstone jiiember. — The middle sandstone member of the 
"Potsdam" group is struck in Chicago at about 1.600 feet and is from 300 
to 350 feet thick. This formation is composed of siliceous anddolomitic 
shales intercalated with beds of shaly dolomite and dolomitic sandstone, 
a few feet thick, and of such a character that it could not be a water- 
bearing formation of any im})ortance. Data regarding the character of 
the water from this stratum were obtained in drilling the Sears, Roebuck 
& Company well in 101'^. This well was originally drilled to a depth of 
2,057 feet, but salt water was struck and the lower 189 feet was later 
filled in with concrete, leaving a depth of 1,868 feet. 

Through the coiu-lesy of Mr. Mory, chemical director of this com- 
pany, analyses are here given of the waters from the lower depths. 
Sam])les were oljlaincd b}" collecting tlie water from the boiler. The log 
of tlie well indicates a 26-foot bed of sandstone at 1,822 feet and tests 
showed tliat the water from that horizon contained very little, if any, 
permanent hardness. The analyses suggest a similar water to a depth 
of 1,960 feet. Hie waters below this horizon and to the tinal (le])th of 
2.057 feet, show a rapid increase in the mineral content, particularly in 
sodium chloride, or common salt. Tlie well was first drilled to a depth of 
l.!i6() feet and cased with 1.T88 feet of 8-inch discharge pipe. The bot- 
tom of the casing was sealed with 2 feet of concrete. The well as thus 



COOK COUNTY 101 

equipped obtained water from 192 feet of strata, comprising the base of 
the shaly second division of the "Potsdam" group as well as some 90 feet 
of the upper sandstone of the third division. An analysis of the water 
from this horizon, made by the State Water Survey, is given. The total 
mineral content is 1,770.3 parts per million, by far the larger part of 
which is made up of the chloride and sulphate salts of sodium. It will 
be noticed that the scale-forming magnesium sulphate is present in a 
small amount, 57.6 parts per million, or 3.36 grains per gallon. There 
is, however, a considerable calcium carbonate content. The amount of 
water obtained with this .piping arrangement was small, about 75 gallons 
per minute, and in order to increase the flow, the casing was cut off at a 
depth of 1,547 feet and 694 feet of pipe removed, leaving a length of 853 
feet extending down from the surface. This discharge pipe was firmly 
sealed at the base with a rubber packer. The removal of this length of 
casing permitted the entrance of waters from the first sandstone of the 
"Potsdam" group and any other higher water-bearing horizons below 853 
feet and the flow was increased to over 500 gallons per minute. The well 
was also filled in with concrete to a depth of 1,868 feet. The analysis of 
the water was obtained with this new pumping equipment is given. On 
comparison with the water delivered when the casing extended to 1,788 
feet, it is seen that the water obtained with the shorter casing is much 
harder. There is a considerable increase in the sulphates of magnesium 
and calcium and no sodium sulphate, although it is possible that another 
analysis might show a small amount of this latter salt. 

These data seem to indicate that a small amount of water can be 
obtained from the second division of the "Potsdam" group which is 
softer than that from the first "Potsdam" sandstone. The mineral content 
of this softer water is as great as that from the higher horizons, but the 
amount of hard scale-forming salts is less. The Sears, Roebuck & Com- 
pany data show, however, that to obtain this water it is necessary to case 
to below the first "Potsdam" sandstone, which is at least 1,600 feet, and 
that only a small amount of water can be expected. In this instance the 
discharge pipe was 8 inches in diameter with a 6-inch hole below and only 
about 75 gallons per minute were obtained. The lowering in water level 
when this amount was being pumped is not known, but it was undoubt- 
edly great. After the removal of the 694-foot length of pipe, over 500 
gallons per minute were obtained with the same pumping equipment ; the 
lowering in the water level while operating was probably 20 or 25 feet. 

Lower sandstone member. — The lower division of the "Potsdam" 
group is a succession of sandstones the downward extension of which is 
not known, although they have been penetrated in this vicinity to a depth 
of at least 2,300 feet. They are generally struck in Chicago at a depth 



102 AKTESIAX WATERS OF XORTIIEASTERX ILLINOIS 

of about 1,900 feet; in the Sears, Roebuck & Company well they are en- 
countered at 1,868 feet. An increase in the salinity or total mineral con- 
tent accompanies the increase in depth ; this is shown in the analyses of 
the water from the lower strata in the Sears, Roebuck & Company w^ell. 
A number of \vells in the Stock Yards district, 2,000 or more feet in 
depth, deliver a water of high salinity, a high chlorine and sodium content 
being particularly characteristic. The greatest salinity of any well w^ater 
in Chicago is possessed by that from the Oleomargarine House w'ell of 
Morris & Company; the depth is approximately 2,300 feet. The mineral 
analysis of this water is given in the appendix. The salinity is 5,350 
parts per million of which 2,900 are chlorine and 1,232 sodium. The 
hypothetical combinations show a very large amount of sodium chloride 
and the chlorides of calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The carbonate 
and sulphate salts of calcium are also conspicuous. The salt content of 
this water is so high that it has a brackish taste and is impossible for 
drinking purposes. 

The water from the 2,lGl:-foot well at the Independent Brewery is 
interesting because of the high content of sodium sulphate. The total 
mineral content is similar to that of the water from other w^ells of 
approximately this depth, but these wells usually have a much greater 
amount of chlorine. 

Local Supplies 

vicinity of chicago 

BLUE ISL.\XD 

A few deep w^ells have been drilled in Blue Island,, and the water 
obtained is essentially similar to that from w^ells of corresponding depths 
in Chicago. Analyses of w^ater from representative deep wells are given. 

The succession of strata does not vary noticeably from that in Chi- 
cago, so that the main water-bearing formation is penetrated at about 
1,450 feet. This is the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group, approxi- 
mately 200 feet thick. 1'herefore the average well is about 1,650 feet 
in dei)th, althou,c:1i the gas ])lant of the Public Service Company of 
Northern Illinois has a well of 2,U)()± feet in depth. This well was 
drilled in 1912 and is reported to have overflowed when a depth of 
1.910 feet was reached. There is no log of this well, hut it is ])robable 
that at about this depth the lower sandstones of the "Potsdam" group 
were struck ; the water from these lo.wer strata has a somewhat greater 
head than that from the higher beds. However, the curb elevation of 
this well is from 40 to 50 feet lower than that of other wells in the 
vicinity, as, for instance, those at the P)lue Island \\^ater Works; this 
accounts in part for the apparently greater head. The present water 



COOK COUNTY 103 

level in the gas plant well is not known, but there has been a consider- 
able lowering since the well was drilled as a deep well pump has been 
in use for at least three years. The analysis of this water shows a 
higher mineral content than that of waters from shallower wells. The 
water has also a strong gaseous odor but as there is only a small amount 
of casing, this is probably due to the leakage from surface waters w^hich 
have been affected by wastes from the gas house. 

The municipal water supply of Blue Island had been obtained until 
August 1915, from 3 wells ranging in depth from 1,100± to 1^649 feet. 
At the above time arrangements were made to buy lake water from 
Chicago and the deep well pumpage was discontinued. The reasons for 
the change were the desire to obtain a softer water, the development 
of a gaseous odor in one of the wells, and the rapid lowering of the 
static head. 

The gaseous odor in the well water, noticed in the early part of 
1914, is probably related to the gas w^orks about 1,000 feet to the south- 
west and at a lower elevation. It may be that because of lack of casing, 
surface water enters the deep well at the gas plant and finally by under- 
ground connections reaches the deep wells at the city water works. 
Other instances of a similar nature have been noted ; at Joliet a new well 
situated near an abandoned gas plant developed an odor which could 
not be removed even by pumping to waste nearly a million gallons per 
day for a year. A 350-foot well in Chicago developed a very noticeable 
gas odor when a gas plant was built about 800 feet away. The well 
had been in use 14 years and no gas had been noted, but a year after 
the gas plant began operation the gaseous odor became very noticeable. 

The oldest records regarding the water levels at the Blue Island 
wells are from 1910. In March of that year the static head of the water 
in the 1,649-foot well was 172 feet below the surface at rest or at an 
elevation of 469 feet above sea level ; pumping at the rate of 380 gallons 
per minute for 24 hours lowered the water 33 feet. Measurements 
made on this well June 11, 1914, indicated a working level of 251.5 
feet during pumping at the rate of about 300 gallons per minute ; the 
other 2 wells were each pumping about 200 gallons per minute. The 3 
wells are situated at the corners of a triangle, the sides of which are 
approximately 125 feet in length. After being shut down for 2 . 5 hours 
the water level in the one well rose 11 feet; the other wells were still in 
operation. In 1914 the water level was reported to be about 230 feet 
when all the wells were shut down : this would indicate a lowering of 
58 feet in 4 years. 



104 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

HARVEY 

The oil}' of Harvey, which is a httle over 3 miles south and east 
of Blue Island, obtains its water from four deep wells. The average 
dci)ih is 1,()0() feet. 

The succession of strata and their depths are similar to those in 
the south part of Chicago. The main water-bearing formation is pene- 
trated at 1.400 to 1,-1:50 feet and is approximately 200 feet in thickness. 

'J1ie analyses in the appendix indicate that the water is hard and 
contains a rather high mineral content ; it is similar to that from wells 
in Chicago and Blue Island of corresponding depths. The low mineral 
content of the Xo. 1 well water is very probably due to dilution by 
water from the Niagaran limestone, as the casing is in poor condition, 
and only a small amount of water is pumped. It is reported that the 
first well was drilled to a depth of 2,100 or 2,200 feet, but salt water 
was encountered, and the well was later plugged at about 1,600 feet. 
7his indicates that a well of 1.600 to 1,650 feet gives the best results, 
as the shales and dolomites immediately underlying this depth contain 
practically no water, and the sandstone at around 1,900 and 2,000 feet 
yields a salt water or at least one of a high mineral content. 

The static level at Harvey, in common with that of Chicago and 
nearby cities, has lowered considerably during the past few years. The 
figures below indicate the lowering in Xo. 4: well since 1911 ; the depth 
is l,600zbfeet. ^Surface elevation is 600zb feet. 

Water levels in well Ko. .'/- Harvey 

Date April, '11 Sept., '12 March, '13 March, '14 June, '14 June, '15 

Feet below surface 105 116 120 130 135 155 

11ie ])resent water level is much higher than at Blue Island, although 
it is to be expected that the static head at Harvey should be 10 1+: feet 
abo\'e the former Ijccause of difference in surface elexations. lliis. 
howcNcr. dot's nol account for all of the (lilTcrencc; it ma}- l)c that the 
lower level at \\\\\v Island is due to heavy puin])age and ])roximit}- of 
other wells. The level at Harvey in 1915 was only 1T± feet l)clow that 
at Rixerdale. 2'/> miles to the north and east. This is a good com- 
])arison. 

UIVKRDALE 

idle village of Rivv-rdale obtains a part of its municipal sui)ply from 
a Niagaran-limestone well of I'M feet in depth. The water in I'MO was 
15 feet from the stn-face, but had lowered to Ki feet in 191 1. The yield 
is about 1".'5 gallons per minute, but puni])inL^ at the rate of 140 gallons 
per minute for 12 hours lowers tlie le\el to 200 feet below the surface. 



COOK COUNTY 105 

Evidently a fissure containing a good flow was struck in drilling this 
well, as other wells in this vicinity of the same depth yield very little 
water. However, wells of 1.650 feet in depth will produce a good sup- 
ply. The static head of the first "Potsdam" sandstone water was 143 
feet below the surface or at an elevation of -152111 feet. This measure- 
ment was obtained in October, 1915, at the l,T20-foot well of the Pope 
Sugar Beet Factory. 

SOUTHEASTERN COOK COUNTY 
GEXEKAL STATE:MENT 

Xo good records have been obtained from southeastern Cook County 
south of Chicago city limits and east of Harvey. A set of drillings, how- 
ever, has been studied from the 1,840-foot well of the Grasselli Chemical 
Company at East Chicago, approximately -1 miles east of the state line 
at Hammond. The first "Pottsdam" sandstone was penetrated here at 
a depth of 1,636 feet. This indicates that the strata have an eastward 
dip of about 18 feet per mile. Therefore in order to pass through the 
first "Potsdam" sandstone, the wells in this part of the county should 
be about 1,T50 feet in depth. The static head in the Grasselli well was 
reported as 92 feet below the surface or an elevation of 495±: feet; this 
is high when compared with those to the west. No analysis of the 
water was obtained, but it probably has a mineral content as high as, or 
even higher than that at Harvey. 

The region south of a line through Palos, Homewood, and Glen- 
wood has a greater relief and a heavier mantle of drift than the Chicago 
plain to the north. Therefore in prospecting for a water supply in locali- 
ties underlain by the heavy deposit of sand and gravel, it should be 
determined whether a sufficient yield could be obtained from depths of 
a few hundred feet before drilling deeper. 



106 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 



Lo(j of well owned by Graselli Chemical Co., East Chicago, IncL, in the SE. J/Jf 

sec. .3.L T. .n X.. R. H W. 

Elevation — 587 feet 

Drilled in 1915 by the Xeedham Well Co., Chicago. 

Generalized section •'• '' 

Tliickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Sand and gravel ; no samples 40 40 

Devonian system (and Mississippian?) 

Shale, calcareous 32 72 

Shale, very dark gray 29 101 

Shale, calcareous or argillaceous limestone 49 150 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Dolomite, gray to brownish gray 490 640 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale, bluish gray 135 775 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, light brown 341 1116 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, colorless, fine to medium grained 64 1180 

Prairie du Chien group ("Lower Magnesian" limestone) 

Chert and sand 11 1191 

Dolomite, light gray to gray 314 1505 

Sandstone, with glauconite grains 26 1531 

Dolomite, sandy, glauconiferous 105 1636 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone, colorless, fine to medium grained 201 1837 

Dolomite, sandy, glauconiferous 3 1840 



* The detailed log of thi.s well compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Survey files if desired for reference. 

i> Mr. Ulrich has examined this log and has made the following- comments: 
"Fail to see any grounds for referring all beds between depths 40-150 feet to the 
Devonian". He suggests that the sample of 101-1.50 feet may be Devonian, but that 
between 40-101 feet probably represents Kindcrhook. Regarding the interval be- 
tween 775-1116 feet he says of the "Galena-Trenton limestone", as this interval 
had been designated in the log sent him: "This term is a misnomer whatever this 
interval may represent. It is certa.in that mo.st of the interval is of the age of 
the Black River stage. The tyj^ical Galena is younger and in my opinion 
of Trenton — probably early Trenton — age. At present, however, it is doubtful 
if any typical Galena occurs in eastern AVisoonsin and northeastern 
Illinois. At least I have not observed Ordo\ician dolomites in east 
Wisconsin that are unquestionably younger than Black River. As a 
formation name the term Galena dolomite requires redefinition. It should be con- 
fined to beds above Chamberlin's 'Upper Blue' ". Regarding the interval between 
1180-1505 feet which is designated "Ix^wer IMagnesian" limestone, ]\Ir. Ulrich says: 
"For immediate purposes it is not improper to call these beds 'Lower IMagnesian' 
limestone, but the term slu'ulfl li.> in quotation marks and fallowed by (Shakopee 



COOK COUNTY 107 

and Oneota dolomites) in parenthesis, as liere written. I object to Prairie du 
Chien, and shall recommend its abandonment." The interval between 1505 and 1531 
feet seems to be the Madison sandstone, according- to Mr. Ulrich, and 1531-1636 feet 
most probably represents the Mendota dolomite. "Glauconite is not common in 
these formations in Wisconsin. Thoug-h occasionally present, I doubt that it is 
either here or there an original deposit. Like much of the quartz sand, so also 
this glauconite was washed out of preceding Cambrian deposits and redeposited 
in the early Ozarkian formations." About the interval between 1636-1488 feet he 
is doubtful — "It may be basal Mendota." 

The interval between 1648-183 7 feet "is probably Jordan sandstone, with a 
good chance that the upper part includes reworked sands that were redeposited in 
the succeeding Ozarkian period". And finally the strata between 1837-1840 feet are 
"probably a dolomite of the kind often found in the upper part of the St. Law- 
rence." 



CHICAGO HEIGHTS 

The city supply of Chicago Heights is furnished by 4 wells 12 
inches in diameter which penetrate the Niagaran limestone to a depth 
of about 300 feet. These wells yield 3,500,000 gallons per 24 hours, 
although 1,500 gallons per minute can be obtained from a single well. 
The appended analyses show that it is a hard water, although the mineral 
content is lower than that obtained from deep wells. 

The static level in these wells has also dropped^ during the past 20 
years, as seen from the table below; the surface elevation is 656 feet. 

Water Levels at Chicago Heights. 

Feet below 

Date surface 

1894 4 

June, 1908 39 

November, 1908 43 

January, 1909 50 

September, 1909 52 

July, 1914 60 

This represents the gradual lowering of the surface water table 
and is entirely distinct from the recession of the artesian static head 
which is so noticeable in Chicago. The city of Chicago Heights is a 
manufacturing town and a large number of factories have their own 
wells. It is the combined pumpage in the city that has lowered the 
water table. The figures show that lowering has been more gradual in 
the past 5 years than in the previous 2 years, indicating that at the 
present pumpage only a slight lowering is to be expected in the future. 

The collecting area of this water is the heavy belt of glacial drift 
to the south and west, the Valparaiso morainic system. This morainic 
area is at a higher elevation than Chicago Heights so that the rainfall 
which seeps into the drift and finally into the underlying fissured lime- 
stone, flows by hydrostatic pressure to the lower points. The village 
of South Chicago Heights has a deep well, the exact depth of which is 



lOS ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

not known, although reported to be 2,500 feet. However, the mineral 
content, temperature, and static head indicate that the water is obained 
from the drift or Xiagaran limestone. A well a few hundred feet in 
depth would yield the same quality and quantity of water. 

MATTESOX 

]\Iatteson has a 10-inch w^ell which is 282 feet in depth. The water 
is obtained from the Niagaran limestone and is similar to that at Chicago 
Heights. The water level is 1-1 feet from the surface and recedes 8 feet 
in pumping at the rate of 200 gallons per minute. This level was main- 
tained on a continuous test of 8 hours. 

SOUTHWESTERN COOK COUNTY 
GENERAL STATEMENT 

The southwestern part of the county is covered by a heavy mantle 
of drift, which is part of the Valparaiso morainic system. This sand 
and gravel formation is a good collecting reservoir for the rainfall. It 
is therefore possible in many places to obtain a good supply of water 
from wells a few hundred feet in depth, which penetrate the Niagaran 
limestone. In case a supply is not obtained at the shallower depths, 
drilling could be continued to the St. Peter, or first "Potsdam" sandstone. 

The St. Peter will probably be reached at from 850 to 1,000 feet, 
depending on surface elevation and dip of strata. This formation was 
found at 915 feet at Tinlev Park and reported to be 146 feet in thick- 
ness; surface elevation is 690±: feet. The St. Peter water level at 
Tinley Park was 10 feet below the surface in July, 1915. Wells which 
are intended to pass through the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group 
would have to be from 1,500 to 1,700 feet in depth, because of varia- 
tions in surface relief. 

It is not ])()ssil)le to predict exactly the (jualitv of the water obtain- 
able from these lower strata, although tliere is every reason for believing 
it will be of good qUcdity. The mineral content will probably be rather 
high so that it will not be usable in boilers unless treated. 

Along the \alley of the Desplaines River the depths to the water- 
bearing formations will be from 7 5 to 100 feet less than on the uplands 
bordering the stream. A number of springs occur along the base of 
the Desplaines Piver blufi's, as, for instance, at \\'ill(nv S])rings. 

LF.MONT 

The municipal supply is obtained from a well 2.284 feet in <U'])lh. 
The niincM-al conlcnl i^ rather higli. but the water is not hard as com- 
mon salt is the ])rincipal mineral and the snl])hates of calcium and mag- 



COOK COUNTY 109 

nesium are absent. A 1,600-foot well would probably yield a water of 
lower salinity. 

The water level was reported as 42 feet below the surface in 191"? 
and 53 feet in 1914. The surface elevation is 590 zb feet. 

WESTERN COOK COUNTY 
ARGO 

The Corn Products Refining Company at Argo, about a mile south 
and a little west of Summit, has T deep wells in operation. The geo- 
logical succession is indicated by the following log: 

Log of well No. S, Corn Products Refining Co.. Argo. III., KE. I/4 NE I/4 sec. 23 

T. 38 N., R. 12 E. 

Elevation— 590 feet 

Drilled Aug.-Dec. 1914 by S. B. Geiger, Chicago 

Generalized section'' 

Thickness Depth 
Description strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent (samples missing) 38 38 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone (samples missing) 310 348 

Ordovician system 

Maquoketa shale (samples missing) 147 495 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, gray, crystalline 305 800 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, colorless, well rounded grains 260 1060 

Shale, gray^ 30 1090 



" The detailed log' of this well, compiled from study of samples, is to be found 
in the Survey files if needed for reference. 

^ Mr. Ulrich has the following to say in regard to the interval between 1060 
and 1125 feet: "Finely laminated, hard, siliceous rock (would not like to call it 
shale) occurs in places in southeastern ^Visconsin between the typical St. Peter 
and the Shakopee. Sometimes it includes, or is associated with, heavy chert con- 
glomerate; and frequently there are red streaks or beds with the white. I regard 
these local deposits as erosion products, accumulated when the first Ordovician sea 
(the St. Peter), invaded this area. At one of these occurrences in Wisconsin I found 
those siliceous deposits transgressing the beveled edges of the Shakopee and finally 
resting on beds well down in the Oneota". As to the 90-foot interval between 
1125 and 1215 feet, Mr. Ulrich is "inclined to regard this as Oneota and the 
Shakopee as absent". Of the strata between 1215 and 1255 feet, he says: "A 
few inches to 3 or 4 feet of green shale with chert is found at the base of the 
Oneota in many of the sections in TVisconsin. Commonly a large part of the 
chert is oolitic. Despite its much greater thickness (40 feet) in this well, I am 
strongly inclined to correlate this cherty shale with the otherwise similar deposit 
at the base of the Oneota in TVisconsin." The interval between 1255 and 13 45 
feet, and probably 1345 and 1355 feet is "evidently the Madison sandstone and 
Mendota dolomite". Between 1355 and 1535 feet, Mr. Ulrich considers the strata 
to be Jordan. Of the rocks between 1535 and 1795 feet and probably 1795 and 1825 
feet, he says: "All of this suggests only the St. Lawrence. I doubt that the drill 
reached the Franconia". 



110 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 



Log of icell Xo. S — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 

Description strata Feet Feet 
Prairie du Chien group 

Chert, dolomite and siliceous oolite 7 1097 

Shale, red and gray 28 1125 

Dolomite, gray, crystalline 90 1215 

Shale, greenish-gray 30 1245 

Chert, white and gray 10 1255 

Sandstone, contains glauconite 60 1315 

Sandstone, dolomitic, contains glauconite 20 1335 

Dolomite, sandy 10 1345 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam'' group 

Sandstone, colorless, rounded quartz grains 205 1550 

Shale, light gray to bluish green 50 1600 

Shale, dark red or chocolate-colored 90 1690 

Shale, green 55 1745 

Dolomite 50 1795 

Shale, bright green 15 1810 

"Limestone'' (samples missing) 15 1825 

Sandstone 49 1874 

llie extraordinary thickness of the St. Peter sandstone at this place 
is noteworthy, especially on comparison with the record at Summit. 

The combined yield of the 7 wells in July, 1915, was 1,250,000 gallons 
per 21 hours during continuous operation. The pumpage per well is not 
as great as for wells of similar size in Chicago and there is a possibility 
that some water escapes into the uncased St. Peter sandstone which is 
here over 250 feet in thickness. It may be mentioned that the yield of one 
of the wells was increased from 2T5 to 435 gallons per minute by shooting 
the water-hearing stratiuu witli nilroghxerine. 

The first well was drilled in ll>o; l)iu the original static head is not 
]:nown. Mowever, on evidence from the Clearing" wells, it was probably 
about 100 feet below the surface. In July, 1914, the water level in No. 2 
well was 212 feet below the surface while all other wells were in opera- 
tion. The water levels in the other wells were approximately the same. 
The wells are from 450 to 1,200 feet apart. 

A more complete test was made U])()n well No. 2 on jul\- 5, ]915. 
The entire 1 wells were shut down at 5:15 a. m. and the hrst measure- 
ment obtained was at 1 : 1 ;] a. m. The water lexel was then 223.5 feet be- 
low the i^round >in-t'ace. The ground elevation is 592 feet. ]\Ieasure- 
ments were taken at frequent intervals during the following 9 hours. 
Durine the fir.st two hours the total rise was S feet after which time the 
rate of recovery was much slower. At 1 :.).') p. m. the level was 191.5 
feet below the surface and still rising at the rate of about a foot per 



COOK COUNTY 111 

hour. This gave a total rise of 32 feet for the nine hours and twenty 
minutes, however, it is to be noted that the first measurement was not 
taken until 88 minutes after cessation of pumping. The test could not 
be continued longer as it was necessary to begin pumping. 

This well was delivering about 600 gallons per minute ; the other 
wells yield only 150 to 485 gallons per minute. No. 2 well is 1,507 feet 
in depth ; the casing reported is 73 feet of 15-inch O. D. drive pipe to bed 
rock and 225 feet of 9^-inch casing for the Maquoketa shale; the well 
was finished at 8 inches. 

A popular air lift system was in use at this plant until recently, but 
at the present time the following method is in use. Tests are made upon 
a well to determine its yield at the available air pressure. A discharge 
pipe is then used the diameter of which is slightly less than that required 
to deliver the water at the well's rated capacity. The purpose is to have 
the discharge pipe completely filled with water at all times. The only 
nozzle used is a perforated pipe about 5 or 6 feet in length which is 
screwed to the end of the air pipe. The holes are numerous, about 
ys inch in diameter and drilled in at an angle. 

The management states that better results are obtained with this 
new pumping arrangement. 

The appended analyses of the waters indicate that they are fairly 
heavily mineralized as is customary from wells of these depths. The 
No. 7 water is somewhat softer, which may be either due to dilution 
from upper strata water or because a softer water is obtained from the 
greater depths ; the former inference seems the more probable. 

BELLEWOOD 

The village of Bellewood in 1913 completed a 1,538-foot well which 
passes through the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group. The well 
is 12 inches in diameter at the surface and finished at 8 inches. The yield 
was over 200 gallons per minute on a 100-hour pumping test. The water 
level was reported to be 75 feet below the surface in June, 1914; the 
surface elevation is 635 zb feet. 

BERWYN 

The municipal supply is obtained from a well approximately 1,600 
feet in depth penetrating the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group. 
The static head was reported as 113 feet below the surface in Septem- 
ber, 1909, and 166 feet in June, 1914. The surface elevation is 605 it: feet. 

CLEARING 

The Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Company has 3 deep 
wells at their Clearing yards in the SW.>4 sec. 21, T. 38 N., R. 13 E. 



112 ARTESL\X WATERS OF XORTHEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

The wells are approximately 1,600 feet in depth and the geological suc- 
cession is similar to that at Argo about 3 miles to the west. The St. 
Peter sandstone at Clearing has its usual thickness of approximately 125 
feet ; this is in contrast with the much greater thickness at Argo. The 
main water-bearing formation is the hrst sandstone of the "Potsdam" 
group. 

These wells were drilled in 1901 and at that time the static head was 
93 feet below the surface or at an elevation of 524: feet. In common with 
other wells in the Chicago area, the static head has been gradually low- 
ering since that time. The recession in the water level since 1901 is given 
in Table I. 

The water level in July, 1914, w^as 212 feet below the surface after 
the wells had been shut down for over 4 hours. ^Measurements showed 
that the w^ater w^as still rising at the end of this period at the rate of 3 
inches per hour. 

The chemical analyses indicate that the water is fairly heavily 
mineralized. It is similar to that at Argo and Summit. 

A new well, 16 inches in diameter at the surface and 8 inches at the 
bottom, was drilled in 1912. This w^ell has not proved satisfactory as a 
yield of only 120 gallons per minute could be obtained with a sub- 
mergence of 257 feet. The water level was reported at 145 feet. The 
well was also tested with 420 feet of air pipe wdth about the same yield 
as in the previously mentioned test. The water level would drop so 
low, however, that a large amount of air would be discharged. 

This well is 1,605 feet in depth and penetrates the first ''Potsdam" 
sandstone which in hundreds of other wells yields 200 and more gallons 
per minute. This well has only 36 feet surface drive pipe and 10-inch 
casing for the ^laquoketa shale. It therefore seems very probable that 
crevices in the limestone have been struck in drilling which carry away 
a large amount of the water. There is also a possibility of the St. Peter 
sandstone causing some leakage. The remedy for this loss would be 
more casing. 

FOREST TARIC 

The city owns two "Potsdam" wells which are 1,650± and 2,012 
feet in depth. The 2,012-foot well is 1 I inches in diameter at the sur- 
face and is finished at S inches; the other and older well is somewhat 
smaller. The deeper well is operated to a greater extent and delivers 
over ^')() gallons per nnnute ; both wells are pum])ed in suniincr and at 
other times of large consum])tion. The average daily puin|)age for May, 
iniT). was 596,000 gallons ])er day. The 2,012-foot well is pumped by 
a six-stage tm'l)ine ])uni]) and the shallower well is equij)[)ed with an 
air-lift svstem. 



COOK COUNTY 113 

The static level was reported as being 93 feet below the surface in 
November, 1901. The level February 4, 1914, was 163 feet below the 
surface after the 2,012-foot well had been shut down for 25 minutes; 
the wells are about 25 feet apart. On February 22, 1915, the level in 
the 2,012-foot well was 182.7 feet after the well had been closed down 
for several hours; however, the l,650±-well was delivering 390 gallons 
per minute. The surface elevation is 625 ±: feet. 

The mineral analysis of the 2,012-foot well indicates a somewhat 
mineralized water, but the total content of dissolved solids is rather low 
for this depth. A little hydrogen sulphide gas was noted, particularly 
in the l,650±-foot well; evidently some water is obtained from the 
fissured Niagaran limestone. 

' LA GRAlSfGE 

The municipal supply of La Grange is furnished by 3 deep wells 
operated by the Pubhc Service Company of Northern Illinois. The wells 
are approximately 2,000 feet in depth and the water is obtained from 
the "Potsdam" and overlying strata. La Grange is at the western 
border of the Chicago plain and toward the west begins the Valparaiso 
morainic system. This morainic area is at a greater elevation, has more 
relief, and is covered by a heavier mantle of drift than the region to 
the east. There is therefore a strong probability that this elevated area 
acts as a collecting reservoir and that after the water reaches the under- 
lying, fissured limestone it flows by hydrostatic pressure to lower points. 
This may explain the occasional occurrence of flowing shallow wells in 
the eastern part of La Grange. 

It is also very probable that the deep wells receive considerable 
additions of water from the Niagaran limestone which is not cased o&. 
This inference is strengthened when the analyses are compared with 
those from the shallow Niagaran limestone wells at Hinsdale, 3 miles to 
the west. 

The La Grange wells range in size from 6 inches in diameter at the 
bottom to 16 inches at the surface. They are capable of yielding to- 
gether at least 1,400 gallons per minute. The No. 3 well, which was 
drilled in 1910, delivered 1,020 gallons per minute on a 24-hour test. 
The temperature of the water from No. 2 was 56.5° F., which is low 
for a 2,000-foot well ; this may be due to the coohng effect of upper- 
strata water. 

There has been a lowering of the static level as in other deep wells 
of this territory, but the recession is not as marked. The following 
water levels were furnished by the operating company. Surface ele- 
vation is 635 ± feet. 



114 ARTESLVN WATERS OF NORTHEASTEKX n.LIXOIS 

Recession in artesian water level at La Grange 

Static Working 

feet below feet below 

Date surface surface 

1910 47 53 

1911 53 60 

1912 58 70 

1913 65 80 

1914 70 99 

LYONS 

The village water supply is obtained from a well 1,595 feet in 
depth, penetrating the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group. The 
well was drilled in 1908, at which time the water level was 105 feet 
below the surface or at an elevation of 510 feet. The recession since 
that time is indicated below. 

Recession in artesian water level at Lyons 

Feet below 
Date surface 

July, 1908 105 

December, 1912 128 

July, 1914 137 

This is a very moderate lowering as compared with that at Argo 
and Clearing. However, the well at Lyons is pumped at the rate of 
•only about 50 gallons per minute. 

The anal}sis given in the appendix represents a fairly highly min- 
eralized water similar to that from other wells in the nei£"hborhood of 
•corresponding depths. 



t-> 



]M AY WOOD 

The water supply of the city is obtained from a 1,605-foot "Pots- 
dam" well. 1lie size is 1(5 inches in diameter at the surface and 8 inches 
al the bottom. There is also another well of similar de]:)th but smaller 
Ixjre which is equipped so that it is available in emergencies. 'J he geo- 
logical succession is indicated by the following driller's log: 

Driller's record of well at Mayicood 

Elevation — 630±: feet Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil, sand, clay 52 52 

Limestone ( Niagaran ) 298 350 

Shale (Maquoketa) 220 570 

Limestone ( Galena-Platteville ) 270 840 

Sandstone ( St. Peter ) 140 980 

Limestone ( Prairie du Chien ) 420 1400 

Sandstone ("Potsdam"') 190 1590 

Limestone ("Potsdam" ) 15 1605 



COOK COUNTY 115 

The yield from the 1,605-foot well was reported as 700 gallons per 
minute for 23 hours per day. The water is fairly highly mineralized 
and similar to that at Melrose which is about 1 . 5 miles to the west. The 
temperature of the water was 57.7° F. 

The following static levels were reported: 

Water levels at Maywood; elevation, 630± feet 

Feet below 

Date surface 

July, 1907 80 

July, 1908 , 90 

July, 1909 100 

July, 1910 110 

July, 1911 114 

July, 1912 140 

July, 1913 , 180.5 

A-ugust, 1914 213 ^ 

^ When pumping- 700 gallons per min. 

These levels seem very low when compared with those at Melrose. 
There is a probability that the wells had not entirely come to rest when 
the measurements were made. Also, the well is being pumped at a very 
high rate which would tend to lower the water level. The measurement 
of 1914 was made by the writer while the well was in operation. 

The American Can Company, located a few hundred feet east of 
the Maywood city well, has. two "Potsdam" wells. One of these was 
drilled in 1915 and the water level was reported at rest as 95 feet. This 
would indicate that the level in the city well has been greatly lowered 
by the heavy pumpage. 

MELROSE 

The municipal supply is furnished by two "Potsdam" wells, 1,630 
and 1,571 feet in depth. The 1,620-foot or the older well, is 16 inches 
in diameter at the surface, and although it is only 4^ inches at the 
bottom, nevertheless the yield is 420 gallons per minute. However, the 
old well is only 50 ±: feet south of the new large well, so that there 
undoubtedly is underground connection betw^een them by means of the 
fissures in the limestone. The new well is 16 inches at the surface and 
8 inches at the bottom and delivers 520 gallons per minute. These yields 
refer to the wells when they are operating separately, and it is probable 
that the delivery per well would not be as great when they are pumping 
together. 

The water analyses indicate a somewhat mineralized water which 
is similar to that obtained from like depths in this locality. 



116 



ARTESIAN M'ATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



The static head as reported is given below ; the surface elevation is 
630± feet. 



Recession in artesian icater level at Melrose 



Date 
October, 1912 
May, 1914 



Feet below surface 

75 
80 



Remarks 

About 85 when pumping 
Lowers 9 feet in pumping; 
recovers in 3 hours 



The water level in the 1,571-foot well was 9T.5 feet below the sur- 
face when pumping at the rate of 520 gallons per minute ; the other 
well was at rest. The well was shut down for an hour and a rise of 
■J 2 feet was noted with the water still rising at the rate of 1 foot per 
hour. The water levels in the 2 wells were found to be the same. 



PROVISO TOWNSHIP 

The Chicago and North Western Railway Company has drilled 8 
wells at their Proviso yards which range in depth from ].20() to 1,850 
feet. The geological succession as determined by Prof. T. E. Savage 
from a study of the drillings is given below. 

Log of well Xo. 3, Chicago and No7'th Western Railway Co., 8E. l/.\ iVW. i/4 

sec. 5, T. 39 N., R. 12 E. 

Elevation— 643.6 feet 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and recent deposits 

Surface material, yellow clay and pebbles 5 5 

Clay, gray; with pebbles 25 30 

Drift till, pebbles 43 73 

Silurian system 
Niagaran limestone 
Limestone, light gray, dense, fine-grained, subcrystalline. . 172 245 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale, bluish gray 233 478 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, light gray, fine grained 130 608 

Dolomite, powdered, fine grained 77 685 

Dolomite, fragmentary; small amount of rounded quartz 

sand grains 125 810 

St. Peter sandstone 

Quartz sand, white, clean, well rounded 150 960 

Prairie du Chien group 

Dolomite and limestone, fine grained, light gray; mixed 

with fragments of drab shale 70 1030 

Dolomite, finely powdered; slight reaction with cold acid 150 1180 



COOK COUNTY 117 

Log of well No. 3, G. <& N. W. Ry. Co.— Concluded 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Dolomite, gray finely powdered, mixed with a consider- 
able amount of rounded sand grains; slight reaction 
with cold acid 50 1230 

Sandstone, brown to pink, fine grained. Larger frag- 
ments contain specks of a black mineral, probably 
glauconite 40 1270 

Dolomite, gray; slight reaction with cold acid; some sand 

grains 60 1330 

Cambrian system 
Potsdam group 

Sandstone; quartz, light brown; some finely powdered 
dolomite 100 1430 

Sandstone, pure, cream colored, rounded grains 95 1525 

Sandstone, brown; some finely powdered brown dolomite 

and gray chert fragments 15 1540 

Dolomite, gray, subcrystalline, fragments coated with 

drab-colored shale 60 1600 

Shale, calcareous, gray, sandy; considerable reaction with 
cold acid 165 1765 

Sandstone, quartz, coarse, gray; grains considerably 

rounded 60 1825 

Dolomite, light grayish brown, sandy 5 1830 

These wells can be divided into two groups according to the chemi- 
cal character of the water. The wells, 1,200 feet in depth, yield a some- 
what mineralized water, as indicated by the appended analysis from well 
No. 2. The deeper wells deliver a less mineralized water that can be 
used in boilers without treatment. This difference in the mineral con- 
tent of the waters from the different wells is not only due to differences 
in depth but chiefly in the deeper wells to the exclusion of the hard upper 
strata waters by casing. 

The 1,200-foot wells have only the 70 ± surface drive pipe and 
150±: feet of casing for the Maquoketa shale. Therefore, the resulting 
yield from the w^ell is a mixture of the waters from the Niagaran lime- 
stone, St. Peter sandstone, and the Prairie du Chien limestone. The 
deeper wells are 1,825 to 1,850 feet in depth and are completely cased 
from the surface to at least 1,522 feet. This length of casing prevents 
the access of all water above the base of the first "Potsdam" sandstone. 
The casings in the different wells are indicated in the table of analyses 
in the appendix. 

The water from the lower "Potsdam" sandstone in these cased 
wells is of a low mineral content. However, this soft water is obtained 
at the sacrifice of quantity, as the 1,200- foot wells yield more water 
than those 1,800 feet in depth. The earlier deep wells were drilled in 



IIB ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

the latter part of 1911 and in 1912; the size of the wells ranges from 
12 to 15 inches in surface diameter and 6 to <S inches at the hottom. A 
number of tests were made on the 1,800- foot cased wells but the maxi- 
mum delivery was an average of 150 gallons per minute on a 2-hour 
test made on well Xo. 5, February 7, 1912. The water stood at 38 feet 
below the surface at the beginning of the test and the jnimp was at a 
depth of 165 feet. When the pump was speeded up so that the delivery 
was greater than 150 gallons, the pump drew air. This indicated a 
lowering of 121 feet in the water level under these pumping conditions. 

Additional tests have been made by this company to determine the 
effects of pumping upon other wells in the vicinity. The w'ells No. 1, 
No. 3, and No. 5 are located along a straight east-west line ; No. 5 is 
GOO feet east of No. 1 and No. 3 is half way between the two. The 
sizes and casings of the w^ells are as follows : 

No. 1 No. 3 No. 5 

Size, inches 12-5 12-6% 12-8 

Length of casing, feet 1550 . 5 1670 1723 

Depth, feet . . 1825 1830 1841 

The results of pumping tests in well No. 1 are given below, and 
also the lowering of the water levels in well No. 3. The pumping equip- 
ment of No. 1 was a 2-stage straight air-lift system. 

Puminng tests on C. d- X. W. Ry. tvells at Proviso 
(Beginning July 25, 1912.) 

Well No. 1 Well No. 3 Well Xo. 5 

Water level Water level 

Feet Gallon per Feet 

Time below surface minute below surface 

8:50 a.m. 38 121 38 Stopped 

10:00 216 114 Stopped 

11:00 ... 112 67.5 Pumping 

12:00 226 112 Stopped 

1:00 p.m. 226 112 81.5 Pumping 

2:00 231 112 85.5 Pumping 

3:00 233 112 89.5 Pumping 

4:00 233 112 92 Pumping 

5:00 233 112 93.5 Pumping 

(July 26, 1912) 

8:00 a.m. 38 115 38 At rest 

8:20 214 ... At rest 

9:00 221 110 At rest 

10:00 226 110 65.5 At rest 

11:00 226 110 68 At rest 

12:00 228 110 71 At rest 

1:00 p.m. 228 110 72 At rest 

2:00 230 110 73 At rest 

3:00 230 110 75.5 Started, 3:30 p m. 

4:00 230 110 79 Pumping 



COOK COUNTY 119 

The test on the second day indicated that the water level lowered 
from 38 to 230 feet below the surface when pumping at the rate of 110 
gallons per minute for 8 hours. It is notable that the water level 
receded to 214 feet after 20 minutes of pumping. The level in well 
No. 3, which is 300 feet to the east, lowered 37.5 feet during the 7.5 
hours that No. 1 was being pumped. 

Another test was made upon Nos. 1 and 5 on August 2, 1912, at 
which time the combined pumpage was approximately 225 gallons per 
minute. At the end of 9 hours' pumping the water level in No. 1. was 
242 feet below the surface and 97 feet in No. 3. The level in No. 5 
was not given. 

The tests show that wells of this size yield about 110 gallons per 
minute with a lowering of 190 to 200 feet in the water level. 

These results should be compared with those obtained from the 
1,200-foot wells. These 1,200-foot wells are all of practically the same 
depth and cased with only 70 ± feet of 16-inch O. D. surface pipe and 
160 dz feet of 10-inch casing for the Maquoketa shale; the bottom dia- 
meter is 8 inches. 

An 8-hour test made September 10, 1912, on Nq. 2 averaged 150 
gallons per minute. The water level was 73 feet below the surface at 
the start and 130 feet at the completion of the test. The pumping 
equipment was a deep-well pump with a 7 . 5-inch working barrel placed 
160 feet below the surface. 

The results of a test made upon well No. 4 are given below. The 
pumping equipment was a deep well pump with a 7 . 5-inch working 
barrel placed 200 feet below the surface. 

Test on well No. J/, Aug. 9 and JO, 1912 







Water level 


No. 










Feet below 


strokes 


Gal. per 




Time 




surface 


per min. 


min. 


Remarks 


9:30 


a.m. 


83 


36 


156 


August 9; starte 


11:00 




95 


34 


142 




1:00 


p.m. 


99 


33 


149 




3:00 




103 


40 


183 




5:00 




107 


40 


180 




7:00 




107 


40 


172 




9:00 




108 


40 


172 




11:00 




109 


40 


183 




1:00 


a.m. 


109 


40 


172 


August 10 


3:00 




109 


41 


183 




5:00 




109 


39 


172 




7:00 




110 


40 


172 




9:00 




111 


41 


183 




11:00 




111 


41 


183 


Stopped pumpini 



120 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLTXOIS 

A 33-h()ur test made ui)on well Xo. T with a deep well pump aver- 
aged 190 gallons ])er minute. The water level receded from 78 feet 
below the surface at the beginning of pumping to 113 feet at the end 
of the test ; the level was 113 feet during the last 8 hours of pumping. 

On comparing the results obtained from the uncased 1,200-foot and 
the cased 1,800-foot wells it is seen that the former yield 1.5 times as 
much water as the latter and with a less lowering of the water table. It 
is also noted that the water level in the shallower wells was originally 
about 40 feet lower than in the 1,800- foot wells, but that on pumping 
the recession was not nearly so great in the 1,200-foot wells as in the 
deeper ones. This all indicates that a larger supply of the hard water 
from shallow^ depths can be obtained than of softer water from the 
deeper horizons. 

Temperatures of the water were obtained, but they show some 
variations. This is probably due to the slight heating effect of the air- 
lift system. The waters in the shallower wells, however, have a con- 
sistently lower temjjerature than those froni the deeper horizons. The 
1,200-foot wells are pumped with deep well pumps, whereas the deeper 
wells are equipped with air-lift systems. Nevertheless, the temperature 
dififerences can not be entirely explained on this basis, but are essentially 
due to the fact that the w^aters from the deeper strata are inherently 
warmer than those from the shallower depths. 

Temperatures of wells at Proviso 



Well 


Depth 


Casing 


Temperature 


No. 


Feet 


Feet 


Degrees F. 


1 


1,825 


1,551 


60.4° 


2 


1,200 


66 


58.1° 


4 


1,203 


76.5 


52.8° 


5 


1,841 


1,723 


61.0° 


7 


1,202.5 


70 


51.5° 


9 


1,849 


1,522 
ivi:i: 1 OREST 


64.0° 



The municipal water suj^ply is obtained from 2 wells approximately 
l.nno feci ill depth. There are no logs, but according to those of other 
wells in the immediate \icinity, it is evident that the St. Peter sandstone 
would be ])enelrated at this depth. Other factors are ])rescnt. however, 
which seem to indicate that the water from the o\erl\ing strata con- 
tribute to a considerable extent to the water production of the wells. 

The anaKses in the a])pcii(lix indicate a moderately mineralized 
watei- containing a small amount of scale-forming solids. Some h\(lro- 
\:^v\\ sulphide gas is noted a> the water is ])um])ed from the wells, but is 
net repoi-ted in the water drawn from the mains. The water is sonun\hat 



COOK COUNTY 121 

similar to that from the Niagaran Hmestone because of this gas, but 
the mineral content as a whole is greater. The temperature was 52° F., 
which also is similar to that of the Niagaran limestone water. Then 
again when it is recalled that the well at the Western Electric Company, 
about 5 miles to the east, could obtain only 20 gallons per minute from 
the St. Peter sandstone, it seems very probable that the River Forest 
wells obtain considerable water from the Niagaran and the Galena- 
Piatteville formations. 

The wells are 10 and 12 inches in diameter at the surface and yield 
110 and 150 gallons per minute, respectively. The bottom diameters are 
about 6 inches. 

The water levelin the larger well was 71 feet below the surface 
on August 15, IDItL; the measurement was taken 53 minutes after pump- 
ing had ceased. A measurement made 5 minutes after cessation of 
pumping gave the level as 80.3 feet. The other well, which is at a 
distance of 150 feet, was in continuous operation. The. surface eleva- 
tion is approximately 625 feet. 

KIVEESIDE 

The municipal water supply is furnished by two "Potsdam" wells 
about 2,000 feet in depth. The wells were both completed in 1898 and 
the first one was drilled to a depth of about 2,200 feet. However, salt 
water was encauntered and the well was later plugged at 2,000 feet. 
The other, or west well, was then drilled to a depth of 1,980 feet. 

The wells are reported to have flowed when first drilled, but in 
1899 the static head was 20 feet below the surface according to Leverett.^ 
There was considerable fluctuation in the water level during the summer 
of 1914, but this was very probably due to unequal rates of pumping. 
The level in July of that year was 109 feet below the surface in the 
west well, after both wells had been at rest for six days. The pumping 
level in the same well was 169 feet below the surface when delivering 
water at the rate of 240 gallons per minute for twenty hours per day, 
the other well was not in operation. 

During the month of July, 1913, there occurred apparently a sudden 
recession of the water table. The water level was measured in 1912 
and found to be 70 feet below the surface in both wells. The static 
head in the east well was measured also in July, 1913, and found to be 
70 feet below the surface. However, the level was again determined in 
the same well a week later and found to be 140 feet below the surface, 
or an apparent recession of 70 feet. No observation had been made in 
1913 upon the west well until the lowering in the east well had been 



^ Leverett, Frank, The Illinois Glacial Lobe U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, 
p. 589, 1899. 



122 AKTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTER.X ILLINOIS 

noted. The measurement was then made upon this well and found to 
be no feet as compared with 70 feet the previous vear. The wells are 
not over 150 feet apart. 

The writer's incjuirics in neighboring towns to determine whether 
a similar recession had taken place at the same time revealed that only 
the normal recession had taken place. Although the recession in a num- 
ber of wells at the Corn Products Relining Companv at Argo. about 3 
miles south of Riverside, has been very great since the lirst well was 
drilled in 101 2, no unusual lowering was noted in 1913. 

It therefore appears to the writer that the apparent sudden recession 
of 1913 may be explained by the differences in a level which exist be- 
tween that of true "Potsdam" water and that of the general ground 
water table. It is known that in this region the ground water level is 
much nearer the surface than that of the artesian water from the deep- 
lying strata. In drilling deep wells, the water level is that of the ground 
water at about 50 to 75 feet below the surface, until the artesian water- 
bearing formation is penetrated when the water level suddenly drops 
and assumes the static head of the artesian stratum. Further, in many 
old deep wells, the water from the lower, artesian beds has been ex- 
cluded by caving in of the upper parts of the well. The water level in 
such wells will be that of the general ground water table and not that 
of the deep-seated artesian strata. If wells of this type are cleaned, the 
water level is again that of artesian formations. 

In 1913 it was known that there was a leak in the casing of the east 
well at a depth of about 57 feet and considerable water entered the well. 
Also in the west well, at about this same time, the level rose from 110 
to 44 feet, although the water dropped rapidly in ])um])ing and the 
amount obtained was not at all comparable with that produced by the 
other well. This indicates in every way. shallow, ground water. 

Since that time both wells have been cleaned and recased. In the 
summer of 1!»1 i the west or 1,980-foot well, had been completely cased 
to a depth of 302 feet and sealed off with a rubber packer. Therefore, 
the water level of 109 feet at rest very probably represents the static 
head at that time, as no ground water entered the well. The repairs 
upon the other well had not been C()m])leted at that time. 

The high level of 7 feet in lltl:! seenrs to have been that of the 
general ground water tal)le; the lowering to 1 1<» feet may have been due 
to the taking of the measurement before final recovery after a ]nimping 
test. This low level does not seem to be that of the true artesian water 
in view of th^' nuich higher level, i. e., 109 feet, in 1914. As the wells 
are only 150 feet a])art and the same (lei)th, the water levels should be 
the same unless modified bv entrance of water trom surface zones. 



COOK COUNTY .123 



The appended boiler-water analysis given in the appendix for the 
water from the west well indicates its general characteristics. It is seen 
to be the typically rather hard water of the "Potsdam" wells. 



SUMMIT 

The village of Summit is situated on the Chicago plain and in an 
area where the underground waters have been heavily drawn upon. The 
city supply is from a l,54T-foot well penetrating the first sandstone of 
the "Potsdam" group. A new well was drilled in 1913, the driller's log 
of which is given below. 

Log of tvell at Summit 

Surface elevation — 600 feet 

(Authority, J. P. Miller Artesian Well Co., Chicago) 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Earth, sand and gravel 58 58 

Limestone (Niagaran) v • 281 339 

Shale (Maquoketa) 141 480 

Limestone (Galena-Platteville) 324 804 

Sandstone (St. Peter) 131 935 

Limestone (Prairie du Chien) 405 1340 

Sandstone 195 1535 

Limestone 30 1565 

Shale 80 1645 

Marl, red ; in streaks 65 1710 

Shale 70 1780 

Limestone 23 1803 

Sandstone ("Potsdam") 54 1857 

This new well, which is 17 inches in diameter at the top and fin- 
ished at 8 inches, delivered 551 gallons per minute on a test. The 
pumping equipment was not installed in the summer of 1914. 

The water from the old well is not highly mineralized when the 
depth of the well is considered. The other analysis which is appended 
is of the water which flowed into the new well at or near the contact 
of the surface casing with the bed rock. This leakage was at about 60 
feet below the surface. These analyses on comparison are found to be 
very similar, although the water from the 1,547-foot well contains a 
larger amount of the sodium salts. It is therefore very probable that 
tiie water in the old well is diluted to a certain extent by leakage from 
the uncased Niagaran limestone. 

The static head was reported as 95 feet below the surface in 1908 ; 
it had lowered to 142 feet in July, 1914. 



124 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

WESTERN SPRINGS 

The village of Western Springs in the latter part of 1913 completed 
a well approximately 1,G00 feet deep. The water is from the ''Potsdam" 
group and upper strata. The surface ground- water level was reported 
to be l-i feet below the curl), whereas the "Potsdam" water horizon was 
down to 13J: feet. The surface elevation is about 665 feet. 

NORTHERN COOK COUNTY 
GENERAL STATEMENT 

At the present time the suburbs along the North Shore all obtain 
their municipal water supplies from Lake Michigan, and any deep wells 
that were formerly in use have been abandoned. \\'ells in Evanston of 
1,600 feet in depth were reported to have flowed up to 1900. 

There is no doubt but that large supplies of w^ater, comparable to 
those pumped from Chicago wells, could be obtained from wells in this 
part of the county at about 1,600 feet in depth. It is also very probable 
thai l)ecause of the heavy drift mantle in the northern part of the county, 
considerable water could be obtained from the drift and Xiagaran lime- 
stone. 

DESPLATNES 

The city water supply is furnished by 3 drift wells about 1"25 feet 
deep. The wells are located along the Desplaines River ; one being 
within 8 feet of the stream, but the others are about 125 feet from the 
bank. The location of these wells along a stream course and at a low 
elevation with respect to the region, is conductive to obtaining water 
from shallow depths. An exceptionally good flow under suflicient pres- 
sure to rise within 15 feet of the surface, was encountered in a sand and 
gravel stratum at a depth of 110 feet. The drift is heav\- in this region, 
averaging 1 00 feet and more, which forms a good collecting reservoir 
for the rainfall, it is therefore not unusual to obtain strong shallow 
wells in this localil}- ; in fact, at the lower elevations, as along the Des- 
])]aines Ri\er north of Desplaines, flowing wells have in some places 
been obtained. 

The wells at Desplaines are reported to be 6 inches in diameter and 
cased the entire de])th ; whether a strainer is placed at the bottom is not 
known. 'Hie yield is about 15 gallons per minute per well and the aver- 
age daily consumption i> 100,000 gallons. 

A new well, 1 feet in diameter, was being drilled in Jul}', I!) 15. The 
contract specified that a stratum of sand and gravel at al)OUt llOzb feet 
sh.(Ail(l be penetrated. At a dcplli of l<i-i feet the drillers bored a small 
hole in the bottom of the well in order to determine how much farther 



COOK COUNTY 



125 



they must dig. Water was encountered which rose to within 15 feet of 
the surface and the contractors could not finish the well. It had not 
been decided at that time how the matter was to be settled. 

The analysis of the water from the well nearest the river is given. 
The water has an unusually high mineral content for a drift well in this 
locality and would form a heavy scale when used for boiler purposes. 
The large amount of sodium chloride is unusual for a well of this type. 
The temperature of the water on August 17, 1914, was 10.7° C. or 
51.3° F. 

An 1,890-foot well has been drilled by the Chicago and North 
Western Railway Company at their Norma yards, about 1 . 5 miles west 
of Desplaines. The geological succession as determined from the 
driller's log and 17 samples taken at long intervals, is given below. The 
drillings were examined by Prof. T. E. Savage. 

Record of G. & N. W. By. well at 'Norma 

Elevation — 655it: feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 
Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and recent deposits 

Clay, soft 20 20 

Gravel 15 35 

Clay, soft 17 52 

Gravel 7 13 65 

Gravel and mud 10 75 

Gravel 20 95 

Gravel and clay 17 112 

Gravel 23 135 

Gravel and mud 35 170 

Mud, soft 21 191 

Mud, hard 2 193 

Gravel 4 197 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Dolomite, gray, subcrystalline 106 303 

Dolomite, gray to brown, subcrystalline 5 308 

Ordovician system 

Maquoketa shale 

Shale, bluish-gray, calcareous 47 355 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, gray, subcrystalline 35 390 

Dolomite, gray 26 416 

Dolomite, gray, subcrystalline 264 680 

Dolomite, gray; a few clear quartz sand grains 20 700 

St. Peter sandstone ... 

Sandstone, white to gray; rounded grains 30 730 

Sandstone, like the preceding ]0 740 



126 ARTESLV-N WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Record of C. d- X. W. Ry. iceJl at Norma — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 
Prairie du Chien limestone 

Dolomite, light gray, subcrystalline 230 970 

Sandstone, fine, gray; mixed with redddish-brown dolomite 26 996 

Dolomite, brown to gray; some fine-grained, sand 29 1025 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone, gray; rounded quartz grains and a little gray 

dolomite 225 1250 

Sandstone, gray; and dolomite, dark gray to light bluish 215 1465 

Sandstone and dolomite, like the preceding 80 1545 

Sandstone, light gray to brown; rounded grains 265 1810 

Sandstone, like the preceding, but a little more reddish.. 80 1890 

This well is 16 inches in diameter at the surface and finished at 
8 inches. It is completely cased from the surface to a depth of 740 
feet, or below the St. Peter sandstone. A pumping test was made on 
November 6 and 7, 1913, which averaged 200 gallons per minute over a 
period of 32 hotu's. The pumping equipment was a T. 5-inch deep-well 
pump placed at a depth of 107 feet. The water level before the test 
was 7 feet below the surface, but lowered quickly to 57 feet after the 
j)ump was started. It varied from this figure to 02 feet, depending upon 
the speed of the pump, which ranged from 25 to 2!) strokes per minute. 

The writer has not seen an analysis of the water, but the railroad 
chemist reports it fair for boiler use. 

HUBBARD WOODS 

The North Shore Distilled Water and Ice Company has a "Pots- 
dam" well which is 1,437 feet in depth. Hie exact size of the well could 
not be ascertained, but it is probably 8 or 10 inches in diameter at the 
surface and 5 or inches at the bottom. It is pumped continuously at 
the rate of 140 ± gallons per minute, llie water level could not be 
meastired. 

The analysis which is appended indicates a water with a consider- 
able mineral content. 44ie Niagaran limestone probably contributes 
some water as the presence of hydrogen stil])hide was noted. 

PARK UIDGE 

44ie village of Park Ixidge has two 'T^otsdam" wells, 1,425 and 
1,804 feet in (lc'])th. which furnish the local stipply. 14ie geological 
succession is indicated by the following driller's log. The formations 
are similar to those at Chicago, but they are at a less depth because of 
the dip to the southeast. 



COOK COUNTY 127 

Drillers record of strata at Park Ridge 
Elevation 660± feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil, clay, sand, and gravel 110 110 

Limestone ( Niagaran ) 150 260 

Shale, bluish gray (Maquoketa) 240 500 

Limestone (Galena-Platteville) 320 820 

Sandstone ( St. Peter) 135 955 

Limestone, slightly sandy (Prairie du Chien) 295 1250 

Sandstone ( "Potsdam" ) 175 1425 

Shale, light greenish gray 300 1725 

Sandstone 79 1804 

The 1,804-foot well is 12 inches in diameter at the surface and 
completed at 6 or 8 inches ; the other well has a surface diameter of 10 
inches. The wells deliver from 175 to 200 gallons per minute each with 
the present deep-well epuipment. 

The static head was reported to be 95 feet below the ground sur- 
face on August 4, 1914. Park Ridge is situated on the northern edge 
of the great static-head depression area in Chicago. The drop in the 
static head is very rapid from the village as the area .of heavy pumpage 
to the southeast is approached. This decline is the more marked when 
notice is taken that Park Ridge is at an elevation of 70 feet higher than 
the Chicago Stock Yards district. 

The analyses given in the appendix indicate that the waters contain 
considerable mineral matter and would form a moderate amount of 
scale if used in boilers untreated. The shallower well yields the harder 
water ; the increase of the alkali salts in the water from the deeper well 
is noticeable. 

NORTHWESTERN COOK COUNTY 
GENERAL STATEMENT 

The Valparaiso morainic system crosses the northwest part of the 
county and consequently the drift mantle is very heavy. Thicknesses of 
200 feet are not uncommon and in the vicinity of Barrington, Palatine, 
and in Schaumberg Township, it has been found to be from 250 to 300 
feet thick. The region has inadequate drainage so that the heavy sand 
and gravel mantle forms a natural collecting reservoir. Hence, good 
shallow wells are obtained which are in some instances under sufficient 
pressure to flow. 

ARLINGTON HEIGHTS 

The village of Arlington Heights is located in an area of slight 
relief east of the terminal moraine and at a lower elevation. The drift 
IS from 128 to 150 feet in thickness. 



128 ARTESLVX MATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

The water supply is obtained from a 12T-foot drift well 5 inches 
in diameter and a 10-inch well somewhat deeper. The larger well is 
reported to be cased to rock but the depth is not known ; its yield is 
180,000 gallons per day. The water level in both wells is 12 feet below 
the surface; ground elevation is TOOih feet. Xo analyses have been 
made by the State \\'ater Survey. 

BARRINGTOX 

The village of Barrington is situated in the area of the X'alparaiso 
morainic system and consequentl)- the drift is very heavy; it was reported 
to be 200 ± feet in thickness in the well at the water works. 

The municipal water plant is operated by the Public Service Com- 
pany of Xorthern Illinois. The supply is obtained from a well 315 feet 
deep which penetrates the Niagaran limstone for about 113 feet. The 
surface diameter is 1,2 inches and the diameter is probably 8 inches at 
the bottom. The water level at rest is 20 feet below the surface and 
recedes about 5 feet when pumping at the rate of -100 gallons per minute. 
No variation in the water level between summer and winter has been 
noted. The average daily consumption in 1915 was 192,000 gallons. 

The analysis of the water indicates a very moderate amount of total 
dissolved solids. The carbonates of calcium and magnesium predominate, 
but some sulphates are also present. 

PALATINE 

In the village of Palatine it is possible to secure considerable quan- 
tities of good water from wells of 150 to 17 5 feet in depth. The water 
is under sufficient h^clrostratic pressure to produce flowing wells in some 
places. Thirty years ago the pressure was strong enough to raise the 
water 32 zh feet above the surface. There has been a gradual decline 
in the static head so that at the present time the water level is about 
even with the ground surface. 

Flowing wells have been reported from other parts of Palatine 
Township, for instance, at the Kitson farm, al)()Ut a mile west of Pala- 
tine, and at the hjiglking farm, located a little over a mile northwest 
of the village. At Staples Corner, Palatine Township, wells 172 feet in 
depth ending in gravel are re])orted to have a static head of 9 feet 
above the surface. 

In Schaumberg Townshi]), which adjoins Palatine Township on the 
south, flowing wells have been obtained from the drift or the upper part 
of the bed rock, especially along Salt Creek and its tributaries. The 
collecting area for this shallow well water is believed to be the Valpa- 
raiso morainic svstem. which lies to the west and north of Palatine. 



DE KALB COUNTY 129 

Parts of this moraine have altitudes 100 to 120 feet above the station 
at Palatine/ 

Mr. Charles Wente, a v^ell driller at Palatine, reports that bed rock 
is struck in the village at 170 to 175 feet. The water in most cases 
comes from a bed of gravel overlying the limestone. The drilling is 
usually discontinued after the bed rock has been penetrated a few feet. 

The village water supply is furnished by 3 wells which are each 
168.5 feet in depth. It is not known whether rock was penetrated, but 
Leverett gives the depth as 152 feet in the town well. The diameters 
are 2, 6, and 10 inches ; the casing extends to the bottom. The water 
level is about level with the ground surface when the wells are at rest. 
The 2-inch well is connected under ground with the reservoir so that it 
flows about 36,000 gallons per day when the other two wells are at rest. 
The level in the smallest well is 19 feet below the surface when the 
other two are pumping together 180 ± gallons per minute. The average 
daily consumption is about 100,000 gallons. 

The water is moderately mineralized, containing for the most part 
the carbonate salts of calcium and magnesium, but no hydrogen sul- 
phide gas. 

DE KALB 
Physiography 

De Kalb County is in the second tier of counties south of the Wis- 
consin line and about midway between Lake Michigan and Mississippi 
River. The north and south length is approximately 36 miles and the 
width is 18 miles ; the total area is 638 square miles. 

The Bloomington morainic system enters the county in the north- 
eastern part and crosses the area in a southwestward direction.- This 
belt has a width of 6 to 15 miles and is characterized by terminal- 
moraine topography, although the relief is slight. The elevations along 
this tract average 50 to 100 feet above the plain to the northwest and 
southeast. Knolls and basins with differences of relief from 10 to 40 
feet are numerous. In the southwest part of the county the morainic 
belt has a tendency to separate into two, three, or four ridges. These 
ridges average a mile or less in width and rise about 30 to 50 feet above 
the intervening depressions. Outside this terminal-moraine area, the 
topography of the remainder of the county is gently undulating. Even 
the erosion along the stream courses has caused only slight relief. 

The northern part of the county drains to the north through South 
Kishwaukee River and tributaries. The inner belt of the Bloomington 



1 Leverett, Frank, The IHinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 38, 
p. 586, 1899. 

2 Leverett, Frank, Idem, p. 246, 1899. 



130 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

morainic system enters the county from the east, just southeast of Syca- 
more, crosses the area in a southwestward direction in the form of 
slight curve, and passes into Lee County in the vicinity of Shabbona and 
Pawpaw. This sHghtly elevated strip forms a divide between the waters 
of the South Kishwaukee and the eastward-flowing tributaries of Fox 
River. 

Geology 

Almost the entire county is covered by a heavy mantle of drift. The 
average thickness in 22 borings was 151 feet, and in 68 other wells that 
did not reach rock, the average depth was 101 feet. The drift in the 
part of the county north of the outer terminal belt, which comprises 
T. 42 N., Rs. 3 and 4 E., and parts of adjoining townships, probably 
does not average over 50 feet thick. This would tend to reduce the 
average thickness for the remainder of the county. The greater part 
of the drift is composed of a l)lue till containing a few intercalated beds 
of sand and gravel.^ 

The boundaries of the dififerent formations which form the bed 
rock are not definitely known in this county because of the heavy mantle 
of drift. The data that have been obtained are from well drillings, and 
these seem to indicate that the Galena-Platteville limestone is the bed 
rock formation underlying the greater part of the county. This was the 
first formation struck in the wells at De Kalb and at Sycamore. Like- 
wise at Malta the bed rock given in the driller's log is 210 feet of 
limestone. 

It is probable that the Maquoketa shale cuts across the northeastern 
corner of the county as a narrow strip a few miles wide. The strata 
dip toward the east and south, but because of the much lower altitudes 
in the southern tier of townships, it is possible that in some places the 
St. Peter sandstone is the bed rock. The drill record from Somonauk 
mentions ''sandstone and limestone" as underlying the surface deposits. 
Near Earlville in La Salle County, less than 3 miles south of the De 
Kalb boundary, a well record gives sandstone as the bed rock. 

The information concerning the deeper strata is from the records 
at T)e Kail) and Sycamore. The same geological succession is present 
as noted in other wells of this area ; however, the Prairie du Chien lime- 
stone is thicker and not so sandy as at Rockford and Belvidere. The 
series of strata is more closely com]^'irable to that found in the wells 
to the east. 



» l/overett, Frank, op. cit. p. 600. 



DEKALB COUNTY 131 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

Although the mantle of drift is very heavy in this county it does not 
form so good a collecting reservoir for the rainfall as does the deposit 
overlying the area to the east and north, because the drift in De Kalb 
County as a whole is less sandy than that in the counties to the north 
and east. This does not mean/ however, that no intercalated sand beds 
are found in the drift of this area. 

The shallow wells in the northwest townships where the drift is 
thin are usually not over 50 feet deep. Around De Kalb and Sycamore 
the shallow wells average 100 feet in depth and obtain water from sand 
beds in the drift. It is in most places possible to obtain 10 to 25 gallons 
per minute from wells 3 to 4 inches in diameter. The water level is 
from 45 to 60 feet below the surface. Most of the farm wells in the 
remainder of the county are over 100 feet in depth and many are con- 
tinued to the bed rock, which in some places is at depths of over 
200 feet. 

Flowing drift wells are rare, but they have occasionally been ob- 
tained along the bases of terminal moraines that act as collecting areas. 
A few of these have been struck in the southeastern part of T. 37 N., 
R. 3 E. The terminal moraine to the northwest is probably the collect- 
ing area. A few" flowing wells have also been obtained along South 
Kishwaukee River in the vicinity of Sycamore. 

The larger supplies of water, as for the cities and villages, are 
obtained from wells which penetrate the St. Peter sandstone or lower 
strata. These range from 500 to 1,330 feet in depth and yield sufficient 
Cjuantities of good water. 

There are no flowing deep wells in the county, although the level in 
the new well at Sycamore is but 17 feet below the surface. No exact 
information could be obtained regarding the lowering of the water table. 
Mr. Russell, City Engineer at De Kalb, said that the water table had 
not lowered over a foot per year. The present level in the ''Potsdam" 
wells is 104 feet below the surface. Mr. Leverett in his report of 1899 
gave the level in the St. Peter well at about 65 feet below the surface ; 
this well has since been deepened to the 'Totsdam" strata so that it is 
not possible to determine the static head of the St. Peter water. There 
has been very little if any lowering of the St. Peter static head at Syca- 
more in the past ten years. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

All of the waters analyzed are from the deeper wells. They are 
only moderately mineralized and are used for boiler purposes. The 
analyses from the difTferent localities are appended. 



132 ARTESIAN WATEES OF NORTHEASTERN" ILLINOIS 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
UE KAJ.B 

Excellent data concerning the nnderground formations at De Kalb 
have been obtained from the examination of two sets of drillings from 
wells whicli are over a mile apart. The two records are from wells at 
the city waterworks and at the east plant of the American Steel and 
Wire Company. The records are essentially the same, except that the 
St. Peter sandstone is about 60 feet thicker in the well of the American 
Steel and Wire Company. The record of the city well only is here 
published. 'J'he dolomite found in the upper part of the St. Peter sand- 
stone between 580 and oOo feet is unusual at this position, but a similar 
thickness of dolomite was found intercalated in the upper part of the 
St. Peter in the city well at practically the same depth. In IMissouri and 
Arkansas calcareous beds are in places developed in a series of sand- 
stones, the topmost of which is the typical St. Peter. 

It is interesting to note that a heavy sandstone which is overlain 
by glauconiferous dolomite is struck at 1,140 feet. Such a glauconiferous 
bed overlying a heavy sandstone was found at Rockford, Dixon, Batavia, 
Lake Forest, Joliet, and Chicago. 

The city water sui:)ply is furnished by three wells, each of which is 
practically I.oOO feet in depth. There is also an old 800-foot well that 
is rarely used. The well drilled in \\)i2 has 15G feet of IG-inch O. D. 
surface pipe and is finished at 8 inches. This w^ell tested over J300 gal- 
lons per minute in PHS. The other two wells are probably somewhat 
smaller. All the deej) wells are equipped with electrically driven, deep- 
well i)umps. The average daily pumpage in 1913 was 363,500 gallons. 
The water level in April, lit] 2, was 104 feet below the surface; no recent 
measurements have been made, but Mr. Russell, City Engineer, believes 
the recession has been less than a foot per year. 

The water level in the new 1,330- foot well of the American Steel 
and Wire Company is 128.5 feet below the surface. This level is com- 
])arable lo that at the city well when it is considered that the gnnmd 
elevation at the Steel Com])any is about 25 feet above that at the city 
waterworks. A 3-h()ur ])um])ing test made on the 1,330- foot well shortly 
after it was completed gave a yield of ;')()<» gallons ])er minute. The water 
level receded 58.5 feet, or to a de])th of al)out bs; feet. 44iis well has 
a 16-inch O. 1). surface \n\)c and is tinished at about 8 inches. There 
are two other wells owned by this company which are approximately 8(M) 
feet in depth. The yield from each is about 100 gallons ])er minute. 

The Chicago and \orth Western Railway Company has a 1,003- 
foot well I hat furnishes water for the locomotives. 



DB KALB COUNTY 



133 



Log of the De Kail) City Well in 8E. I/4 sec. 22, T. JfO N., R. 4 E. 

Elevation — 865 ± feet 
Completed April 15, 1912 



Generalized section 

Thickness 
Description of strata Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Clay, sand, and gravel 150 

Ordovician system 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, light-gray to gray, subcrystalline 374 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, well rounded, colorless quartz sand 281 

Sandstone, light reddish-brown in color due to the cement- 
ing material . , 30 

Prairie du Chien limestone 

Chert, siliceous oolite, and reddish-brown shale.. 45 

Dolomite, light-gray to gray, subcrystalline 125 

Dolomite, light-brown or brownish-gray, finely crystalline, 
containing an occasional speck of a green mineral, 

probably glauconite 10 

Dolomite, containing a noticeable amount of very fine 

quartz sand, besides minute grains of glauconite. The 

dolomite is reddish-brown and finely crystalline.... 30 

Dolomite, sandy, light reddish-brown. The sand consists 

of fine, angular or subangular, quartz grains. The 

dark-green glauconite grains are conspicuous 25 

Sandstone, dolomitic, light-green due to the presence of a 
large amount of glauconite. The sand consists of fine, 

subangular or angular, quartz grains 20 

Shale, red, contains some dolomite, glauconite, and quartz 

sand 5 

Sandstone, light reddish-green to green 25 

Sandstone, slightly dolomitic and glauconitic. The sand 
consists of fine, subangular to slightly rounded, colorless 

quartz grains 60 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone, fine to medium in size, rather well rounded, 
colorless, quartz sand 126 



Depth 
Feet 



150 

524 

805 

835 

880 
1005 

1015 
1045 
1070 

1090 

1095 
1120 

1180 
1306 



The last sample contains some pieces of a green or greenish-g-ray shale, which 
seems to indicate that this shale was struck at a depth of about 1306 feet. 



GENOA 



The municipal water supply is obtained from a 1,500-foot well in 
Totsdam" sandstone. The well has a surface diameter of 12 inches 



134 ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

and is finished at 6 inches. The water level at rest is 50 feet below the 
surface and a 24-hour pumping test at the rate of 200 gallons per minute 
failed to lower the level more than 2 feet. The surface elevation is 
about 825 feet. The average daily consumption is 50,000 gallons. 

The water is reported to have a slight sulphiu- odor and taste when 
first pumped. The analysis of the water indicates the presence of 
calcium and magnesium carbonate, but not in excessive amounts. 

HINCKLEY 

The village water supply is obtained from a 708-foot well m the 
St. Peter. The siuTace diameter is 12 inches, and it is probably fin- 
ished at 8 or lU inches. The water level in 1913 on the completion of 
the well was 1 feet below the surface. In a pumping test of about an 
hour at the rate of 250 gallons per minute, the level lowered 21 feet. 
The surface elevation is approximately TIO feet. 

The following succession was reported in a well at a nearby tile 
factory : 80 feet of drift, mainly clay, about 300 feet of limestone, and 
the remaining depth sandstone. The appended analysis indicates a rather 
soft water when the depth of the well is considered. 

KIRKLANU 

The village supply is obtained from a shallow w^ell, the exact depth 
of which is not known. 

:malta 
A driller's log has been obtained of the well owned by the Chicago 
and North Western Railway Company at ]\Ialta. 

Record of Chicago and Noj'th Wcstei'n Railway well at Malta 
Elevation — 915± feet 

(Authority: J. P. Miller Artesian Well Company, Chicago) 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Clay, sand, and gravel 245 245 

Limestone 210 455 

Limestone, sandy 2 457 

Sandstone 18 475 

Shale, sandy 2 477 

Shale, gray 23 500 

Sandstone (.S7. Pcfcr) 321 821 

Marl, red 4 825 

Sandstone 25 850 

Marl, red 4 854 

Marl and limestone streaks 66 920 

Sandstone 50 970 

Sliale 5 975 

Marl, red 35 1010 



DE KALB COUNTY 135 

SANDWICH 

The geological succession at Sandwich, as given in the driller's log, 
indicates a sandy horizon about 20 feet thick below the drift. There is 
also present at a depth of 397 feet a sandstone which is 99 feet in thick- 
ness. It is probable that this latter sandstone is the St. Peter, although 
if this is correct a very steep dip is indicated between Somonauk and 
Sandwich. 

Log of the city tvell at Sandwich 

Elevation — 667± feet 

(Authority: J. P. Miller Artesian Well Co., Chicago) 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Clay, sand, and gravel 131 131 

Soft, "shelly" rock 4 135 

Sandstone, fine ; in streaks 2 137 

Soft, "shelly" rock 1 138 

Sandy limestone 14 152 

Limestone, brown, "shelly" 2 154 

Limestone, hard 8 162 

Limestone 128 290 

Marl, red 5 295 

Shale, green 102 397 

"Quartz" rock . .7 18 415 

Sandstone 181 596 

Shale 4 600 

The source of the municipal water supply at Sandwich is three wells, 
tw^o of which are 120 feet in depth and 8 inches in diameter ; the third 
well, which was drilled in 1911, is 600 feet deep and is 12 inches in 
diameter at the surface. The water level is reported to be IT feet 
below the surface. The two shallow wells flowed until 1910 when it 
became necessary to pump them. These 120-foot wells are only 2.5 
feet apart. 

SOMOXAUK 

The St. Peter sandstone seems either to underlie the drift at this 
locality or to be covered by only a very thin capping of Galena-Platte- 
ville limestone. The record of the strata in the village well is given. 



136 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Log of village well at Somojiauk 

Elevation— 690±: feet 
(Authority: J. P. Miller Artesian Well Co., Chicago) 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil, "hard pan," stones, and gravel ? ? 

Sandstone and limestone ? 106 

Sandstone, white {St. Peter) 46 152 

Shale, sandy 21 173 

Shale, "flinty" 52 225 

Limestone 235 460 

Shale 10 470 

Limestone 32 502 



SYCAMORE 

The geological sticcession at Sycamore down to a depth of 1,000 
feet is indicated by the accompanying log. The St. Peter sandstone has 
a thickness of 280 feet and is the main water-bearing formation for the 
city wells. It is very probable, however, that considerable water is also 
obtained from the overlying limestones. 

The city waterworks is located near the business section, but the 
well drilled in 1914 is located about three-quarters of a mile north of 
the old station. The two old wells are about 900 feet deep and are 
about 20 feet apart. The diameters are 10 inches at the surface and G 
inches at the bottom. Well No. 1 has 170 feet of surface casing and 
well No. 2 has 192 feet. 11ie yield ])er well ranges up to 27 5 gallons 
per minute. 

The water level at rest in 1907 was 47 feet below the surface; no 
other measurements have been made. In the well drilled in 1914 the 
water level is only 17 feet below the surface, but the ground elevation is 
about 'M) feet below that at the old wells. This would seem to indicate 
that there probably has been only a very slight lowering of the water 
ta]»lc in the past ten years. 

Log of City Well Si/cdwore. NE. 1/.) sec. .72, T. J,l K.. R. .', E. 

Elevation— 810± feet 

(Drilled in 1914 by W. L. Thorne & Co., Platteville, Wis.) 

Clcucralizcd section 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Glacial till; soil, sand, and gravel 150 150 



DUPAGE COUNTY 137 

Log of city well, Sycamore — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Ordovician system 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, gray 355 505 

Dolomite, somewhat shaly 30 535 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, colorless, rounded quartz sand 280 815 

Prairie du Chien group 

Dolomite, gray 95 910 

Dolomite, gray; some glauccnite grains 92 1002 

The analysis of the water from well No. 1 is appended. There is 
no great amount of dissolved mineral matter, and the water is used for 
boiler purposes. Only a very slight trace of hydrogen suphide was 
noted, but at times it is reported to be more noticeable. The temper- 
ature of the water direct from the pump was 51.5° F., which is very low 
for waters from this depth. It is therefore probable that considerable 
additions are received from w^aters in the upper strata. 

The pumping equipment had not yet been installed for the recently 
drilled well, but a few hours' test gave a yield of 300 gallons per minute 
and a recession of 49 feet in the water level. This well is 1,002 feet in 
depth, cased wnth 11-3 feet of 12-inch pipe, and finished at 6 inches. The 
total cost of drilling and casing was $2,650. 

DU PAGE COUNTY 

Physiography 

Du Page County is situated immediately west of the middle portion 
of Cook County and has a total area of 31:5 square miles. The geology 
and physical features of the greater part of this area is described in 
detail by A. C. Trowbridge.^ 

The entire county is overlain by a heavy deposit of drift, the geo- 
logic age of which is comparatively recent. This mantle has essentially 
obliterated the topography of the underlying bed rock. 

A terminal moraine extends southward across the western part of 
the county, the ridge having a width varying from less than a mile to 
nearly three miles. This strip of higher land extends southward from 
a point just west of Bartlett, Cook County. The moraine passes through 
the eastern half of West Chicago and two and a half miles north of 
Naperville becomes indistinguishable from the ground moraine.- . The 
average elevation along the crest is from 780 to 800 feet, or about 20 

1 Trowbridge, A. C., Geology and Geography of the Wheaton Quadrangle: 111. 
State Geol. Survey Bull. 19, 1912. 
- Trowbridge, A. C, Idem, p. 21. 



138 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NOKTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

to 30 feet higher than the surface of the ground moraine to the east, 
and 30 to 40 feet above its surface to the west. 

The remainder of the county outside of the strip of terminal 
moraine is covered by the ground moraine. The topography on the 
whole is of an undulating type, consisting of low elevations with gentle 
slopes, ill-defined ridges, and broad, shallow depressions. The relief is 
slight, probably not averaging over 30 feet, although the difference in 
elevation between the East Branch of Du Page River and the bordering 
uplands some miles away is over 100 feet. The valley of this stream is 
about 50 feet deep and is the most noticeable topographic feature in 
the area. Small areas w^ith a relief of less than 10 feet are found in a 
few places. ]\Iost of these level tracts are surrounded by areas char- 
acterized by the undulatory topography. 

The major drainage of the county is eilected to the south through 
the East and West branches of Du Page River and Salt Creek. All 
these streams are tributaries of Desplaines River. Along the extreme 
western border of the county a few small creeks drain westward to 
Fox River. The entire area, like most regions overlain by recent glacial 
deposits, is poorly drained ; marshes, sw^ampy depressions, and even 
small ponds existed originally in considerable numbers, but lately the 
drainage has been much iniproved by tiling and ditching. In a region 
of this nature, where drainage lines are poorly developed and the de- 
posit of porous, surface material is heavy, the run-off is not great, and 
the larger part of the rainfall sinks into the ground, bringing about 
conditions very favorable for shallow wells. 

Geology 

The entire area, except for small outcrops of the bed rock at 
Naperville and Elmhurst, is covered by a mantle of drift, which in nian\- 
places is over 100 feet thick. The greatest thicknesses appear to occur 
in Bloomingdale Township, which is the middle one of the northern 
tier, where records of nearly 180 feet to bed rock have been obtained. 
The drift thins grraduallv to the east. The thickness at Wheaton is from 
no to lO.j feet; in the Glen Ellyn village well and at Downers Grove 
it is about 100 feet. 

The bed rock formation underlying this region is exposed at only 
two ])laces, Na])erville and Elmhurst. The (juarries at these localities 
where it is known as the Niagaran limestone, show^ that it is a gray 
dolomitic limestone. Well drillings in other parts of the county have 
indicated that this formation is the bed rock. Dr. \\^eller^ has shown 



^"Weller, Stuart, A peculiar Devonian deposit in northea.stern Illinois: .Tour 
Geol., vol. S, p. 483, 1899. 



DU PAGE COUNTY ^ 139 

that deposits younger than the Niagaran Hmestone at one time covered 
this area, by his discovery of Upper Devonian shale in crevices of the 
Niagaran hmestone in the quarry at Elmhurst. It is probable that the 
greater part of this younger formation, except for such remnants favor- 
ably situated for preservation, had been removed by erosion before the 
deposition of the glacial drift. Hov^ever, the glacier itself may have 
removed much of this soft deposit. 

The deeper-lying formations explored by drillings are indicated in 
the records from Bensenville, Elmhurst, West Chicago, and Downers 
Grove. The general succession, except for variations in depths and 
thicknesses, is similar to that found in other parts of northeastern Illi- 
nois. The strata have a southeastward dip of about 10 feet per mile. 
Therefore, provided there are no differences in surface elevations, the 
formations will be nearer the surface in the northwest part of the county 
than in the southeast corner. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

The mantle of drift covering the county forms a good collecting 
reservoir for the rainfall. It is therefore possible in most parts of the 
area to obtain good shallow wells either from the drift or in the upper 
part of the underlying bed rock ; especially is this true in the eastern 
part of the county, where the surface elevations are about 100 feet lower 
than the terminal morainic area a few miles to the west. The drift at 
Elmhurst and Hinsdale is not thick, but the underlying limestone con- 
tains water-bearing crevices. 

Wells 1,000 or more feet deep have been sunk at Naperville, Down- 
ers Grove, and Bensenville. Wells in any part of the county exceeding 
1,650 feet in depth will be strong producers. Although deeper wells 
have been drilled, in most cases it has not been necessary. 

A great number of deep wells has not been drilled in the county, 
so that there are very few data in regard to the static head. Further, 
the walls in some of the older wells may have caved so badly that the 
level is only that of the shallow, underground water table and not the 
true static head of the deep artesian waters. 

The static head of the "Potsdam" waters at the Chicago, Milwau- 
kee, and St. Paul wells at Bensenville was 60 feet below the surface in 
1913 or at an altitude of 620 feet, as the curb elevation is about 680 
feet. At Downers Grove the water level is 90 feet below the surface or 
at an altitude of approximately 627 feet ; this compares favorably with 



140 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

the head at Bensenville. The static head of the St. Peter water at Ehn- 
hurst was 36 feet below the surface or at an altitude of about Gdl feet. 
However, there is a possibility that this may not be the true St. Peter 
head but modified by that of the water from the bed rock or Niagaran 
limestone which in this locality contains large amounts. 

The water level in the l,3T5-foot well at Naperville is only 14 feet 
below the surface, but it is known that a large stream of water enters 
the well at 45 feet below the surface. It is therefore probable that the 
static head refers to the Niagaran limestone water and not to that of 
the deeper strata. Idie curb elevation is about 67 7 feet. 

The only information on the recession of the water table was ob- 
tained at Bensenville. In ]U11 the static head of the first well drilled 
was 41 feet below the surface. The final wells completed in 1913 had a 
static head of GO feet below the surface which is a lowering of abotit 19 
feet. The water levels at present are not known. 

CHEMICAL. C II AR ACTER 

The mineral content of the waters at the difi:"erent localities is indi- 
cated in the appended analyses. There is usually considerable variation 
in the chemical character of the water from the drift and Niagaran 
limestone. In general, the waters are rather hard and the predominating 
salts are the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesiimi, with often a con- 
siderable amount of magnesium sulphate. A soft water has been ob- 
tained at Bensenville l)y casing to a depth of about 1,250 feet or to about 
the to]) of the first "Potsdam" sandstone, as shown in the description of 
the well waters at that locality. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 

I5KXSKN\n.LK 

The Chicago, ^Milwaukee, and St. l^ud Railwa}- CompauA- has drilled 
at least fotir deep wells at their Godfrey yards near Bensenville. The 
strata penetrated are indicated by the following log which has l^een com- 
piled from the driller's record. 

L()(j of Chicago, Milicditkce d- St. Paul Railicay Co. icell No. 2, Bensenville 

Elevation— 680 feet 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent deposits 

Surface sand, gravel and clay 77 77 

Silurian system 
Niagaran limestone 

Limestone 193 270 



DU PAGE COUNTY 141 

Log of C. M. d St. P. Ry. Co., Bensenville — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Ordovician system 

Maquoketa shale 

Shale, blue 200 470 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Limestone 100 570 

Limestone, contains crevices and "caves" slightly 15 585 

Limestone 220 805 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone 245 1050 

Prairie du Chien group 

Limestone, sandy 115 1165 

"Red-Rock" 40 1205 

Limestone 25 1230 

Shale 2 1232 

Limestone 28 1260 

Cambrian system 

"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone 200 1460 

Limestone and shale 240 1700 

Sandstone 100 1800 

Limestone '. 16 1816 

Sandstone, brown 89 1905 

Sandstone, red 140 2045 

Sandstone, hard, red 139 2184 

Sandstone, soft, white 5 2189 

Sandstone, hard, red .12 2201 

Water was desired of which the mineral content was sufficiently low 
to permit its use in locomotives, and hence in drilling the first well, 
samples of water were collected at the diiTerent horizons and analyzed. 
The waters from depths below 1,4:50 feet were found to contain smaller 
amounts of scale-forming solids than those from the upper strata. 
The analyses made by the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway 
Company of the waters from the different depths are given in Table 9. 
Another analysis made by the State Water Survey is given in the appen- 
dix. It is seen that the waters from the greater depths are character- 
ized by the alkali salts, whereas the bicarbonates of calcium and mag- 
nesium and magnesium sulphate are present in only small amounts. 
These latter scale- forming salts are present in the waters from the lower 
Prairie du Chien group, St. Peter sandstone, and the ui:>per strata. There 
is a noticeable increase in the mineral content of the waters below depths 
of about 2,000 feet; the alkali chlorides, partictilarly of sodium, occiu* 
in considerable amounts. 

These wells were drilled to a depth of about 2,250 feet and cased 
to about 1,250 feet which is just above the first sandstone of the 



142 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHELA.STERX ILLINOIS 

"Potsdam" group. Well Xo. 2 has a depth of 2,201 feet; the surface 
casing is 12 inches in diameter and extends to a depth of 251 feet, below 
which a (l-inch casing extends to a depth of 1,231 feet where it is 
scaled with hydraulic cement. The diameter of the remainder of the 
hole is inches or slightly less. The linal test on well No. 2 was made 
April 15, 1913, and ITO gallons per minute were obtained. The water 
level at the commencement of pumping was 61 feet below the surface 
and at the end of T hours continuous operation it had lowered to 1)2 feet. 
Practically the same test results were obtained from the other \vells. 

The wells at Bensenville are somewhat similar to those of the Chi- 
cago and North Western Railway Company at Proviso, about 4 miles to 
the southeast. The wells at Proviso are cased to greater depths. 

The analyses in Table 9 indicate that softer waters are present in this 
locality at the lower horizons. How^ever, the supply is limited, so that 
wells cased to depths of 1, 250 feet do not deliver so large quantities as 
wells in which the upper waters have not been shut out. 

DOWNERS GROVE 

The geological succession at Dowmers Grove is indicated by the 

following ariller's log. 

Log of city icell at Doioners Grove 

Elevation — 717± feet 

(Authority: J. P. Miller Artesian Well Co., Chicago) 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Clay, sand, and gravel 83 83 

Limestone 18?" 270 

Shale 65 335 

Limestone 45 380 

Shale 100 480 

Limestone 337 817 

Sandstone {&t. Peter) 223 1040 

Marl and shale, "caves" 20 1060 

Limestone 55 1115 

Marl, red 23 1138 

Limestone 152 1290 

Sandstone 43 1333 

Shale 75 1408 

Limestone, sandy , 27 1435 

Sandstone, hard 60 1495 

Sandstone, soft 110 1605 

Limestone and shale 25 1630 

Shale 40 1670 

Shale, sandy 85 1755 

Shale, blue; streaks of lime 85 1840 

Limestone 60 1900 

Shale 5 1905 

Sandstone 116 2021 



DUPAGE COUNTY 



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144 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

The deei) well is K) inches in diameter at the surface and G inches at 
the hotioni ; the ai)i)r(jxiniate yield is 175 gallons per minute. The 
water level at rest in 11)13 was 1)0 feet below the surface or at an altitude 
of approximately 7<?7± feet; the effects of pumping are not known. 

There is also a 2o()-foot Xiagaran limestone well that delivers about 
T3 gallons per minute. The temperature of the water was 50.2°F. after 
it had passed through the deep-well pump. 

riic anal\sis of the shallow-well water is given in the appendix 
and indicates a notable amount of hardness. There is no analysis of the 
deep-well water. 

The Chicago, I'urlington. and Ouincy Railroad Com])any has a 
150-foot well 12 inches in diameter, which is cased about 7 7 feet to bed 
rock. The yield on a test was 150 gallons per minute and the average 
pumpage is 100 gallons. The water level is 62 feet below the surface ; 
the effects of pumping are not known. 

ELMHURST 

The city of Elmhurst completed a 950-foot well in 1915. Samples 
of drillings were collected at short intervals under the direction of ]\Ir. 
Emerson, consulting engineer for the city. These have been studied by 
the writer and a generalized section compiled from the detailed record is 
given below. 

This well has about 7 5 feet of 18-inch surface pi])e and 93 feet of 
10-inch, the 1)ottom of which is at a depth of 633 feet. A pumping test 
yielded .152 gallons per minute when a depth of 301 feet had been 
reached ; the head of water dropped from 27 feet below the surface to 
29 feet. 

Below the depth of 53S feet, crevices were found in the Galena- 
Platteville limestone through which water was escaping as shown by a 
15-foot drop in water le\el at that depth. To shut these oft" 93 feet of 
casing, sealed at the top and bottom, was placed at this horizon, which 
increased the head <S feet. 

A ])Uin])ing test made alter the well was completed and before the 
casing was ])1acc'{l ga\e a }ield of .")25 gallons ])C'r nn'nute : tlie water 
dro})pe(l from I l.s feet l)elow the surface to 5:') feet. Another test 
made after the cervices were cased oft' gave a yield of 410 gallons per 
minute for s hours; the water dropped from 3 1.6 feet to 45.5 feet. 

4'he analyses taken at the various depths as given in the ap])en(lix 
are \ery similar. A large amount of this water is from the Xiagaran 
limestone. 1 he absorbing area is the higher region to the west. 



DUPAGE COUNTY 145 

Log of Elmhurst city ivell in sec. 1, T. 39 N., R. 11 E. 

Elevation— 677± feet 

Generalized section 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Soil, sand, and gravel (No samples) .... 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Dolomite, light gray to gray, subcrystalline 180+ 260 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale, dolomitic, greenish gray 80 340 

Dolomite, gray 10 350 

Shale, gray, darker in color than the shale between 260 

and 340 100 450 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, light gray to cream-colored gray, subcrystalline 340 790 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, colorless, rounded quartz sand averaging .3 

to .5 mm. in diameter 100 890 

Prairie du Chien limestone 

Dolomite, light gray, subcrystalline, some sand and white 

chert . .^. 68 958 

Still in Prairie du Chien limestone at completion of well 

EOLA 

The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company has a 
165-foot well which furnishes a good boiler water. The 12 inch casing 
extends to bed rock at a depth of 131 feet. The water level is 25 feet 
below the surface or at an altitude of 790 feet. The well has a tested 
capacity of 175 gallons per minute. 

GLEN ELLYN 

The city of Glen Ellyn has an 8-inch well 310 feet in depth. The 
drift is 114 feet thick, and the remainder of the depth is in Niagaran 
limestone. The pumpage is by an air-lift system, and the yield is 275 
gallons per minute. The w^ater level is 43 feet below the surface and 
recedes to 56 feet during pumping. The average daily consumption is 
83.600 gallons. 

The water is moderately hard and similar to that obtained from 
other shallow wells in the county. 



146 ARTESLVX WATERS OF XOHTHEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

HINSDALE 

The city of Hinsdale is situated along the eastern border of the 
\'alparaiso morainic area. The elevated region to the west has a thick 
mantle of drift and the drainage is so inadequate that large quantities 
of shallow, underground water are collected. This water is not all 
held in the drift, as a great deal of it finds its way down to the bed rock 
where it probably has developed water channels. The underground- 
water table has a slope to the east similar to that of the land surface, 
although not so great. The above conditions probably account for the 
large supplies of water available in Hinsdale at shallow depths. 

The municipal supply is furnished by two wells that are 268 feet 
deep. The diameters are either 12 or 10 inches. The pumpage is by two 
suction pumps each of which has a daily capactiy of 2,000,000 gallons. 
These pumps are placed in pits 20 feet deep ; the water level is 20 feet 
below the floor of this pit. The depression of the water table while 
pumping is not known. The a^'erage daily pumpage is 300,000 gallons. 

The water is rather hard and a softening plant was installed dur- 
ing the summer of 1915. The analysis given is of the untreated water. 

The temperature of the water from the pump was 52.5 °F. which 
is similar to that of other Niagaran limestone wells in the county. A 
temperature of 50.8 °F. was recorded at Lombard and 51.5° for the 
spring water at Napervillc. These latter figures are probably very close 
to the average temperature of the shallow well waters. 

LOMI'.ARI) 

The village water supi)ly is furnished by a well 89 feet in depth. 
There is no record of the de|)th to bed rock and it may not have been 
reached. The well is operated only a few hours per day, during which 
time the yield is over 300 gallons per minute. The water level at rest 
is 2() feet Ixdow the surface and (lr()])s -'> feet during ])inn])ing. 

Ihe water is moderately liard and would form some scale if used 
untreated in boilers. The principal salts are tlic l)icarbonatcs of calcium 
and magnesium. 

N.U'ERVILLK 

Tbc city of Xap(M*\i1k' has a l,.")T5-foot well wliich is tlic source of 
the municipal .sup])ly. There is no log of this well, ])ut the accom- 
panying record is that of an old well less than 50 feet away. 



DU PAGE COUNTY 147 

Log of old city well at 'Naperville 

Elevation— 677 ± feet 

Description of strata Thickness Depth 

Feet Feet 

Loam and loose rock 20 20 

Limestone 95 115 

Limestone streaked v/ith shale 190 305 

Limestone 341 646 

Sandstone {8t. Peter) 129 775 

Limestone streaked with shale 61 836 

Limestone 100 936 

Shale 3 939 

? 6 945 

Sandstone 5 950 

Limestone 315 1265 

Sandstone 155 1420 

Sandstone, "dirty" 5 1425 

The surface diameter of the 1,375-foot well is 12 inches and it is 
8 inches at the bottom. The water level at rest is 14 feet below the 
surface or at an altitude of about 663 feet. When pumping at the rate 
of about 250 gallons per minute the level recedes 71 feet. It is very 
probable that this level does not represent the true static head of the 
"Potsdam" water, but that it is influenced by seepage from the Niagaran 
limestone. TJiis well is cased only to a depth of about 14 feet, and at 
45 feet a large water-bearing crevice was penetrated. 

The water is rather hard and would form considerable scale if 
used untreated in boilers. The analysis of a spring water at Naper- 
ville is also given ; the mineral content is somewhat greater than the 
city water, but there is no radical difference in the chemical composi- 
tion. A number of springs are found along both branches of Du Page 
River. 

WEST CHICAGO 

The city water supply is furnished by two 12-inch wells which are 
775 and 322 feet in depth; the bottom diameters are probably 8 inches. 
The depth to bed rock is reported as 89 feet. The yield from each well 
is about 100 gallons per minute. The water level is 50 feet, and there 
has not been over a foot recession during the past five years. The 
lowering during pumping is not known. 

The Chicago and North Western Railway Company has two wells 
at West Chicago ; one, drilled in 1890, is 2,081 feet in depth, and another 
is approximately 30 feet. The driller's log of the deep well is given 
below. 



148 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Log of Chicago and Xorth Western Railivay Company well at West Chicago 

Elevation — 740± feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil, clay, sand, and gravel 42 42 

Clay 5 47 

Gravel 3 50 

Clay ; 15 65 

Gravel 29 94 

Limestone 249 343 

Limestone "shell rock" 45 388 

Limestone 336 724 

• Sandstone (St Peter) 310 1034 

Marl, red ; "caves" 71 1105 

Limestone, shale, and marl 190 1295 

Sandstoi] e 240 1535 

Limestone 231 1766 

Sandstone 234 2000 

Sandstone ; "drillings flow away" 81 2081 

The deep well delivers about 100 gallons per minute, but it is very 
probable that much of this water is from the Niagaran, for the well is 
old and may have caved at the lower depths. The analysis indicates a 
water similar to that from other wells in the county which penetrate the 
Niagaran limestone. The dug well obtains a large quantity of hard water 
from a sand and gravel stratum in the drift. 

Several other rock wells within the city giving good yields are 
owned by the Union Tool Company, the Borden Condensed Milk Com- 
pany, and the West Chicago Sash and Door Company. 

WHEATOi^ 

1'he city of Wheaton obtains its water supply from two 10-inch 
wells 175 feet in depth. There is 110 feet of drift and the remainder of 
the depth is in limestone. The wells are 14: feet apart and a 3-i-foot 
shaft, 5 feet in dianielcr, is placed between them. At the l)otlom of this 
shaft the two wells are connected and a centriftigal ptimp delivers the 
water to the stuTace. The combined ptimpage from both wells is abottt 
680 gallons per minute for about 8 hours per day. The water level at 
rest is about 22 feet below the surface and drops approximately 18 feet 
at the above rate of pum])ing. A delixcry of 794 gallons per minute 
has been obtained on a test with an approximate drop of 24 feet. 

1'be water level is re])orte(l to ha\e remained i)racticall\' stationary 
for 2G years. During the dry season of 1914 there was a lowering of 
n inches, but the normal water level rettu-ned after the -first rains. The 
high level of the shallow grotmd- water table as compared with the 
rapidly receding water table of the "Potsdam" formations in Chicago 



GRUXDY COUNTY 149 

and other parts of northeastern Ihinois strongly suggests that wherever 
it is possible in this area to develop the shallow water resources it should 
be done in preference to sinking deep wells. 

The water is a moderately hard calcium and magnesium carbonate 
water satisfactory for boiler use after slight treatment. 

GRUNDY COUNTY 

PHYSIOGRAPHY 

Grundy County is situated east of La Salle County and west of 
Will and Kankakee counties. The total area is 433 square miles. 

The county has a plain-like topography ; the relief is slight, except 
in the west-central part along Illinois River where some bluffs have been 
developed. The ^Marseilles terminal moraine conforms roughly to the 
outline of the county on the north, west, and south. 

The Illinois has cut through this elevated belt at ^Marseilles and 
thus effected an outlet for its waters. There is a gradual slope of the 
land surface from this crescent-shaped ridge to the headwaters of the 
Illinois in the northeastern township. There are a few dunes in the 
eastern part of the county. 

The Illinois crosses the northern part of the county in a westward 
direction. However, because of the IMarseilles terminal moraine, the 
tributaries in this area flow eastward. Those north of the Illinois have 
a southeastward course, and those on the south, northeastward. 

Geology 

Essentially the entire county is covered by bluish drift that is very 
thin in the eastern part, but increases to over 100 feet along the western 
border. In the eastern portion of the county, southeastward from Mor- 
ris and in the vicinity of Braceville and Coal City, sand deposits overlie 
the drift. This sand was probably deposited by a glacial lake that 
occupied the basin at the headwaters of the Illinois.^ The sand is 
usually only a few feet in thickness, but in some places the winds have 
shaped it into dunes. 

The bed-rock underlying the greater part of the county belongs to 
the Pennsylvanian series. In the northeastern part of the county the 
Maquoketa shale underlies the drift over a small area. 

The Pennsylvanian, as here developed, consists primarily of shales, 
sandy shales, thin sandstones, and a small amount of coal. These 



1 Leverett, F., The Illinois Glacial Lobe: U. S, Geol. Survey, Monograph 38, 
p. 315, 1899. 



150 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTEEN ILLINOIS 

Strata outcrop along the Illinois in the western portion of the county 
and also in the vicinity of Coal City. 

The strata underlying the Pennsylvanian are indicated by the logs 
from Morris, Mazon, and Coal City. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

The most favorable conditions for shallow, drift wells are found 
along the west border of the county, Here the drift is heavy, and the 
higher morainic area to the west furnishes a good absorbing area. This 
usually creates sufficient hydrostatic pressure to bring the ground water 
near to the surface. In the townships south of the Illinois the most of 
the wells do not penetrate below the drift, as the water from the under- 
lying Pennsylvanian system is usually sulphurous. 

The St. Peter sandstone is the important water-bearing formation 
along Illinois Valley and in the townships to the north. The depth to 
this sandstone varies from less than 200 feet in the eastern part of the 
county to over 600 feet in the northeastern townships. In the southern 
and southwestern parts of the county, the depths to this formation are 
not known. At Mazon, the depth is probably about 620 feet. 

Flowing wells from the St. Peter sandstone are obtained at low 
altitudes along the lUirxois. The city well at ^Morris flowed in 1894 
when it was drilled ; the present head is 48 feet below the surface or at 
an altitude of about 455 feet. In Goose Lake Township, flowing wells 
are obtained from the ''Coal Pleasures," Galena-Platteville hmestone 
and St. Peter sandstone; the surface elevations are low — about 520 feet. 

A 2,100-foot well at Alinooka has a good flow at an elevation 4.5 
feet above the surface; when this well was drilled in 1886 the head was 
reported to have been 16 feet above the surface, or at an altitude of 
660 feet. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

The water ()l)lainc(l from the drift wells contains a moderate 
amount (;l" dissolved mineral matter, generall}- in the form of carbonates 
of calcium and magnesium, and sulphate of magnesium. In the south- 
ern ])art of tlie coimtw which is imderlain by the Pennsylvanian. or 
"Coal Measures." the water in most of the wells that penetrate these 
strata contains hydrogen sulphide. Idie sulphates and chlorides of 
sodium are generall}- also ])resent in notable amounts. 

Idle St. I'eter water in the northern half of the county is not ex- 
cessively mineralized and the hydrogen-sulithide content is low. There 



GRUNDY COUNTY 151 

are no definite data concerning the character of the St. Peter water in 
the southern townships, but it probably has a ratlier high mineral con- 
tent. The St. Peter wells should be completely cased down to the top 
of this formation, in order to shut out all of the upper, highly miner- 
alized waters. 

The waters from depths of 1,900 feet and greater are highly miner- 
alized, as indicated by the analyses from Minooka and Carbon Hill. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
BEACEVILLE 

The village has a dug well, or pit, w^hich is 12 by 14 feet to a 
depth of 18 feet, below which it is 6 feet square to a depth of 21 feet. 
The water is used only for fire protection and not as a source of public 
supply. Formerly there was a deep rock wxU, but this became plugged 
during an attempt to enlarge the hole, and had to be abandoned. There 
are many driven wells in the village 12 to 11 feet deep which draw 
water from the sand. 

CARBON HILL 

The village water supply is furnished by a 1,900-foot well drilled 
about 1893. Formerly the water flowed directly into the mains with 
suf^cient pressure to render pumping unnecessary. However, the static 
head gradually decreased, so that in 1900 the well was equipped with a 
pump. The present water level at rest is 20 feet below the surface, or 
at an approximate altitude of 515 feet. The recession while pumping 
has not been determined. The average daily pumpage is probably 
8,500 gallons. 

The water is hard and contains a large amount of dissolved mineral 
matter. The high sodium-sulphate content gives the water a taste that 
is unpleasant to many people. The water has little, if any, hydrogen 
sulphide, in which it differs from that obtained from the shallow well 
at Coal City about a mile to the southeast. 

COAL CITY 

The municipal supply is derived from a 350-foot well drilled in 
1892. A 7-inch casing extends from the surface to a depth of 285 feet, 
which is reported to penetrate limestone for 15 feet. The remainder of 
the depth is thought to be in limestone. When the well was drilled, 
the static head was 5 feet above the surface, but in August, 1911, it was 
32 feet below the surface. The level was reported to be 46 feet in Sep- 



152 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

tember, 1915, while pumping was going on at the rate of 180 gallons 
per minute. The curb elevation is approximately 562 feet. The average 
daily consumption is 220,000 gallons. 

The analysis of the water indicates a hard water with a high 
mineral content. The presence of a large amount of hydrogen sulphide 
gives a sulphurous taste. 

A driller's log of the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway Company's 
well is given below. 

Driller-'s log of Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway ivell at Coal City 

Elevation— 665 ± feet 

Description of strata Thickness Depth 

Feet Feet 

Sand 12 12 

Clay, blue 14 26 

Shale 9 35 

"Pyrite of iron" 2 37 

Shale 3 40 

"Conglomerate" 3 43 

Shale 2 45 

"Soapstone" shale 75 120 

Shale, sandy 2 122 

"Soapstone" shale 33 155 

Shale 45 200 

Limestone 190 390 

Sandstone 30 420 

Limestone, white 180 600 

Sandstone {8t. Peter) 150 750 

Limestone, sandy 125 875 

Sandstone 113 988 

Limestone ... 134 1122 

Sandstone 100 1222 

Limestone 124 1346 

GARDNER 

The village has no water worlxs. The ])ri\ate wells range in depth 
from 10 to 50 feet and mo>t of tliem ol)tain water iron] sand and gravel 
beds in the till. 

MAZOX 

The record of a deep boring on a farm near ?^[azon is given below. 
The amount and (|ualit\- of water ol)lained from the St. Peter sandstone 
i.-> not l<nown. 'i'he curl) elevation is a])pr()ximatcly (500 feet. 



Thickness 


Depth 


Feet 


Feet 


6 


6 


160 


166 


40 


206 


18 


224 


34 


258 


46 


304 


12 


316 


16 


332 


216 


548 


60 


60S 


12 


620 



GKUNDY COUNTY 153 

Log'^ of well sunk on the farm of Ed Walker 2 miles south, 1 mile west oj 
Mazon, Ch'uncly County, Illinois, in the 8W. I/4 sec. 28, T. 31 N., R. 7 E. 

(Geologic interpretations by G. H. Cady) 

Description of strata 

Recent and Pleistocene series 

Soil 

Clay, blue 

Pennsylvanian system 

Shale ("soapstone"), slate, black, 4 feet 

Sandstone, blue . . . . , 

Shale ( "soapstone" ) , . . . . 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa formation 

Shale ("soapstone'') 

Slate, black 

Shale (hardpan) 

Galena-Trenton formation 

Limestone, hard 

Limestone, soft 

Limestone, hard v • • 

St. Peter formation 

Sandstone, white 87 707 

MINOOKA 

The source of the pubhc supply is a 620-foot well drilled in 1905, to 
the St. Peter sandstone. There is about 100 feet of 12-inch casing, and 
the bottom diameter is 6 inches. The water level at rest in 1915 was 
70 feet below the surface, or at an altitude of about 550 feet; but the 
recession while pumping is not known. A yield of 90 gallons per minute 
has been obtained. The average daily consumption is 5,000 gallons. 

A 2,100-foot flowing well drilled in 1886, had at that time a static 
head 46 feet above the surface, or at an altitude of 660 feet. At the 
time the well was drilled, the flow was over 100 gallons per minute at 
the surface, and the water flowed directly into the mains with sufficient 
pressure to supply the town. The present yield is about 50 gallons per 
minute at an elevation of 4.5 feet above the surface. The temperature 
of the water is 66.5°F. Because of the high mineral content and the 
corrosion of pipes and casing, the water was not satisfactory. The 
620-foot well was drilled in 1905, and the water from the old well has 
not been used as a public supply since that date. 

The mineral content of both waters is very high. The 2,100-foot 
well has a large amount of sodium chloride and also considerable 



^ Well drilled and record furnished by C. W. Johnson, Seneca, 111. 



154 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

calcium carbonate. The St. Peter water is not so hard, but the mineral 
content is high for a water from this formation in this locality. It may 
be that some of the water from the 2,lUU-foot well escapes into the 
St. Peter sandstone and thus affects the character of that obtained from 
the 620-foot well. 

A driller's log, furnished by the J. P. ]\Iiller Artesian \\'ell Com- 
pany, Chicago, of an oil test drilled in 1902 for Jos. Jimk in or near the 
village is as follows : 

Driller's log of the oil test at Minooka 

Description of strata Thickness Depth 

Feet Feet 

Gravel, sand, clay 44 44 

? 91 135 

"Soapstone'', shale 5 140 

Limestone 300 440 

Sandstone {St. Peter) 110 550 

Shale, gray 108 658 

Limestone 207 865 

Shale and limestone 53 918 

"Hard rock" 67 985 

Limestone 75 1060 

Shale, sandy, blue 102 1162 

MORRIS 

The city has three St. Peter wells that are a1)out TOO feet deep. A 
new 720-foot well was completed in 1015, and the record of the strata, 
as deternn'ned from a stud}' of the drillings, is given on the following 
pages. A driller's log of an old well drilled on the farm of Abe Hoge 
about four miles northeast of ]*^lorris is also given. 

The chief source of the present su])ply is a l<>-inch well that is T65 
feet in dej^th. The amoimt of casing is not known, l)Ul it probably ex- 
tends ihrough the "Coal Measures," or to a depth of 1 l(> feet. The 
water le\el at rest is 4<S feet below the surface, or at an altitude of about 
4.55 feet. The recession during ])um])ing has not been determined. 
The average rate of ])umping is about 160 gallons per minute, and the 
daily consimiption is al)out 2o5.o()() gallons. There is also an old, 
650-foot well that is rarely used. 

The recently drilled, T20-foot well is cased with 82 feet of 20-inch 
surface ])i])e and with 'X-\:) feet of l()-inch casing extending from the 
ground surface to the to]) of the St. Peter sandstone. This insures water 
from on]\- the St. Peter sandstone. The cost of the well was '$4:,92T. 
'i'he j)um])ing e(iuipment has not been installed, so that there have been 
no determinations of the vield. 



GEUNDY COUNTY 155 

Other deep wells in the city are at the Gebhard Brewery, Coleman 
Hardware Company, and the Woelfel Tannery. These wells probably 
penetrate the St. Peter sandstone. 

Analyses of the water from the 765-foot city well and from the 
Gebhard Brewery well are given. The waters are similar and have a 
very moderate amount of dissolved mineral matter. The water is used 
in the boilers at the brewery, but is first passed through a heater where 
a small amount of soft scale is deposited. 

Log of an artesian well on the farm of Ahe Hoge, NW. I/4 NW. I/4 sec 25, 

T. 34 N., R. 6 E. 

(Well drilled in 1875) 

Thickness Depth. 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent series 

Soil 5 5 

Pennsylvanian system 

Shale and sandstone 70 75 

Ordovician system 
Galena-Platteville 

Limestone 200 275 

Shale 2 277 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone 200 477 

"Cement" and shale 8 485 

Sandstone 60 545 

Prairie du Chien group 

Limestone, white 185 730 

Sandstone, white 93 823 

Limestone, white 326 1149 

Cambrian (?) system 

Sandstone, red 166 1315 

Limestone, gray 30 1345 

Sandstone 317 1662 

Limestone, gray 43 1705 

Sandstone 163 1868 



156 



ARTESIAN M'ATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



Log of city icelV Xo. 2, Morris, III. 



Elevation — 503 ± feet 



Drilled in 1914-1915 by Cater Contracting Co., Chicago 

Detailed log 

(Samples studied by author) 

Depth in feet 
Description of strata From To 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Sand, yellow, clay, white chert and fragments of yellow, 
leached, dolomite pebbles 5 

Pebbles of dolomite and igneous rock, sand, and chert. . 5 15 

Pebbles, coarse gravel, and sand; pebbles are for the most 
part arenaceous dolomite or chert, with a few of the 
smaller ones composed of red granite or dark-colored 

igneous rock 15 30 

Pebbles, sand, gravel, and chert 30 35 

Sand, rather coarse and a few fragments of chalcedonic 
chert 35 50 

Pennsylvanian system 

Shale, drab colored, micaceous. No samples between 55 
and 67 feet 50 55 

Coal, black, vitreous, cubical fracture. No samples be- 
tween 69 and 83 feet 67 69 

Shale, drab colored, micaceous; sample collected at depth 

of 83 feet 83 

Shale, drab colored, micaceous; very simihir to preceding, 
sample collected at depth of 100 feet 100 

Shale, drab colored, micaceous; similar to the preceding; 
collected at 115 feet 115 

Ordovician system 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Limestone, shaly, micaceous, gray, might almost be called 
a soft, calcareous shale; some small crystals of pyrite; 
sample collected at 139 ft., thickness not given 139 

Limestone, gray to liglit gray, dense; fragments effervesce 
with cold, dilute hydrochloric acid; a few small pieces 
of pyrite noted 139 160 

Limestone, gray, dense; fragments of light and dark gray 
limestone, the lighter-colored material effervesces vigor- 
ously with cold, dilute acid, while the darker fragments 
do not effervesce as strongly unless allowed to stand for 
a few minutes; this dark gray material seems to be 
somewhat doloinitlc 160 180 



KANE COUNTY 157 

Log of well No. 2, Morris, III. — Concluded 

Depth in feet 
From To 

Limestone, gray to light gray, fine grained; good effer- 
vescence with cold, dilute acid 180 200 

Limestone, gray to light gray, fine grained; some of the 
fragments are lithographic in character, while other 
darker colored pieces are somewhat dolomitic, not effer- 
vescing as easily with the cold acid 200 220 

Limestone, like the preceding 220 240 

Limestone, gray, fine grained; considerable action with 

cold, dilute acid; sample taken at depth of 275 feet.... 240 275 

Limestone, dolomitic, light gray, fine grained, sample 

taken at depth of 300 ft 275 300 

Limestone, somewhat dolomitic, fine grained 300 325 

Limestone, slightly dolomitic, gray, fine grained 325 330 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, colorless, rounded quartz sand ranging in size 
from a powder to grains .8 mm. in diameter, averaging 
about .4 to .5 millimeters; there are also present frag- 
ments of sandstone which have a dolomitic cement; 
these undoubtedly are from the contact between the 
sandstone and the overlying formation 330 335 

Sandstone; colorless, rounded quartz sand, similar to 
the preceding in size; no fragments of sandstone with 
dolomitic cement 335 340 

Sandstone, like the preceding; not stated from what depth 
sample was collected but probably at 500 ft. ; some frag- 
ments of rusted iron particles broken from bit in drill- 
ing. This sandstone probably continues to 720 feet. . 335 500 
Prairie du Chien group 

Dolomite , light gray, subcrystalline; scarcely any action 
with cold, dilute acid, but vigorous effervescence on 
heating; the material has been powdered extremely 
fine and only a few fragments were found showing the 
material's true character; a few small pieces of the red 
chert usually present at top of "Lower Magnesian" for- 
mation were found. Either this red cherty horizon was 
very thin at this locality or the sample was collected 
at a slightly lower horizon. Some rounded sand grains 
also noted; sample collected at depth of 720 ft. thickness 
not indicated 720 

KANE COUNTY 

Physiography 

Kane County is in the northeastern part of the State and in the 
second tier of counties south of the Wisconsin boundary. It adjoins 
McHenry County on the south and is directly east of DeKalb County. 
The total area is 527 square miles. 



158 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

The part of the county north of the latitude of Geneva is occupied 
by a composite system of moraines/ The southern half of the county, 
although it is covered by a mantle of drift, does not possess the rough, 
irregular topography of a terminal-moraine area. In the western part 
of the county, an elevated belt called the Alarengo Ridge extends 
southward from ]\IcHenry County. The ridge continues to the vicinity 
of Ell)urn and has a width of 3 to -i miles. The elevations of this area 
are seldom less than 100 feet and in places 150 feet above those of the 
more level tracts to the west and east. The topography of this ridge is 
characterized by small hills or knobs with rather steep slopes and by 
basins of irregular shapes, some of which have no outlet. 

An irregular level belt 1 to 2 miles wide lies east of the ]\Iarengo 
ridge and at a lower elevation. To the east then follows the composite 
morainic area as far as Fox River. The topography as a whole is of 
the character of a terminal moraine, although in places it is gently 
undulating. There are also level tracts acres in extent completely 
surrounded by knolls 20 to 40 feet high. These areas have been drained 
by ditches. 

The uplands along Fox River are in places 150 feet above the water, 
but although the slopes may be rather steep, there are few distinct bluffs 
in the northern part of the county. In the southeastern townships the 
rock outcrops along the river form blufls. 

The southern half of the county is slightly rolling and does not 
possess the knoll-and-basin type of topography characteristic of the area 
to the north. 

The drainage of practically the entire county is effected by Fox 
River and its tributaries. This stream flows southward along the east- 
ern border for the entire length of the county. Tributaries of Kish- 
waukee River and its South Branch which flow west and north drain 
the townships along the northwestern border. The drainage in the 
morainic area of the northern half of the county is so inadequate that 
it has been found necessary to resort to artificial drainage by tiling and 
ditching. 

Geology 

Tlic northern half of the county is overlain by a heavy mantle of 
drift tlial is in ])laces 200 feet deep. Beds composed almost entirely of 
sand and gravel occur in ])laces but blue or bluish-drab clay is the most 
common constituent. Borings in the northwestern townships indicate 

* Lovorett, F., The Illinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph 38, 
p. 290. 1899. 



KANE COUNTY 159 

that the drift is over 100 feet in thickness, and few of the farm wells 
enter rock. 

Along Fox River valley in the part of the county south of the lati- 
tude of Geneva, the drift is generally less than 100 feet thick, although 
on knolls and ridges the depth is greater. In Sugar Grove Township 
the drift varies in thickness from 15 feet and less to over To feet. In 
Big Rock Township the drift is also thin and rock outcrops occur along 
Rock Creek. 

The bed rock formation underlying the greater part of the county 
is the Niagaran limestone. It seems very probable however, that along 
the western border the Maquoketa shale underlies the drift. This is in- 
dicated by a well driller's log which reports shale underlying the drift 
in the N. ^ sec. 26, Big Rock Township; also 127 feet of shale is re- 
ported beneath 24: feet of bed rock limestone. The bed rock formation 
in the Sycamore and De Kalb wells, 4 and 8 miles, respectively, west of 
the county border, is the Galena-Platteville limestone, that underlies the 
Maquoketa. 

The sequence of strata is indicated by numerous good logs given 
in the descriptions of the different localities. The. general succession is 
similar to that in the counties to the east and north. The beds have a 
slight dip toward the east and south. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

The drift wells furnish sufficient water for farm uses, although 
the common practice is to continue these wells for a short distance into 
the limestone. Flowing shallow wells are not common, but a few are 
noted south of Aurora. In section 21, Big Rock Township, a flowing 
Avell on j\Ir. A. Zebby's farm is 96 feet deep in drift. Also in the 
northwestern part of the county a few flowing drift wells have been 
obtained in T. 41 N., R. 6 E. 

Springs occur in many places along Fox River, as at Carpenters- 
ville, Dundee, and x\urora. 

The larger towns in the county are all situated along Fox River 
and obtain their municipal supplies from "Potsdam" wells. Although 
the St. Peter sandstone is water bearing, most of the wells are continued 
to the deeper strata where it is always possible to obtain good supplies. 

A number of "Potsdam" wells have been drilled by the cities in 
Fox River valley, and some lowering of the water table has resulted. 
This recession has not been great at Elgin, but farther south, at Aurora, 
it is noticeable. The recession at Elgin is reported to be only 4 or 5 feet 



160 AKTESIAX WATERS OF XOHTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

in the past ten years. There are no exact data for the wells at Aurora, 
but the head in 1899 was about 60 feet above the surface. The present 
water level in these w^ells could not be determined when at rest, but 
they do not flow, and the pinnping level in 1914: was 53 feet below the 
surface. A well recently drilled in Aurora is 2,263 feet deep, and its 
head is about 3 feet above the surface, or at an altitude of 624: feet; 
this is considering that the Aurora city datum is 537 feet. This is the 
only flowing ''Potsdam" well in the county. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

The waters from all the horizons are somewhat mineralized. The 
predominant salts in the waters from the drift and underlying limestone 
are the carbonates of calcium and magnesium. The waters from these 
shallow depths do not usually contain the hard scale-forming magnesium 
sulphate in any great amoimts, but, a spring water at Aiu-ora contains 
a large amount of this salt. 

The water from the St. Peter sandstone at Elgin contains a very 
noticeable amoimt of hydrogen sulphide. The sulphurous character of 
the water from this formation has been slightly noted in other parts of 
the country, but it is not so marked as that in the Elgin wells. 

At St. Charles the water from the St. Peter sandstone is less min- 
eralized than that from the shallower wells. This relation, how^ever, 
may not hold for all parts of the county. 

A large number of analyses of well waters in Aurora have been 
obtained. The deeper wells are as a rule cased only to bed rock, a con- 
dition that permits the entrance of upper-strata waters. The w^aters 
are only moderately mineralized and in many of the factories are used 
for boiler purposes. 

There is danger of obtaining very highly mineralized waters from 
wells of great depth. In Aurora there is a notable increase in the amount 
of dissolved salts in waters from wells over 2,350 d= feet in depth. This 
same depth w^ould not apply for the entire county, but as suflicient sup- 
plies can be obtained at less depths it is not advisable to drill deeper. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
ATHOItA 

The water supply of Aurora is furnished by a series of "Potsdam" 
wells which range in (lc]^th from 1,388 to 2,263 feet. One group of 
five wells is at the water-works station located in the extreme northern 
part of the citv on the east bank of Fox River. The maximum dis- 
tance between any of the wells is only a few hundred feet. The depths 



KANE COUNTY 161 

are all about 2,250 feet, except No. 1 which is only 1,388. The three 
oldest wells have been in operation for 18 or more years, but the other 
tw^o have been drilled more recently. Well No. 5 was completed about 
1910. The diameter of Well No. 5 is reported to be 16 inches at the 
surface and 8 inches at the bottom. It is probable that the older w^ells 
are considerably smaller. The wells are all pumped by means of air and 
the combined average daily pumpage is 2,^00,000 gallons. 

The rapid growth of the city and the heavy consumption during 
the summer demanded an increased supply. It was therefore decided 
to drill separate wells of large bore in different parts of the city, some- 
what after the plan adopted at Rockford. The first of these isolated 
wells was drilled in 1915 at Talma Street, which is about two and one- 
half miles almost due south of the old pumping station. This well is 
2,185 feet in depth ; the surface pipe is 20 inches in diameter and the 
hole is finished at 15 inches. The only casing is from the surface to a 
depth of 350 feet. 

The pumping equipment consists of a combination 4-stage, 17-inch, 
deep-well, turbine pump, and a 2-stage, vertical booster pump placed at 
the surface. The pumps are electrically driven. The cost of the finished 
well was a little over $25,000, which included $18,000 for the drilling and 
the remainder for the pumping equipment and pump house. A deliv- 
ery of 450 gallons per minute w^as being obtained in July, 1915, with a 
recession of 160 feet in the water level. A much greater yield was ex- 
pected, and with reason, since it is noted that the wells of smaller bore 
deliver nearly this amount. It is possible that some water may be lost 
through crevices in the limestone or in other porous formations. 

The River Street well was completed in the summer of 1915 at a 
depth of 2,263 feet. The location is a little over a mile to the west and 
north of the one at Talma Street. The diameter of the surface pipe is 
22 inches, and the hole is 15 inches at the bottom. Casing extends from 
the surface to a depth of 255 feet or through the Maquoketa shale. The 
total cost of drilling and piping was $20,280. This well had an esti- 
mated flow of 150 gallons per minute, at 2 feet above the surface, or 
a head of 87 feet above Aurora datum. This is equivalent to an approx- 
imate altitude of 62-1 feet. The water level at rest in the Talma Street 
well was 48 feet below the surface, but when it is considered that the 
elevation at River Street is 53 feet lower, it is seen that the water levels 
are essentially the same. The pumping equipment of the River Street 
well has not been installed at the present writing, so that the effects of 
pumping cannot be given. Another well of a similar size is being 
drilled which probably will be about 2,300 feet deep. 



162 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTIIEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

There has been a recession in the artesian water table in Aurora 
as in other locahties of northeastern Ilhnois. The exact amount of this 
lowering is not known, but it has been over 80 feet since 1899. The 
static head in that year, as reported by Levcrett was 60 feet above the 
surface at the water works. The present \\citer level in these Avells at 
rest is not exactly known, but it was 53 feet below the surface in one 
well in the fall of 191^ while the other Avells were in operation. 

Another deep well owned by the city is located in Phillips Park. The 
depth is 2,759 feet and it is therefore one of the deepest wells in Illinois. 
The driller's record of the strata penetrated is similar to the records of 
other wells in the city. A series of sandstones was struck at 1,8 IT feet 
and these continued to the full depth of the well ; no specific descriptions 
of the sandstones were given. The water has a large content of dis- 
solved mineral matter so that a slight salty taste is noticeable. 

The few other deep wells in Aurora are at the Aurora Bleachery, 
Western \\'heeled Scraper Company, and the ]\Iunroe Bindery. The 
depths are not over 1,-120 feet, and the water is from the first "Potsdam" 
sandstone, the St. Peter, and any other water-bearing strata at shallower 
depths. The surface diameters are not over 12 inches and the bottom 
diameters are 8 or G inches, and perhaps less. 

The well at the Western Wlieeled Scraper Company was drilled in 
1901 to obtain water from only the first "Potsdam" sandstone; GOO feet 
of 5-inch and the same amoimt of 3-inch piping, was continued from 
the surface to a depth of 1,200 feet and a rubber packer was placed at that 
depth. The analysis of this water is given and very probably represents 
the water from this horizon at this locality. That the rubber packer may 
be worn out and that leaks may have developed in the pipes does not 
seem probable, as an analysis made in ]901 is essentially the same as the 
one of 1915. This water is moderately mineralized and is similar to that 
obtained from other wells of like depth in the city. 1lie water level in 
this well in 1901 was 30 feet below the surface and in the fall of 1914 
it was 78 feet, the lowering amounting to 48 feet ; the curb elevation is 
about 688 feet. This level is approximately 14 feet lower than that in 
the new city wells. These wells are much deeper, and it is therefore 
probable that the water obtained from the lower strata has a greater 
head. 

As the well at the Scraper works is not large, the pumpage is only 
about 40 gallons per minute. The Munroe Bindery reports a yield of 
225 gallons and the Aurora Bleachery a yield of 400 gallons per minute. 
44iis latter figure seems ratlier higli. 

'I'lie waters from all of the deep wells in Aurora are somewhat 
mineralized, and although the water from certain wells is used for boiler 



KANE COUNTY 163 

purposes without treatment, some softening would be desirable. There 
is a great increase in the total mineral content of the water from depths 
greater than 2,250 feet. This is indicated in the River Street well and 
also the one at Phillips Park. In the latter case, the amount of dissolved 
mineral matter is so great that the water is not fit for use. 

It was not possible to secure accurate temperatures as in most cases 
the water passed through pumps. The temperature of the water from 
the 1,280-foot well at the Bleachery was 57.2°F. This is pumped by air 
so that the temperature was taken as the water came from the w^ell and 
before passing through a deep well pump as at the other wells. The 
water from the flowing w^ell at River Street, which is 2,263 feet in depth, 
has a temperature of 63.5°F. 

Some of the factories have shallow, rock wells a few hundred feet 
deep. The yields are 25 gallons or less per minute. The well at the 
W. B. Davis greenhouse in the northwest part of the city is 69 feet deep, 
of which 24: feet is surface material and the remainder limestone. The 
diameter at the surface is 12 inches and at the bottom, 10 inches. The 
water level at rest is about 18 feet below the surface, and 28 feet when 
delivering 125 gallons per rninute. This is an unusually large yield for a 
well of this depth. The collecting area is probably the region of higher 
elevation to the west. 

Log of Aurora City Well No. 8 

Elevation— 635± feet 
(Drilled by G. S. Geiger, Chicago) 

Generalized section Thickness Depth 

Quaternary system Feet Feet 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Soil, sand, etc 18 18 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Limestone 142 160 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale 170 330 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite and dolomitic limestone 280 610 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone 250 860 

Prairie du Chien group 

Shale 50 910 

Dolomite 30 940 

Sandstone , 40 980 

Dolomite 110 1090 

a The detailed log of this well compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Survey files if desired for reference. 



164 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

BATAVIA 

A knowledge of the strata at Batavia has been obtained through a 
study of the drilhngs from a 2,000-foot well w hich were collected by Mr. 
L. A. Parre, superintendent of the water works, and employees of the J. 
P. Miller Artesian Well Company. The general succession of strata is 
similar to that found in other parts of northeastern Illinois. There are, 
however, some variations in the thicknesses of the different formations. 
The St. Peter sandstone attains the unusual thickness of 309 feet, while 
the underlying Prairie du Chien limestone is thinner than common. The 
main water-bearing formations are the St. Peter sandstone and the 
*'Potsdam" series. 

The city has two deep wells that furnish the municipal supply. The 
location is on the banks of Fox River about 8 feet above the level of 
the water and the curb elevation is approximately 660 feet. The old 
well is 1,279 feet deep ; the diameter at the surface is 10 inches and at 
the bottom 8 inches. This well is equipped with an air-lift pumping 
system and delivers 650 gallons per minute. This well flowed in 1895, 
but in September, 1914, the level was 35 feet below the surface after the 
pump had been stopped only long enough to measure. The 2,000- foot 
well was completed in 1915 ; the diameter at the surface is 12 inches 
and at the bottom 8 inches. The pumping equipment is an electrically- 
driven, 8-stage, turbine pump. The delivery is 1,140 gallons per minute 
with a recession of 34 feet in the water level. The static head at rest is 
6 feet below the surface. 

The analysis of the water from the new well indicates that it is 
only moderately mineralized. The greater amount of the dissolved 
solids is in the form of the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. The 
water is used in the boilers untreated, but it could be softened by the 
addition of a small amount of lime. It may be mentioned that the 
water obtained from the cherty horizon immediately below^ the St. Peter 
sandstone was reported to have been sulphurous. This chert and shale 
stratum has a tendency to cave and for that reason was cased off with 
77 feet of liner which shut out all of the sulphurous water. 



KANE COUNTY 165 

Log 0/ City Well No. 2, Batavia, III, 8E. I/4 NW. I/4 sec. 22, T. 39 N., R. 8 E. 

Elevation 660± feet 

Drilled 1914-1915, J. P. Miller Artesian Well Co., Chicago 

Generalized section ^ 

Thickness Depth 
Description strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and recent 
No samples of surface sand and gravel, but probably about 

6 feet 6 6 

Silurian system 
Niagaran limestone 

Dolomite, gray to light gray, subcrystalline 134 140 

Alexandrian series 

Dolomite, gray, soft 50 190 

Ordovician system 

Maquoketa shale 

Shale, gray to dark gray 30 220 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, gray to cream-colored, subcrystalline.... 300 520 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, colorless, rather well rounded quartz grains. . 309 829 

Prairie du Chien group 

Chert, gray to chocolate-colored 11 840 

Dolomite, sandy 40 880 

Sandstone 10 890 

Dolomite, light gray to a light pinkish-gray, subcrystalline 120 1010 

Sandstone, dolomitic and glauconiferous 50 1060 

Dolomite, shaly, sandy, and glauconiferous 30 1090 

Sandstone, dolomitic, glauconiferous 10 1100 

Cambrian system 

Sandstone, colorless, rather well rounded, quartz sand, 

averaging about .5 mm. in diameter, not glauconiferous 190 1290 

Dolomite, slightly sandy and glauconiferous 20 1310 

Shale, siliceous and slightly dolomitic, some glauconite.. 130 1440 

Sandstone, dolomitic, and sandy dolomite 90 1530 

Shale, somewhat dolomitic 130 1660 

Sandstone, ranging from fine to coarse in grain and from 

colorless to light yellow 240 1900 

Sandstone, chocolate-colored, medium to coarse in grain.. 100 2000 



* The detailed log of this well compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Survey files if desired for reference. 



166 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

CARPENTERSVILLE 

The village is located in the Fox River valley along- the eastern 
border of the morainic belt. This high land to the west forms a good 
collecting reservoir so that at the lower elvations along the base, good 
wells can be obtained at shallow depths. The conditions are such as to 
give rise to a number of liowing wells. 

The water supply for the village is furnished by a dug well 17 feet 
in depth and li) feet in diameter located on low land east of Fox River. 
The material encountered in drilling was coarse gravel and "stone" ex- 
cept for 5 feet of surface soil and clay. 

The water level is kept down to within 6 feet of the surface by 
means of an overflow to the Fox River, an eighth of a mile distant. It 
has been possible to lower the water level to within 4: feet of the bottom 
when pumping at the rate of 250 gallons per minute. No further lower- 
ing could be obtained at this pumping rate. Droughts do not appear to 
have any noticeable eflect upon the water level. 

ELBURN 

A record has been obtained from the J. P. Miller Artesian Well 
Company of a well drilled in 1899 for the Illinois Condensing Company. 

Log of tvell at EJhiirn 

Elevation — 848 ±: feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Clay, sand, and gravel 154 154 

"Rock", probably limestone 24 178 

Shale 127 305 

Limestone 258 563 

Marl, red 2 565 

Limestone 49 614 

Sandstone (St. Peter) 66 680 

Shale, white 15 695 

Limestone, sandy 120 815 

Limestone, and wliite shale 55 870 

Sandstone 50 920 

Marl, red 40 960 

Limestone 145 1105 

Sandstone, and sandy sliale 270 1375 

The water lexel at c()m])letic)n was 105 feet below the surface; the 
present static head is not known. 

ELGIN 

The geological succession at Elgin is indicated by tlic accompanying 



KAXE COUXTY 



167 



log, compiled by Professor Savage from the driller's log and from a 
study of a few samples of the drillings. The main water-bearing forma- 
tions are the St. Peter sandstone and the "Potsdam" group. The dif- 
ferent strata lie at shallower depths in the vicinity of Elgin than in 
the territory to the east and west, because the elevations in Elgin and 
also at other points in the Fox River valley, are from 100 to 200 feet less 
than on the bordering uplands. 

Log of Elgin city loell 

Elevation— 738 ± feet 

(Geologic interpretation by T. E. Savage) 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 
Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Clay, sand, and gravel; yellowish gray 38 38 

Silurian system 

Alexandrian limestone 

Dolomite and limestone 27 65 

Ordovician system 

Maquoketa shale 

Shale 50 115 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, gray to dark gray; crystalline 70 185 

Dolomite, like the preceding 140 325 

Dolomite, gray to brown; subcrystalline 75 400 

Dolomite, like the preceding 85 485 

Dolomite, like the preceding 75 560 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone ; clean rounded grains 80 640 

Sandstone, like the preceding 62 702 

Prairie du Chien group 

Dolomite, light gray; subcrystalline 48 750 

Dolomite, like the preceding 130 880 

Dolomite, gray to brown, some sand 20 900 

Shale, slightly sandy, pink 115 1015 

Shale, calcareous, bluish gray to gray 35 1050 

Cambrian system 

"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone; rather large, clean, rounded grains 250 1300 

Shale, calcareous, light pink 50 1350 

Dolomite, light gray 74 1424 

Sandstone; rounded grains 156 1580 

Shale, slightly calcareous, gray to bluish gray 55 1635 

Sandstone; rounded grains ■ 5 1640 

Sandstone, light pink; rather fine grains 145 1785 

Sandstone, like the preceding, but larger grains 195 1980 

Sandstone, pink; moderate-sized grains 25 2005 



168 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLIXOIS 

The municipal walcr supply is furnished by four deep wells, three 
of which are about 1,350 feet deep, the other is 2,005 feet. The deepest 
well was drilled in liJUl and was tested to determine the yield at differ- 
ent horizons. After drilling to the full depth of 2,005 feet a pump- 
ing test was made in which the yield and amount of lowering was noted. 
A plug was then placed at l.dUO feet and another test made. The re- 
sults as to yield and lowering did not seem to differ essentially from 
those obtained before plugging. Therefore the other wells were drilled 
only to a depth of approximately 1,350 feet. 

The city wells are only about 50 feet from Fox River, and approx- 
imately 150 feet apart. The pumping is accomplished by a shaft and 
tunnel system. In the interior of the pumping station a circular shaft, 
120 feet in depth and 9 feet in diameter is sunk to the Galena-Platteville 
limestone. Two circular tunnels 9 feet in diameter dug in the ]Ma- 
quoketa shale lead off from the bottom of the shaft. One tunnel con- 
tains the pipe that taps the 2,005-foot well ; the other tunnel is connected 
to the three remaining wells. The wells are 16 inches in diameter at the 
stuff ace and cased to a depth of 140 feet or abotit 20 feet below the tun- 
nels ; the diameter at the bottom is 8 inches. 

At the time the wells were drilled a flow of sulphurous water w^s 
obtained from either the St. T\'ter sandstone or the underlying cherty 
horizon. The flow ceased as the depth increased. The present water, 
however, is characterized by a noticeable amount of hydrogen sulphide. 

The static head at rest in 1914 was reported to be about 14 feet below 
the surface; the curb elevation is 742 feet. The water le\cl recedes to 
at least 115 feet on hea\y ])um])age. The recovery is very rapid so that 
in a few hours after the pumping has ceased, the water has returned to 
its original ]e\el. 44ie static head in 1903 at the time the wells were 
drilled, was 1 1 feet below the stirface. 

Some other deep wells in the city are those of the National Brewery, 
I'dgin Watch Works, and Borden's Condensed iNIilk Co. The two wells 
at the l'"Jgin Watch Works are 5()n and 2.()()()±: feet in depth. It may be 
thai ihe 5{)0-fooi well pcnel rates the St. Teter sandstone, as it is reported 
to have flowed imtil the cit\- wells were drilled. At ])resent the water is 
about 30 feet below the surt'ac-e. Idle lem])eratin-e of the water was 
54.T'^F. ddie 2.ii(i<i-f,,(,t well is vcM-y old and mav be somewhat fllled 
up. 4 he temperature was Gi.3 h\ 

4 he analyses of the waters from tlie wells at the FJgin Watch 
Works are given. The water from the 500-foot one is the sotter, al- 



KANE COUNTY 169 



though its total mineral content is greater than that of the deeper well 
water. The water from the shallower well is used in the boilers, but 
with daily alternation with that from Fox River. Although no scale is 
formed some sludge is deposited. 



GENEVA 



The city water supply is obtained from a well about 850 feet deep 
in the St. Peter sandstone. The location is near Fox River and at a low 
elevation. The diameter at the surface is 10 inches and at the bottom 
8 inches. 

The well would flow about 50 gallons per minute, in 1911, but this 
was not sufficient so that pumping w^as necessary. The static head at 
present is within a few feet of the surface. Pumping is eflfected by 
means of an air-lift system at the rate of about 300 gallons per minute. 
The average daily consumption is 350,000 gallons. The water contains 
scarcely a trace of hydrogen sulphide. 

Formerly there was a 2,500-foot well at the court house, and an- 
other one 2,000 feet in depth at the Pope Glucose Company ; these have 
been abandoned for many years. 



MAPLE PARK 



The village water supply is obtained from a well 250 feet in depth. 
The entire thickness is reported to be in drift. The maximum yield has 
not been determined, but the pump delivers 40 gallons per minute. The 
analysis indicates a water with only a moderate amount of dissolved 
mineral matter. If used untreated in boilers, a small amount of soft 
scale would be formed. 



MONTGOMERY 



The village of Montgomery adjoins Aurora on the south. The 
Montgomery Magnesia Spring Company has a flowing well, although 
the static head, which is about 4 feet above the surface, is shut in. The 
location is on the banks of Fox River, and the curb elevation is about 
8 feet above the water level in the stream. The depth is probably about 
115 feet. The analysis of the water shows that the principal constituent 
is sodium carbonate. The water is bottled and sold in the vicinity. 

There are a few other flowing shallow rock wells in this vicinity, 
as at Riverview Park about a mile south of Montgomery and at the 
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad sheep barns, about half a 
mile west of Montgomery. 



170 ARTESIAN WATEKS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

MOOSEHEART 

The school at ^looseheart, established by the Order of ]\loose. is 
located about a mile south of Batavia. The water supply is furnished 
by a 1 .S-tO-foot well, and another deep well is being drille. The forma- 
tions are similar to those at Batavia. The St. Peter sandstone at a 
depth of 585 feet has a thickness of 218 feet, whereas at Batavia it is 
309 feet. The curb elevation at Mooseheart is 709 feet. The static head 
at rest in 1914 was 28 feet below the surface; the effects of pumping 
were not known. 

The water contains a moderate amount of dissolved mmeral matter, 
the greater part of which is in the form of the bicarbonates of calcium 
and magnesium. 

ST. CHARLES 

The city water supply is furnished by two wells, one of which is 
350 feet and the other 850 feet deep. The shallow well is located at the 
water works on the banks of Fox River; the yield is 120 gallons per 
minute, and the temperature of the water is 51.5°F. The water is ob- 
tained from crevices in the Niagaran limestone. The 850-foot well is 
located at a separate ])um|) house half a mile or more from the water- 
works station. This deeper well penetrates the St. Peter sandstone ; the 
ground elevation is 748 feet, which is about 53 feet greater than that at 
the 350-foot well. The St. Peter well is pumped at the rate of 150 gal- 
lons per minute ; the surface diameter is 10 inches, and it is probably 8 
inches at the bottom. The static head in the 850-foot well at the time 
it was drilled in 1913 was 50 feet below the surface. The level in 1914 
while pumping about 150 gallons per minute was 89 feet. The pumping 
was stopped for 25 minutes and the water rose to within t)o feet of the 
surface. The analyses of the waters from the two wells are given. The 
St. Peter water is not so hard a water as that from the Niagaran lime- 
stone or 350-foot well. However, the St. Peter water has a sulphur 
taste and odor which is absent in the water from the shallow well. 

The St. Cliarles School for P)Oys 2 miles west of town, has three 
wells. Two of the wells are 1,108 and 1,320 feet in depth, respectively; 
the other is a shallow well of an unknown depth. The deeper wells ob- 
tain tlieir water from the St. Peter sandstone, and the 1.320-foot well 
may possibly i)enetrale the first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group. The 
surface elevation at the 1,320-foot well is 788iiz feet, and the water level 
was 93.5 feet below the surface one-half hour after cessation of pump- 
ing. This is essentiallx' the same le\el as noted in the city well ])ene- 
tratini,^ the .St. Peter when ilic differences in ground ekwation are taken 
into consideration, 'fhe analyses of the waters from the 1,108 and the 



KANKAKEE COUNTY 171 

1,320-foot wells are very similar to that of the 850-foot one at St. 
Charles. 

VIRGIL 

The Borden Condensed Milk Company has a ''Potsdam" well 1,580 
feet deep. The yield is at least 120 gallons per minute. The static head 
is not known. 

KANKAKEE COUNTY 

Physiography 

Kankakee County is situated along the eastern border of the State 
directly south of Will County. The total area is 668 square miles. 

The topography of the county, as a whole is that of a monotonous 
plain. The maximum relief of probably not much more than 150 feet 
has been brought about by Kankakee River. The part of the county 
west of Iroquois and Kankakee rivers presents a very level appearance ; 
the slight depressions are in many places characterized by marsh con- 
ditions. The area north of the Kankakee has somewhat more relief, but 
has nevertheless a rather level surface broken only by creeks and occa- 
sional sloughs. Likewise, in the southeastern townships there are exten- 
sive marsh areas. 

The major drainage is effected by Kankakee River and its tribu- 
taries. This stream flows across the central portion of the county in 
a westward direction, leaving the county in the northwestern part and 
finally joining with the Desplaines to form the Illinois. The headwaters 
of minor tributaries of the Illinois drain the extreme western tier of town- 
ships. A large portion of the county is inadequately drained because 
of the flat topography ; marshes and swamps exist in many localities. 

Geology 

The greater part of the county has a drift covering which ranges 
in thickness from a few to a hundred or more feet. Along the Kankakee 
and its immediate tributaries the drift is so thin that bed rock outcrops 
in a number of places. In the extreme northeastern tow^nships, near the 
border of the Valparaiso morainic area, thicknesses of 50 to 100 feet have 
been recorded. The depth to bed rock at St. George and at INIanteno 
ranges from 10 to 20 feet. INIuch of the northern part of the county 
west from Manteno has only a thin coating of surface deposits ; the rock 
outcrops some of the streams. In the extreme southwestern corner, 
along the border of the Marseilles moraine, the drift thickness in six 
wells ranged from 100 to 162 feet.^ 



1 Leverett, Frank, The Illinois Glacial Ix)be: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, 
p. 654, 1899. 



172 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Rock is encountered in the vicinity of Irwin and Hersher at depths 
of 40 to 60 feet. The drift is generally thin from Union Hill east to 
the Kankakee ; but westward from this village to the county line the 
thicknesses range from 50 to 100 feet. At St. Anne in the southeastern 
part of the count}', bed rock is found at about GO feet. 

The bed rock formation underlying all of the county, outside of a 
narrow strip along the western border, is the Niagaran limestone. This 
formation outcrops in places along the Kankakee and its major tribu- 
taries. The strata rise toward the west so that formations underlying the 
Niagaran are brought to the surface. 

Professor Savage"^ has described a limestone at Essex which is 
"intermediate in age between the' Niagran' and Maquoketa shale. 
He named this formation the Essex limestone and assigned it to the 
middle part of his Alexandrian series. The Maquoketa shale is the next 
formation of any considerable extent which outcrops to the Avest of the 
Niagaran limestone region and forms a north-south strip a few miles 
in width. The outcrops of the Alexandrian series occur between the 
Niagaran and ]\Iaquoketa areas, but because of their thinness they have 
not been separately mapped as yet. The large area of Pennsylvania coal- 
bearing strata to the Avest, extends into this coimty long its western 
border. 

The strata have an eastward dip of about IT feet to the mile, as 
calculated from the outcrop of the Maquoketa at Essex and its depth 
at Kankakee. There seems to be a very slight dip toward the north; 
the St. Peter sandstone in South Chicago is at an ahitude 80 feet lower 
than at Kankakee, a difference that would give a dip of 2 feet to the 
mile. 

The only acctu'ate record of deep drilling in this county is from Kan- 
kakee. The wells at the State Hospital for the Insane are over 1,800 
feet in depth, but no log w^as kept of the strata below the St. Peter sand- 
stone. The geological succession, as determined from a study of the 
drillings by Professor Udden'-, is similar to lliat at Jolict and Chicago. 
The St. Peter sandstone was struck in the Kankakee well at a depth of 
890 feet; the curb elevation is approximately 615 feet. Toward the west 
part of the county the de]:)ths to this waer-bearing formation will grad- 
ually decrease so that it will ])robably l)e found at 650 to 750 feet below 
the surface. The deplh to this formation increases eastward from Kan- 
kakee and jjrobably in the townships along the eastern border it is over 
1.150 fc'ct below the surface. 



' Savage. T. E.. StJ-atigraphy and paleontology of the Alexandiian seiics in Illi- 
nois and Mi.'^.'^ouri : 111. State Gool. Survey Bull. 2.3, 1913. 

^ Udden, J. A., Some deep borings in Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 24, 
1911. 



KANKAKEE COUNTY 173 

The first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group, which is the chief water- 
bearing horizon at Johet and Chicago, was encountered in the Kanka- 
kee wells, but its depth was not recorded. This formation at Joliet was 
struck about 600 feet below the top of the St. Peter sandstone, and this 
figure can be used for calculations in Kankakee County. 

The Pennsylvanian strata in the western tier of townships is com- 
monly a series of shales, sandy shales, and thin sandstones, and a few 
thin coal beds. In many places the waters from these beds are sulphurous 
or salty. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

The ground waters, which have been extensively utilized, are ob- 
tained from the Niagaran limestone or the drift deposits. The only deep 
wells in the county are at the State Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee. 
The Valparaiso morainic system in Will County forms a collecting 
reservoir for the rainfall creating a condition favorable for ground 
waters in that part of Kankakee County north of the Kankakee ; supple- 
mentary favoring factors are the sandy soil, fiat topography, and south- 
ward slope of the land surface. The slight relief and somewhat sandy 
soil prevent excessive run-off in other parts of the -county as well. The 
only information regarding the static head of the artesian water from the 
deeper strata has been obtained at Kankakee. This will be discussed in 
the description of the water resources at that locality. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

The waters from the Niagaran limestone are rather hard as indi- 
cated in the analyses. The chief salts are the carbonates of calcium and 
magnesium with a considerable amount of magnesium sulphate. In the 
western tier of townships many of the wells penetrate the Pennsylvan- 
ian strata underlying the drift and produce sulphurous or even salty 
water ; in this connection the conditions at Reddick should be noted. 

Wells of a depth much greater than 1,850 feet may be expected to 
furnish a highly mineralized water. This inference is drawn from the 
deep well at Kankakee, and it is believed that similar conditions exist 
in other parts of the county. However, where the deep wells receive 
large additions of waters from the upper strata, the final product from 
the well will be considerably modified. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
KANKAKEE 

The source of the municipal water supply is Kankakee River, but 
the water is treated before usage. There are, however, a number of 
rock wells drilled in the city in addition to two at the Hospital for the 
Insane which penetrate the "Potsdam" group. 



174 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

The Niagaran limestone wells are represented by the one at the 
Radeke Brewery and those at the Kankakee Pure Alilk Company. The 
well at the Radeke Brewery is 225 feet in depth and 8 inches in diameter 
at the surface. The location is within 75 feet of the Kankakee, about 
7 feet above the water level in the stream. The yield is at least 
80 gallons per minute with the workmg barrel of the pump at a depth of 
65 feet ; the water level is not known. The analysis indicates a hard 
water, but it is used in beer making after preliminary heating which 
precipitates some of the dissolved mineral matter. 

The Kankakee Pure Milk Company has two Niagaran limestone 
wells, one 112 feet and the other 205 feet in depth. The latter is cased 
with 10-inch pipe to a depth of 30 feet or 27 feet below the bed-rock 
surface. The yield is from 75 to 100 gallons per minute with the work- 
ing liarrel at a depth of 60 feet; no diminution of the water supply has 
ever been noted. The water level is about 17 feet below the ground 
surface, but the effects of pumping are not known. Although the 
112-foot well is of a much smaller bore it delivers about 25 gallons per 
minute. The analysis indicates a hard water with a rather large amount 
of dissolved mineral matter. The water is used for boiler purposes after 
softening. 

The State Hospital for the Insane, situated immediately south of 
Kankakee and on the south side of the river, owns two interesting wells, 
drilled in 1908-09. They are located approximately 275 feet apart in 
a north-south direction near Kankakee River, at an elevation of about 
10 feet above the water in the stream. The drillings from one of the 
wells down to a depth of 1,090 feet or through the St. Peter sandstone 
were studied by Prof. J. A. Udden.^ This record is given on the accom- 
panying pages. The strata below the St. Peter were not recorded, but 
they are very probabl}- similar to those at Jolict, allhough some varia- 
tions in the thicknesses may occur. 

Well Xo. 1, or the north well, was originally drilled through the 
St. Peter sandstone, and a pumping test gave a yield of about 200 gallons 
per minute. In order to preclude all possibility of any water from the 
drift or uj)per ])ari of the Niagaran limestone entering the well, about 
100 feet of ] 5-inch surface ])ipe was carefully sealed at the bottom with 
concrete. A i)um])ing test was again made after this casing had been 
])]are(l and sealed off; but only a small amount of water was obtained, 
and a great lowering of the water level followed, indicating a strong flow 
of Niagaran limestone water into the well at the time the first test was 
made. In an attempt to obtain a greater yield, the drilling was continued 



' T'ddon, J. A., Some deep borings in ininoi.s: ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 24, 
p. 50, 1914. 



KAXKAKEE COUXTY 175 

to a depth of 1812 feet and the well was finished 5 inches in diameter at 
the bottom. At the present time about 250 gallons per minute can be 
pumped, but the water has a very high mineral content. 

The second well was drilled in 1909 to a depth of 1,817 feet. The 
lo-inch surface pipe is about To feet long; the hole is about 5 inches in 
diameter at the bottom. In this well the surface pipe was not sealed off 
as in the previous one, and there is every reason to believe that large ad- 
ditions of water are obtained from the Niagaran limestone. Analyses of 
the two waters show that the one from the 1,812-foot well in which the 
surface pipe was sealed oft, has much the higher mineral content. The 
temperature of this water is Gl.o^F. and the static head is 126 feet below 
the surface, or an approximate altitude of 489 feet. The water from the 
1,847 foot well is similar to that from the Niagaran limestone, except 
that the mineral content is somewhat greater, due chiefly to an increased 
amount of sodium chloride. The temperature is 56.2 °F., and the water 
level is 51 feet below the surface, or at an approximate altitude of 
564 feet. The yield is about 250 gallons per minute. 

The water from the 1812-foot well, in which the surface pipe was 
sealed oft with concrete, has the following "Potsdam" characteristics : 
high mineral content, chiefly sodium chloride, or salt ; a higher tempera- 
ture than waters from the shallower horizons ; and a low water level. 
The water from the l,84T-foot well, in which the surface pipe was not 
sealed oft, is similar in many ways to that from the Niagaran limestone ; 
the temperatuTes, the analyses and the water levels are alike. Although 
some of this water is probably from the "Potsdam" group, by far the 
greater amount is from the Niagaran limestone. 

Prof. Udden's summiary of his interpretation of samples from one 
of these wells is as follows : 

Log of ivell at the Hospital for the Insane, Kankakee 
Drilled in 1908 
Generalized section^ Thickness 

Description of strata Feet 

(Niagaran limestone). Dolomitic limestone, yellow, white, and gray.. 300 

Cincinnatian shale 105 

Galena-Trenton (upper part). Dolomitic limestone of mostly coarse 

texture and light color 355 

Galena-Trenton (lower part). Dolomitic limestone of prevailing 

darker shale and finer texture 120 

Dolomitic limestone, partly pure and partly containing embedded 
sand, with some green shale probably in separate seams. Beds of 

transition 15 

(St. Peter sandstone). White, well worn quartz sand 190 

^ Udden, J. A., Some deep borings in lUinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 24, 
p. 60, 1914. 



176 ARTESIAN WATERS OF N'ORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

MANTENO 

The drift in the vicinity of ^lanteno is thin, so that the Niagaran 
limestone lies within 15 to 20 feet of the surface. The dug wells draw 
their supply from the drift overlying the hed rock. 

The source of the municipal water supply is three w^ells that pene- 
trate the Niagaran limestone. The largest well is 15 feet in diameter 
and 60 feet in depth. It is lined with concrete to a depth of 20 feet or 3 
feet below^ the surface of the bed rock. At the bottom there is a tunnel 
connection with No. 3 well, situated 15 feet to the west. The depth of 
No. 3 is 426 feet; there is 17 feet of ]()-inch surface pipe and the bottom 
diameter is 6 inches. The normal water level is -10 feet below the surface. 
The rate of inflow into these two w^ells is about 225 gallons per minute, 
but the large well can be emptied in approximately two hours when pump- 
ing at the rate of 450 gallons per minute. 

There is also a 310-foot well located 60 feet west from No. 3 ; the 
diameter at the surface is 10 inches and at the bottom, 8 inches. An 
abandoned well SS feet deep and 6 inches surface diameter is located 
about 10 feet south from the 310-foot one. 

The water is hard and would form considerable tenacious scale if 
used in boilers without softening. The analysis is given. 

MOMENCE 

Most of the private wells are from 12 to 40 feet in depth, although 
rarely a deeper one is drilled. The water source is either a sand and 
gravel stratum overlying the Niagaran limestone or the bed rock itself. 

The city supply is furnished by four wells located near Kankakee 
River ; the diameters are 8 inches, and the Niagaran limestone is pene- 
trated, but the depths are not known. The w^ater level is within 12 to 20 
feet of the surface. Two of the wells are close to the river and the water 
levels in the streams and wells are practical!}- the same although there 
is no direct connection. 

The average daily pumpage is about 320.000 gallons which is ac- 
complished in approximately 16 hours of operation. There is no analysis 
of the water but it is hard and forms scale wdien used untreated in boilers. 

REODirK 

The village has no municipal sujiply, but some data in regard to the 
ground waters has been obtained. The drift is from 60 to 75 feet thick 
and is underlain ])\- strata ot the I'ennsNlvanian system. This bed rock in 
main- places contains sul])hurous water and in man}- instances large 
amounts of salt. 

The well at the town hall is probably 268 feet deep, the casing is 
inch. 1)nt the length is not known. The material penetrated below the 



KENDALL COUNTY 177 

drift was the Pennsylvanian to a depth of about 184 feet, and the remain- 
der was Hmestone. The water obtained is too salty for drinking pur- 
poses ; the analysis is given. A 4-inch drift well at the school house is 
6Q feet deep and yields a water of fair quality that is used for drinking. 
If it is not possible in this vicinity to develop satisfactory supplies 
from the drift, the St. Peter or deeper horizons should be tried ; the 
upper strata to the base of the lowest coal bed at least and preferably 
much deeper, should be cased off. The St. Peter sandstone will probably 
be found at from TOO to 750 feet and the first "Potsdam" sandstone about 
600 feet deeper. The quality of the waters at these deeper horizons will 
very probably be better than those obtained within a few hundred feet 
of the surface. 

KENDALL COUNTY 

Physiography 

Kendall County is located in the northeastern part of the State, south 
of Kane County and west of the northern portion of Will County. The 
total area is 324 square miles. 

The Marseilles moraine^ enters the county in the northeast corner, 
follows the west border for four or five miles and then swings abruptly 
to the west, crossing the county in a southwestward direction. Its west- 
ern border is from less than a mile to not over 4 miles south of Fox 
River. Its average width is 2 or 3 miles. The elevations along this 
morainic belt are from 100 to 125 feet higher than those of the lower 
lands to the northwest. The ground moraine south of the Marseilles 
terminal moraine averages about 75 feet less in elevation. The surface 
of the terminal moraine is characterized by knolls, 24 to 40 feet in 
height covering an area of a few acres, and separated by saucerlike, 
irregular-shaped depressions generally poorly drained. Another elevated 
strip along the eastern border of the county called the Minooka Ridge- 
is scarcely 2 miles wide and has terminal-moraine topography. 

Fox River and its tributaries have accentuated the relief somewhat 
in the northwestern townships. The elevations along the river are about 
100 feet below those on the uplands a few miles distant. The topography 
of the remainder of the county outside the morainic areas and Fox River 
Valley is flat. The relief is very slight, and the slopes are gentle. 

The drainage of the northern and northwestern parts of the county 
is effected to the southwest by Fox River and its tributaries. The re- 



^ Leverett, Frank, The lUinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 
38, p. 309, 1899. 

2 Leverett, Frank, Idem, p. 319, 1899. 



ITS ARTESIAN WATERS OF N'ORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

niainder of the county drains southeastward to llhnois River through 
Aux Sable Creek and minor streams. 

GEOLOGy 

The greater part of the county is covered by a mantle of drift, which 
probably averages 100 feet in. thickness and is composed mainly of blue 
till ( unstratitied drift j which is characterized by a large amount of clay 
and only a moderate amount of coarse rock material. The drift is thin 
along the south-central border between the Alarseilles moraine and the 
}klinooka Ridge and is thickest along the ^larseilles moraine where depths 
of 200 feet have occasionally been reported. Wells of 125 to 150 feet 
in which the bed rock has not been encountered are not unusual. 

There are few rock outcrops except along Fox River. However, at 

least five different formations underlie the drift in the dift'erent parts of 

the county. The oldest known formation to be exposed is the St. Peter 
sandstone, which is found along the river at Millington. 

The strata have a dip to the east that amounts to at least 23 feet 
per mile between Millington and Joliet. This dip causes the older forma- 
tions to successively disappear under the next younger. Therefore, be- 
ginning with the St. Peter sandstone at jMillington and going eastward 
the following strata are the bed-rock formations in order : Galena-Platte- 
ville limestone, Maquoketa shale, Alexandrian limestone and the Niagaran 
limestone. Strata of Pennsylvanian age occupy a few square miles of 
territory in the extreme southwestern corner of the county. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

Although the drift is of a considerable thickness over the great part 
of the county, the shallow wells do not produce large supplies because 
nuich of the drift is clay. Along Fox River the shallow wells penetrate 
gravel deposits above the bed rock and obtain (juantities sufficient for 
domestic purposes. 

Few wells over 1,000 feet deep have been drilled in the county, 
so that little is known regarding the waters from the deeper strata. In 
the vicinity of Millington, where the St. Peter sandstone is near the 
surface, a number of farm wells draw water from this formation. Flo\7- 
ing wells are obtained occasionally from the St. Peter sandstone in locali- 
ties of low elevation. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 

OSWF.GO 

The village supply is furnished by a dug well 22 feet deep and 11 feet 
in diameter. The material penetrated is drift except for the lower 4 feet 



LAKE COUNTY 179 

which is in Niagaran limestone. The water level is about 10 feet below 
the surface, and the approximate daily pumpage is 18,000 gallons. The 
analysis indicates a fairly hard water ; scale would form if it were 
used for boiler purposes without treatment. 

The water supply is furnished by a dug well located at the Steward 
Mill in the east part of the village. The well is 10 feet in diameter and 
14 feet in depth ; it is located about 50 feet from Big Rock Creek. The 
lining of the well is concrete, so that all the water enters from the bot- 
tom. The mill furnishes the power for the pumping of 120,000 gallons 
per day. 

The only record of a deep well in the county is from one on Fox 
River bottoms, 2^ miles south and a little east of Piano. The drillings 
were studied by J. A. Udden and his descriptions are given below. ^ 

Log of loell near Piano, Illinois 
Generalized section 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent • 

Clay, sand, and gravel 40? 40? 

Ordovician system 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Limestone, dolomitic 550 590 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone 135 725 

Prairie du Chien group 

Limestone, dolomitic with occasional thin beds of sand- 
stone 385 1110 

YOEKVILLE 

The JNIarseilles moraine, bordering the towm on the southeast, has 
a number of springs along its base. Likewise, shallow wells less than 50 
feet deep furnish supplies sufficient for domestic purposes. The source 
of the village water supply is a number of springs in the Marseilles 
moraine about a mile and a half east of town. The water flows from the 
springs into a collecting basin from which it is pumped to a reservoir 
at a higher elevation. It then flows by gravity to the village. 

LAKE COUNTY 
Physiography 

Lake County is situated in the extreme northeastern corner of the 



1 Udden, J. A., Some deep borings in Illinois: 111. Geol. Survey Bull. 24, p. 45, 
1914. 



180 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLIXOIS 

State. Lake Michigan forms its eastern and the Wisconsin Hne its north- 
ern Ijoundarv. The total area is -155 square miles. 

The west half of the county is occupied hy the \^alparaiso morainic 
system and is therefore characterized by a hummocky relief or knoU-and- 
basin topograj^hy. The hills range from 10 to 50 feet above the general 
surface, although a few of the larger ones are 100 feet above the lower 
areas. Shallow lakes, which are rarely over 50 feet in depth, are scat- 
tered among the knolls, and marshes exist in many of the depressions. 
The greatest altitudes are in the southwest part near Lake Zurich where 
elevations of nearly 1)00 feet, or over 300 feet above Lake Alichigan have 
been recorded. 

The topography of the eastern half is undulating and not so rough 
as that to the west. No distinct bluff is developed along Lake ^Michigan 
from the northern border south to Zion City. From this point southward, 
a bluff" gradually develops which at Waukegan is about 40 feet in height. 
Its distance from the lake lessens toward the south ; two or three miles 
north of Waukegan there is over a mile of lake fiats whereas, a few miles 
south of that city the lake w^aters are at the base of the cliff*. The height 
of the bluff" from North Chicago to Lake Forest averages about TO feet. 

The entire county is characterized by inadequate drainage. In the 
northwest part numerous shallow lakes range in size from a few acres 
to several square miles. Many of the depressions are not well drained, 
so tlial marshes jM'cvail in man)- areas. The western townships drain 
westward by small, winding streams that finally join to form Fox River 
which flows southward. The eastern half of the county drains south- 
ward through Desplaines River and the north branch of Chicago River 
which here are little larger than creeks. 

Geology 

The mantle of drift covering the entire county has probably an 
average thickness of more than 200 feet and is composed of stony blue 
clay with irregular beds of sand and gravel. In the lake region of the 
north western townships much sand is reported in the drift. 

In nian\- of the wells the rock surface is lower than the water level 
in Lake Michigan. Leverett believes that the rock surface will scarcely 
average as high as that of the lake.^ 

The depth to bed rock around the station at Zion City is about 
I \') feet, but about two miles to the west along the ridge, the drift is 185 
to 11)0 feet thick. Along the lake- l)luff' south from Waukegan it is 175 
to over '!i)i) feet to bed rock. At Grays Lake rock was struck at 2:)0 
feet and in the vicinit\- of Lil)ertvville at about 200 feet. The greatest 



^Levfrett. F., Tlic Illinoi.s Glacial Lobe: V. S. Geol. Survey ^Monograph 38 
p. .570, 1899. 



LAKE COU^TY 181 

thicknesses of drift are recorded from the southwestern townships ; at 
Lake Zurich a 297-foot weU did not strike rock, and at Harrington, just 
south of the county hne, it is about 250 feet to rock. 

The bed-rock formation underlying the entire county is probably 
the Niagaran limestone. The underlying strata are indicated by the de- 
tailed records from Lake Forest and Grays Lake. The formations below 
the St. Peter are more sandy than in the areas further south, as at 
Joliet. The strata have a slight eastward dip, probably not over 10 or 12 
feet to the mile, and the southward dip is less, as very little difference 
was noted between the altitude of the St. Peter sandstone at Zion City 
and Ravinia. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

At the present time the greater number of towns along Lake Michi- 
gan obtain their municipal supply from the lake, but formerly the source 
was deep wells. The deeper wells draw their supplies from the St. Peter, 
Prairie du Chien, and "Potsdam" formations. The strata below the St. 
Peter in this area have a greater development of s'andstones than in the 
regions farther south which creates favorable conditions for underground 
waters. 

The chief source of ground water in this county is either from sandy 
beds in the drift or the underlying Niagaran limestone. Only a few of 
the larger towns have drilled deep wells. 

The static head of the waters from the deeper strata is sufficient 
to produce flowing wells in the extreme northeast corner of the county. 
A flow may also be obtained at the low elevations that prevail along 
the base of the lake bluff. The recession of the static head has not 
been so great as in Cook County to the south. A 1,568-foot well at 
Zion City in 1901 had a static head of 30 feet above the ground surface, 
or an approximately 680-foot elevation. This well flows at present at 
a curb elevation of 61:8 feet, but the head is not much above the curb. 
The 1,900-foot well at Lake Bluff had a head of 45 feet above the sur- 
face thirty years ago. The water level at present is 45 feet below 
the ground, or at an altitude of approximately 635 feet. The water 
level in the recently completed 1920-foot well at the country estate of 
Ogden Armour, two miles west of Lake Forest, was 42 feet below the 
surface, or at an altitude of 648 feet. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

The mineral content of the waters from the drift and Niagaran 
limestone have shown considerable variation. The bicarbonates of cal- 



182 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

ciuni and magnesium usually dominate, but varying amounts of the 
sulphates of magnesium, calcium, and sodium may be present. It is de- 
sirable, and in many cases necessary, to soften the water before it is 
used in boilers. 

Alany of the Xiagaran limestone wells yield a water that contains 
some hydrogen sulphide. Generally the amount is not great, but in some 
instances the water is objectionable for drinking purposes to people 
not accustomed to it. A few deeper drift wells have yielded a some- 
what sulphurous water. 

It is impossible to draw any detailed conclusions regarding the 
waters from the deeper strata, because the wells are cased only to bed 
rock and varying amounts of water from the upper strata enter the 
wells. The essential difference between the deeper waters and those 
from the Xiagaran limestone is in the absence of hydrogen sulphide in 
the former, and in its presence in the latter. 

The 1,991-foot well belonging to E. S. Moore at Lake Forest is 
cased to a depth of 1,6G0 feet. The water delivered has a total mineral 
content of 29.899 grains per gallon, of which 23.151 grains were in- 
crusting solids. From the analysis given it is seen that some of the 
X'^iagaran limestone waters have as low a mineral content. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
GENERAL STATEMENT 

X^earlv all the towns along the lak-e shore draw their municipal 
water supplies from Lake ^Michigan ; ]\Iany deep wells have been 
abandoned in favor of the softer lake water. The recession of the 
water table has also been instrumental in bringing about a change in 
the source of the municipal supplies. 

GRAYS LAKE 

The \\'isconsin Condensed ^lilk Company has recently completed 
a l.OlO-foot well. The drillings were collected at intervals of 10 feet, 
and the record obtained from a study of these samples follows: 

Log of well owned hy WiscoJism Condensed Milk Co., Grays Lake, Lake County 

Elevation— S00± feet 

Drilled in 1916, by S. B. Geiger, Chicago 

Generalized section'' 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata " Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Soil, clay, sand and gravel 230 230 

Silurian system 
Niagaran limestone 

Dolomite, light gray to gray, fine grained to subcrystalline 110 340 



LAKE COUNTY 183 

Log of well owned hy Wisconsin Condensed Milk Co. — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Shale, chocolate colored 20 360 

Dolomite, light gray to straw color, subcrystalline 50 410 

Ordovician system 

Maquoketa shale 

Shale, gray to drab, dolomitic 10 420 

Dolomite, drab, granular 20 440 

Shale, gray 10 450 

Dolomite, gray, slialy 10 460 

Shale, light gray 10 470 

Dolomite, light gray, with drab shale 20 490 

Shale, gray to drab 50 540 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, gray to straw color, crystalline 300 840 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, gray to white 30 870 

Dolomite, light gray, fine grained, sandy 20 890 

Sandstone, white; grains of medium size, clear, rounded 150 1040 



a The detailed log- of this well compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Survey files if desired for reference. 

GURNEE 

A 1,580-foot well was drilled in 1912 for the Bowman Dairy Com- 
pany. The water level at that time was just at the surface, or at an 
altitude of about 670 feet. There are no further data. 

Shallow, flowing wells are obtained in the village from the drift and 
bed rock ; the collecting area is probably the higher region to the east. 
The water is somewhat sulphurous. 

HIGHLAND PARK 

The source of the public water supply is Lake Michigan. The deep 
wells owned by the city have been abandoned for a number of years. 

The analysis is given of the water from a flowing well at the Till- 
man farm, one and a half miles west of Highland Park. This is a 2-inch 
driven well, 180 feet deep and penetrates the Niagaran limestone for 
15 feet. The water will flow at the rate of 2 gallons per minute, but the 
pressure is shut in, so that only about 450 gallons per day is delivered. 
The water is bottled and sold in the vicinity for drinking purposes. 
There is enough hydrogen sulphide present to give the water a slight 
sulphur taste as it comes from the well, but this is rarely noted after the 
water has been bottled. The water is rather hard, but is preferred by 
many to that obtained from the lake. 

The analysis indicates that a similar water is obtained from the well 
owned by R. Tillman. The location is across the road and only a few 



184 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 



hundred feet from the prcxiously described well at the Tillman farm. 

The Chicago and Xorih Western Railwa}- Company has drilled a 
1,760-foot well at their Blodgett watering station, about a mile west of 
Highland I'ark. The geological succession, as indicated by the driller's 
record is shown in the accompanying log. A 16-inch casing extends 
from the surface to a depth of 121 feet, and T70 feet of 10-inch casing 
extends from 2<SS- feet to 1,058 feet. The water from the St. Peter 
sandstone is therefore shut out. but it is possible for Niagaran limestone 
water to enter. 

The analysis indicates a water of low mineral content; a very 
similar \\ater is furnished by the 49S-foot Xiagaran limestone well at 
Lake Bluff. The water tastes strongly of hydrogen sulphide in which 
it resembles other waters from the bed rock in this region. The yield 
is about 300 gallons per minute for about o hours per day ; neither the 
water level nor effects of pumping are known. 



Log of Chicago and XortJiivestern Raihvay Company at Blodgctt in the SW. I'lf 

NW. l/'i sec. .27. T. J,3 N., R. 12 E. 



Elevation— 650±feet 



Description of strata 



Clay, yellow . ; 

Clay, blue 

Hard pan 

Limestone 

Shale 

Limestone 

Shale 

Limestone 

Sandstone 

Sandstone and shale 

Shale, red 

Limestone 

Limestone and shale. 

Sandstone 

Shale 

Limestone 

Sandstone and shale 
Limestone and shale 
Sandstone and shale 

Limestone 

Shale and sandstone 
Shale and sandstone 

Sandstone 

Sliale 

Sandstone 



at. Peter. 



Thickness Depth 



Feet 


Feet 


20 


20 


60 


80 


40 


120 


240 


360 


15 


375 


25 


400 


85 


485 


320 


805 


95 


900 


133 


1033 


25 


1058 


10 


1068 


57 


1125 


30 


1155 


25 


1180 


20 


1200 


130 


1330 


130 


1460 


100 


1560 


10 


1570 


30 


1600 


40 


1640 


40 


1680 


5 


1685 


75 


1760 



LAKE COU>'TY 185 

HIGHWOOD 

The municipal supply is lake water obtained from the Highland 
Park pumping station. A 1,753-foot well has been drilled for the Chi- 
cago and Milwaukee Railroad Company ; the strata penetrated are sim- 
ilar to those at Blodgett. The well is operated only a few hours per day 
at the rate of about T5 gallons per miunte. 

LAKE BLUFF 

The village has 3 deep wells, the depths of which are 300, -498, and 
about 1,900 feet. The chief sources of supply are the 498- and 1,900-foot 
wells, as the other one is rarely used. The l:98-foot well is cased to 
bed rock with 191 feet of 10-inch pipe, and the diameter at the bottom 
is 8 inches ; the yield is about 55 gallons per minute. The deeper well is 
over 30 3'ears old, and the exact dimensions are not known ; however, 
a yield of 75 gallons per minute can be obtained. The original static 
head was about 45 feet above the surface, or at an altitude of approxi- 
mately 725 feet. The present level is 45 feet below the ground; the 
effects of pumping are not known. 

The water from the shallower well is softer than that from the deeper 
one and is therefore preferred. The temperature of the water from the 
498-foot well was 52.5° F. and that from the 1,900-foot well was 

LAKE FOKEST 

The city supply is drawn from Lake Michigan, but a few deep wells 
have been drilled at neighboring country estates of Ogden Armour, R. S. 
Moore, Miss Culver, Hobart Taylor, and Alfred L. Baker. 

There are 2 deep wells at the Armour estate about two and a half 
miles vv^est of Lake Forest. The old well is 1,623 feet deep and delivers 
about 200 gallons per minute. The analysis indicates a fairly hard water; 
an odor of hydrogen sulphide indicates that probably some additions are 
received from the Niagaran limestone. 

A new 1,920-foot well is cased with 164 feet of 21-inch surface pipe, 
and 90 feet of 18-inch casing extends through Maquoketa shale. The 
water level is 42 feet below the surface, or at an altitude of 648 feet. 
The yield on a 30-hour test was between 400 and 500 gallons per minute ; 
the amount of recession during pumping is not known. 

In drilling the new Armour well a small flow of gas was obtained 
just below the contact of the drift and bed rock, or at a depth about 
147 feet. The flow on July 6, 1915, Avas 218 cubic feet per hour, and the 
pressure was 1.5 pounds per square inch. The gas was cased oft, and 
the drilling continued. The analysis made by Paul Rudnick of Armour 
and Company is given below. 



186 ARTESLVX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Analysis of gas at Armour icell, Lake Forest 

Per cent 

Methane ( marsh gas ) 81.5 

Ethane 2.5 

Inert gases 16.0 



Total 100 . 

British thermal units per cubit foot 910. 

In drilling- a 26J:-£oot well on the same property, the well driller 
reported finding in the drillings from the Niagaran limestone gobs of a 
dark-colored substance resembling crude oil which would burn when 
thrown on the fire. The Niagaran limestone in other localities, as in the 
Chicago area, shows dark-colored, bituminous blotches. The presence 
of this substance may account for the noticeable content of hydrogen 
sulphide in the Niagaran limestone waters. 

Log of well on estate of Ogclen Armour, near Lake Forest, in the &W. l/'i SE. 1/Jf 

sec. 36, T. i'/ X.. R. 11 E. 

Elevation— 690± feet 

(Drilled in 1915-16 by Whitney Well Co., Chicago) 

Generalized section'-' 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 
Pleistocene and recent 

Soil, sand, and gravel •. 147 147 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Dolomite 253 400 

Ordivician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale 167 567 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, light gray to cream colored, subcrystalline. . . . 308 875 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone 35 910 

Dolomite 20 930 

Sandstone 90 1020 

Prairie du Chien limestone 

Chert, white, with shale and dolomite, and some sand.... 60 1080 

Dolomite, light gray to cream colored, sul)crystalline. . . . 80 1160 

Dolomite, light, reddish brown, subcrystalline, sandy, glau- 

coniferous; and dolomitic sandstone 80 1240 

Cambrian system ? 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone, white, with occasional dolomite and shale lay- 
ers 680 1920 



"The detailtd lo^" of this well, compilod Ironi .study of samples, is to be found 
in the Survey files if needed for reference. 



LAKE COUNTY 187 

A 1,991-foot well was drilled in 1913 for R. S. Moore at Lake 
Forest. To obtain a water of low mineral content and no hydrogen 
sulphide, the water pipe was continued to a depth of 1,660 feet and 
sealed with a rubber packer. Analysis of the water made by the Dear- 
born Chemical Company is appended; a moderate amount of hardness is 
indicated. The water is reported to have no order or taste of sulphur. 

LAKE ZUKICH 

The village water supply is furnished by a 218-foot drift well. The 
entire distance is cased with 6-inch pipe. No accurate log was kept, but 
the material was reported to be entirely sand and gravel below a depth 
of 100 feet. The water level at rest is 100 feet below the surface, but 
the effects of pumping are not known. The average daily consumption 
is 4,000 gallons. 

The appended analysis indicates a sulphate water with so great a 
content of calcium and magnesium that large amount of tenacious scale 
would be formed if the water were used for boiler purposes. 

LIBERTYVILLE 

The public supply is furnished by 3 drift wells, 2 of which are 
180 feet and the other 170 feet in depth. The dimensions range from 
4 to 8 inches. Two of the wells are equipped with air-lift pumping sys- 
tems for use -during periods of exceptionally heavy demand. The aver- 
age daily consumption is about 60,000 gallons. 

Other wells in the vicinity are flowing and the collecting area is 
probably the higher region to the west. Some of the water from the 
private, flowing wells is bottled and sold. The water is rather hard and 
must be treated before it is satisfactory for boiler purposes. 

RAVINIA PAEK 

The water supply for the Park is furnished by a 1,096-foot well 
that pentrates the St. Peter sandstone. The well is 8 inches in diameter 
at the surface and yields 75 gallons per minute. 

The analysis of the water is given, but it is not possible to say that 
this water is entirely from the St. Peter sandstone. The surface casing 
extends through the drift, or to a depth of 161 feet, but this does not 
preclude the entrance of Niagaran limestone water. The mineral con- 
tent is rather high, and there is a considerable amount of scale-forming 
solids. 

RONDOUT 

The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway Company has a 900- 
foot well in the St Peter sandstone. This water-bearing formation 



188 ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

was struck at a depth of 8T0 feet; the curb elevation is approximately 
685 feet. The water pipe extends to a de]3th of 300 feet, and the well 

is finished at .") inches. The \'ield is not known. 

The total mineral content is 33.5 g-rains per gallon of which 22 
grains are the carbonates of calcitnn a.nd magnesium and the sulphate 
of magnesittm. The \\'ater is tised in loccjmotives after some softening. 

WAUKEGAX 

The municipal water stipply was formerly obtained from 3 deep 
wells, but these were abandoned in 18:)4, and lake water has since been 
used. The use of the well waters was discontinued because of the hard- 
ness which made it unsuitable for boiler use. 

A 2,200-foot well is located near the Chicago and North Western 
R.ailway station at the foot of the bluff, so that the altitude (about GOO 
feet) is at least 50 feet lower than that of the land to the west. The 
\\ell flows abotit 10 gallons per mintite at an elevation of 3 feet above 
the surface ; the dimensions a.nd amounts of casing are not known. The 
analysis indicates a rather hard water ; no trace of hydrogen sulphide 
was noted. 

Flowing wells from the drift or Niagaran limestone are also obtained 
along the lake flats, as illustrated by those at the North Shore Gas 
Company. This firm has 2 wells, one of which is 82 feet in depth and 
does not penetrate bed rock. The diameter is 6 inches and a flow of about 
C) gallons per minute is obtained ; the static head is about 2 feet above 
the surface. The other well is 1 15 feet deep. There is 115 feet of S-inch 
casing whicli rests ])robal)l\- on the bed rock. ^Fhe flow is <i])])roximately 
10 gallons per minute and the static head abotit 10 fcv^t above the sur- 
face. 1dic analyses indicate similar waters that are moderate1\- hard and 
are softened before tising in boilers. A \ery slight trace of hxdrogen sul- 
phide was thought to l)e ])rcscnt in the water from the II 5- foot well; 
none wa< noted in that from the other well. The water temperature 
of the shallow well was 51.2° F. and of tlie other .)-l:.()° F. 

ZIOX CITY 

]u l!Hil and lIH)-i ilie city dilled 3 wells tlial range in deptli from 
aboui 1.1 In lo 1.5(;,s \vv[. Two of the wells are located near the station 
at an altitude of a])proximalely 5!)5 feet, and tlie other one is about 
three-(|uarters of a mile lo the west at an elewation of about ()-lS feet. 
The driller's rec(n'd of the latter \\ell is i>iven below. 



LA SALLE COUNTY 



189 



Log of ivell at SJiiloh Park, Zion City. 

Elevation— 648 ± feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Clay, sand, and gravel 113 113 

Limestone 337 450 

Shale 100 550 

Limestone 90 640 

Shale, red; probably shaly limestone 135 775 

Limestone 75 850 

Sandstone (St. Peter) ; overflow at 925 190 . 1040 

Marl, red 20 1060 

Sandstone and red marl 50 1110 

Marl, red 25 1135 

Sandstone and red marl 25 1160 

Sandstone 125 1285 

Sbale, blue 105 1390 

Sandstone 60 1450 

Sandstone and limestone 40 1490 

Sandstone 10 1500 

Marl, red 20 1520 

Sandstone and red marl 10 1530 

Marl, red : 5 1535 

Sandstone 34 1569 

All these wells flow at the present time, but smce the wells were 
drilled the static head has receded from 25 to 30 feet. The 1,569-foot 
well, which is at the highest elevation, flows at the rate of approximately 
200 gallons per minute, but the head is only a few feet above the surface. 
A large portion of the city, and partictilarly the business section, is 
situated at an elevation about 20 feet lower than the curb of the 1,569-foot 
well. The water therefore flows directly into the mains, and the pipe 
pressure is hydrostatic. The lowering of the water table has made the 
pressure in the mains very low in many parts of the city. The analyses 
indicate a rather hard water that would require softening to make it 
satisfactory for boiler use. 

LA SALLE COUNTY 

Physiography 

LaSalle County is situated in the north-central part of the State ; 
the counties of Bureau and Putnam adjoin it on the west, and the 
counties of Kendall and Grundy on the east. It is next to the largest 
county in the state and has an area of 1,146 square miles. 

The county as a whole is a flat, upland area which has an average 
altitude of 650 to 750 feet. However, the continuity of this plain-like 
region is interrupted by prominent topographic features. The chief of 



190 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

these is Illinois \'alley, which di\ides the counly in an east-west di- 
rection into two nearly equal parts. The Illinois has here formed a 
valley about 2 miles wide and 200 feet deep. The major tributaries of 
this stream, particularly \'ermilion and Little \'ermilion rivers, have 
likewise carved gorge-like canyons near their mouths. The bed rock has 
been cut deeply, so that precipitous bluffs border the streams. 

Another prominent topographic feature is the Alarseilles terminal 
moraine, that enters the county along the eastern border from the south- 
west corner of Kendall County. This elevated belt then swings south- 
westward, is cut by the Illinois between Marseilles and Ottawa, whence 
it swings somewhat to the east and crosses the southern border of the 
county a few miles east of Streator. This ridge has a width of 5 or 6 
miles and an average altitude along its crest of about T50 feet. The 
differences in elevation between points on the moraine and those on 
the plains to the west are from 7 5 to a 100 feet or more. The slopes, 
however, are gentle ; the topography of this elevated belt is somewhat of 
a knol)-and-kettle character and some of the saucer-like depressions are 
not well drained. 

Another morainic belt, called Farm Ridge, emerges from the ?^lar- 
seilles moraine south of Grand Ridge. It extends east and northeast 
immediately east of Vermilion and Little \''ermilion rivers, but north of 
the Illinois is interrupted by gaps. The width is scarcely over a mile, 
but in places it has a clearly defined terminal-moraine topogra[)hy. 

The extreme northwest corner of the county is crossed by the 
Bloomington morainic system. The elevations along its crest are nearly 
900 feet. This gives a difference in elevation in the coitnt of about 
450 feet, as the lowest altitude of the Illinois is approximately 450 feet. 

The entire county lies in the draiiiage basin of the Illinois which is 
tbe master stream of this region. 1die river flows across the county in 
a westward direction, a little south of its mid-latitude. Tlie important 
tributaries in this area are the A'ermilion, the Little A'ermilion, and Fox 
rivers. The northern half of the county is drained on the west by the 
Little Vermilion and on the east by Fox River v^outh of the Illinois 
and \'^ermilion is the important stream. A few minor tri1)Utaries drain 
the area immediately bordering Illinois River. The county, as a whole, 
is rather well drained although marshes exist around some of the head- 
waters of the upland creeks. The flatness of the ui)lan(l prairies pre- 
vents ra])id run-ofl' during heavy rains. 

Geologv 

The greater part of this county is covered by a mantle of glacial de- 
posits, or till, although the major streams have cut valleys deeply into the 



LA SALLE COUNTY 191 

bed rock. The thickness of this surface deposit varies greatly in different 
parts of the area. Many of the wells in the uplands enter rock at 
depths of 50 feet and less, except in the northwestern, eastern, and 
southeastern elevated partions of the county. The average depth to rock 
in 55 deep wells on the uplands and 8 w^ells in the valleys is 99 feet. The 
average depth of 85 other wells situated mainly along the Marseilles 
moraine is 89 feet.^ 

Along the Bloomington morainic system in the northwestern corner 
of the county, the drift has a thickness of over 200 feet. Likewise in the 
area of the jMarseilles moraine the depth to bed rock is about 200 feet. 
In the southwestern township drift thicknesses of 150 feet are not un- 
common. 

The noteworthy feature of the rock formations in this county is 
their structure. In other parts of northeastern Illinois, the strata are 
nearly horizontal, whereas at LaSalle they have been sharply bent into 
an anticline or fold. This anticline is step-like so that the beds of the 
crest have an eastward dip, whereas immediately west of the anticline 
the strata plunge dowmvard at a very high angle before they again rise 
toward the west. 

Along the crest of this fold which is commonly spoken of as the La 
Salle anticline the later-deposited formations have been removed by 
erosion so that the older beds are exposed. Indeed beds outcrop here 
which in regions east and west of the north-south fold are hundreds 
of feet below the surface ; for example at La Salle the strata that out- 
crop along the top of the anticline are over 1,500 feet below the surface 
about a mile and a half to the east. From this maximum depth, the beds 
again rise gradually toward the west. 

The trend of the anticline just east of La Salle is about N. 27° W. 
North of that city it swings a few degrees to the west ; in the vicinity 
of Lowell, the direction is nearly north and south. - 

The Galena-Platteville limestone is the bed rock formation in the 
greater part of the northern one-third of the county; in the other two- 
thirds, the Pennsylvania strata underlie the drift, except for the out- 
crops of the St. Peter sandstone and Prairie du Chien limestone along 
the crest of the La Salle anticline and in the major stream valleys. 

The character of the deeper strata can be determined from the 
different logs. The great thickness of the Prairie du Chien group which 
includes the New Richmond sandstone is to be noted. This sandstone 



1 Leverett, F.. The Illinois Glacial I^obe: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, 
p. 635, 1899. 

2 Cady, G. H.. Geolog-y and mineral resources of the Hennepin and La Salle 
quadrangles: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 37. 1919. 



192 ARTESIAN WATEKS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

has a thickness of 188 feet at Deer Park, according to a well-driller's 
log, but thins rapidly toward the east and west. A sandstone, probably 
the New Richmond, is given in the well log from Ottawa which has a 
thickness of ST feet. A similar sandstone, 80 feet thick, was reported 
from the well at St. Bedes College, a little over a mile west of Peru. 

Undi:rgrouxd Waters 

SOURCES 

The chief sources of the ground water are the drift, Galena-Trenton 
limestone, St. Peter sandstone, Prairie du Chien and Lower IMagnesian 
grou]), and to some extent the Pennsylvanian series. The city wells at 
Ottawa penetrate the "Potsdam" sandstone. 

In the parts where the drift is heavy, as along the morainic areas, 
the greater number of private wells obtain water from this deposit. In 
the northern half of the county, where the St. Peter sandstone is within 
a few hundred feet of the surface, a number of wells tap this stratum. 
Along the Illinois both the St. Peter and the New Richmond of the 
Prairie du Chien group are important sources of ground water. 

Flowing wells from sand and gravel beds in the drift have been 
obtained in the vicinity of Earlville and also along the borders of the 
Marseilles moraine. Springs occur along the valley of the Illinois and 
its large tributaries, as the Fox, Vermilion, and Little V'^ermilion. 

Several of the deep-lying strata contain water under sufficient hy- 
drostatic j^ressure to create flowing wells in the regions of low altitude 
that prevail along Illinois valley. The wells, as a rule, have only a small 
amount of casing, so that it is not always possible to determine which 
of the strata are water bearing. Flowing wells are obtained from the v^t. 
Peter at altitudes from about -jOO feet at Marseilles to al)out ^oO feet 
at Peru. The greatest head of the St. Peter water noted in the county 
was at Mcndota where it was GS feet l)c1o\v the surface or at an altitude 
of about (180 feet; however, this pressure is possil)ly influenced by waters 
from u])])er strata. 

Tbe water from the New Richmond has n head a few feet greater 
than tliat of the St. Peter at Utica ; this formation has a head of about 
520 feet and yields flowing wells. In the recently completed well of the 
Illinois Zinc C()ni])an\- at l\'ru, t1ie static head was ;)0 I'cvi a])o\e the 
surface or at an a])])roximate altitude of I!).') feet. The greater part of 
this water is prol)al)l\" from the New Ixichmond sandstone. 

Tbe Cambrian sandstones have been penetrated at Ottawa. The 
city wells, which are L?00 feet deep, will flow to a height of a foot 
above the surface, or at an altitude of 485 feet. The flowing Catlin 
well at Ottawa is L840 feet deep; its static head is about 517 feet. 



LA SALLE COUNTY 193 

There is a 2,T!:96-foot flowing well at Streator ; the curb elevation is 
approximately 618 feet. The water is too highly mineralized to be used. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

A number of analyses of the ground waters in this county are given 
which will indicate the character of the waters from the different strata. 
In the northern half of the county the water from the Galena-Platteville 
limestone and the St. Peter sandstone is of good quality and only moder- 
ately mineralized. In the vicinity of Wedron, Ottawa, and Marseilles, 
the St. Peter water is somewhat sulphurous. In these localities this 
sandstone is not far below the Pennsylvanian system, or else these rocks 
occur in the neighborhood, and very probably affect the St. Peter water. 
The .St. Peter water at Streator is very sulphurous and contains a large 
amount of the alkalies. 

The Pennsylvanian rocks, as well as the Niagaran limestone which 
in places underlies them, usually yield sulphurous waters which are 
more or less saline. These should be cased off so as not to contaminate 
the better waters from lower depths. 

The water from the New Richmond sandstone, is only moderately 
mineralized as seen by the analyses from Utica. The Ottawa city wells 
probably obtain their greater supply from one of the upper "Potsdam" 
sandstones ; the mineral content is low. 

Most waters from depths greater than 1,700 are rather highly min- 
eralized as shown in the analyses of the waters from the Catlin well at 
Ottawa and the 2,496-foot well at Streator. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
CEDAE POINT 

The village supply is furnished by 1,749-foot well owned by the 
La Salle Carbon Coal Company. The St. Peter sandstone was struck 
at a depth of 1,610 feet, or at an altitude of 957 feet below sea level. 
The casing continues from the surface to a depth of 900 feet ; the di- 
ameter of the top is 16 inches, and the bottom, 6 inches. The w^ater 
rises to within 90 feet of the surface, or to an altitude of 563 feet. The 
yield during a pumping test was 183 gallons per minute ; the recession 
of the water table was not noted. 

DEEE PAKK 

Eight wells ranging in depth from 154 to 631 feet are distributed 
v^Ithin an area of one and a half by three quarters of a mile. These wells 
are similar in size and capacity to those at Utica except that the head 
is somewhat lower. The chief water-bearing formations are the St. 



194 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XOBTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Peter and New Ricliniond sandstones. The latter formation has a 
reported thickness of 188 feet, w hich is the maximum noted in this area. 

Log of well at Deer Park on hank of Vermilion River, center SE. 1/Jf sec. SO, T- 

33 N., R. .> E. 

Elevation— 660± feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Surface material 3 3 

Limestone 47 50 

Fire clay 2 52 

Sandstone ( St. Peter) 197 249 

Limestone 173 422 

Sandstone {^ew Richmond) 188 610 

Limestone 21 631 

EARLVILLE 

The greater numljer of farm wells in this vicinity are drilled to the 
St. Peter sandstone, which is found within '^OO or MOO feet of the sur- 
face. In |)laces the St. Peter has heen reported to underlie the drift 
directly, no Galena- Platteville being present. 

The village water supply is furnished by 3 wells, 2 of which are 150 
feet deep, and the other, a new one, is 625 feet. The 150-foot wells 
are 10 inches in diameter and ha\e a combined pumpage of 250 gallons 
per minute. The new well is Pi inches in diameter at the surface, btit its 
yield is not known. The average daily consumption for the village is 
8-1,000 gallons. 

GRAND RIDGE 

The drift is very heav}- in this vicinity, as the location is on the slope 
of the Marseilles morainic system. 1die village well, which is IfiO feet 
in depth, does nol reach rock, it is also reported that the sand and 
gravel bed strtick at a])out 150 feet continues to li)5 feet, below which 
there is blue clay to at least 250 feet. 

Loff of viUagc well at Grand Ridge 
Elevation— 652± feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil 3 3 

riay, yellow 7 10 

<"lay. hhw 10,5 115 

S-'iid. IK) water 10 125 

Sand ;'nd gravel; contains water 35 160 

The village well was drilled in 1011 at a cost of $5fiS which inckided 
P")') feet of P)-inch casinir with a H-foot screen at the bottom. The 



LA SALLE COUNTY 195 

pumping equipment is an electrically driven, double-action, deep-well 
pump with a 5^-inch cylinder; the cost, including motor, was $2,043. 

The water level on the completion of drilling was 37.5 feet below the 
surface. No lowering of the water table was noted after a 22-hour test 
of 70 gallons per minute. However, it was not possible to make the 
measurement until 1.5 hours after the cessation of pumping. 

The water has a low mineral content and would form only a small 
amount of soft scale if used for boiler purposes. The temperature was 
53.2° F. 

LA SALLE 

The source of the municipal water supply is 3 wells that range from 
7^ to 14 feet in diameter and are about 40 feet deep. The location is 
along the Illinois bottom fiats and at no great distance from the water's 
edge. The analysis given indicates a rather hard water. 

The Matthiessen and Hegeler Zinc Company completed a 1619-foot 
well in 1913. The water pipe is 8-inch and extends from the surface 
to a depth of 1030 feet where it is sealed w^ith a special packer. This 
casing excludes the salt water from the Niagaran limestone and the 
Pennsylvanian series. The chief sources of the water are the Galena- 
Platteville limestone and the St. Peter sandstone. The water level at the 
completion of the well was 65 feet below the surface, or at an altitude of 
520 feet. The pumpage is about 150 gallons per minute continuously 
but the recessioTL while pumping is not known. The water contains con- 
siderable mineral matter, of which the greater amount is the salts of 
sodium. However, the content of calcium and magnesium salts is not 
low, and it is reported that the scale formed is very hard. 

LELAND 

The village water supply is obtained from a 230-foot well which 
probably penetrates the St. Peter sandstone. A 10-inch surface pipe ex- 
tends to a depth of about 100 feet; the diameter at the bottom is prob- 
ably 8 inches. The water level at rest is 8 feet below the surface, but 
the effects of pumping are not known. However, the deep-well pump, 
which is operated only a few hours at a time, delivers 225 gallons per 
minute. 

The analysis indicates a water with only a moderate amount of dis- 
solved solids ; if used for boiler purposes only a small amount of scale 
would be formed. 

LOST ANT 

The village has a dug well which is 70 feet deep and 5 feet in di- 
ameter. The material penetrated was practically all blue clay until the 
sand and gravel water-bearing stratum, was struck at 70 feet. The nor- 



196 ARTESIAN MATEHS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

mal water level is 35 feet below the surface, but it can be lowered nearly 
to the bottom after pumping for an hour at the rate of about TO gallons 
per minute. The recovery requires about two and one-half hours. The 
water is used primarily for lire protection as the supply is inadequate 
for other uses. There is no mineral analysis. 

MARSEILLES 

The source of the public supply is 2 wells that are 600 and 800 
feet in depth. The water-bearing formations are the St. Peter and under- 
lying strata, which may include the New Richmond standstone. Both 
wells will flow, but the 600-foot well at the higher elevation, at an alti- 
tude of about 505 feet, is equipped with an air-lift pumping system. 
The 800-foot well flows about 45 gallons per minute, and the other one 
12 gallons. The 600- foot well will pump 67 gallons per minute with the 
present equipment. The dimensions are probably 8 inches in diameter at 
the surface, and 6 inches at the bottom. The analyses given is of the 
combined waters, as it was not possil^le to secure separate samples. The 
water is moderatelv hard, and it is advisable to soften it before using: in 
boilers. 

Among the flowing St. Peter wells in the city are those owned by 
the Howe and Davidson Paper ]\Iills, the Crescent Paper Company, 
and E. T. Planshue. These wells vary in diameter from 1^ to about 3 
inches, so that the yields are low. The chemical character is indicated by 
the analyses. All the waters have a noticeable hydrogen sulphide content. 
This is particularly true for the shallow well at the Howe and Davidson 
Company. There has been a recession of at least 15 feet in the head of 
tlie St. Peter water during the past 20 years. 

A numl)er of years ago a 2,283-foot well was drilled on the farm 
of R. X. IV'ddicord about 3 miles north of Marseilles. The driller's losf 
is here given. 

Log of an artesian iveU on the farm of R. X. Peddicord in the ISW. J/.'i XE. 1/Jf 

sec. 32, T. 3.'/ N., R. 5 E., near Marseilles, La Salle County 

Elevation of the surface about 710 feet above sea level 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 
Pleistocene and Recent 

Soil and drift 165 165 

Pennsylvania system 

Shale (till ?) 9 174 

Sandstone 8 182 

Shale 10 192 

fclhale, hard 7 199 

Sandstone (sand and gravel) 70 269 

Shale 65 334 



LA SALLE COUNTY 197 

Log of the Pedclicord ivell — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 
Ordovician system 

Galena-Platteville limestone 25 359 

St. Peter sandstone 195 554 

Prairie du Chien formation 

Sandstone, calciferous 50 604 

Sandstone 45 649 

Limestone 265 914 

Sandstone, calciferous 25 939 

Limestone 72 1011 

Sandstone, hard 15 1026 

Limestone 95 1121 

Shale, blue 73 1194 

Limestone 34 1228 

Shale 3 1231 

Limestone ' 20 1251 

Cambrian system 

Sandstone 15 1266 

Sandstone, white 265 1531 

Limestone 152 1683 

Shale, blue 50 1733 

Rhale, red .^ 5 1738 

Shale, blue .* 60 179S 

"Slate" 112 1910 

Shale 9 1919 

Limestone 20 1939 

Sandstone .- 214 2153 

Limestone ■ 5 2158 

Sandstone 125 2283 



MENDOTA 

The public water supply is furnished by 2 wells in the St. 
sandstone. The depths are 478 and 490 feet. The driller's log 
deeper one is given below. 

Log of city well at Mendota 

Elevation — 752± feet Thickness 

Description of strata Feet 

Soil, black 2 

Clay, yellow 10 

Clay, yellow ; and gravel 3 

Clay, blue 35 

Gravel 4 

Clay, blue 31 

Sand and gravel 6 

Clay, blue 40 

Sand 4 

Gray, boulder clay with streaks of sand and gravel 25 

Limestone 280 

Sandstone ( St. Peter) 50 



Peter 
of the 



Depth 

Feet 

2 

12 

15 

50 

54 

85 

91 

131 

135 

160 

440 

490 



198 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

The surface diameters of the wells are j^robably 8 inches, and at the 
bottom, G inches. The wells are equipped with air-lift pumping systems, 
and the combined pumpage is about -JGO gallons per minute. The average 
daily pnnipa_i;e during Jul}'. 1 !>]'"), was -j.V), ()()() gidlons. which was 
[jumped in about 'iO hours. The water level at rest is ]'•] feet below the 
surface, or at an altitude of 6*1) feet ; on pumping the level recedes to 103 
feet. The static head has receded about 25 feet during the past 20 years. 

The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad and the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad have wells which are 480 and 563 feet in depth, respectively. 
'Jdie analyses of these waters, besides that of the city well water, are 
given, and it is noted that they are similer. The mineral content chiefly 
carbonates of calcium and magnesium, is low. However, the water is 
softened somewhat for locomotive use by both railroad companies. 

'Jdie well owned by the Chicago. Burlington and Ouincy Railroad 
is cased to bed rock with 136 feet of S-inch pipe; the remainder of the 
bore is G inches in diameter. This well will deliver nearly '')()() gallons 
per minute; the average rate of pum|)age is about 17 5 gallons. The 
water level is similar to that at the water works; the effects of pumping 
have not b^'cn determined. 

OGLESBY 

In l'.M5 the \illage cop.i])leted a l,G45-foot well, the chief water-bear- 
ing formation Ijeing the Galena-TMatteville limestone and the St. Peter 
sandstone. The latter formation was encountered at a dejJth of 1,5-12 
feet or i)00 feet below sea level. No ap]:)reciable amount of water 
was obtained above a depth of about 815 feet. Here a small yield of a 
salty character was struck in the Niagaran limestone. The well was 
cased from the surface to a depth of about SSO feet; the diameter at the 
surface is I I inches and at the bottom, S inches. The water level on 
completion was H)-") feet below the ground surface or at i\n altittide 
of ap])roximatel}' 5:51) feet. The ])umping machiner)- has not been in- 
stalled, but a l;')-hour lest was made in June, 11)15, with a temporary 
e(|uipnieiii. .\ \ield of ISO gallons ])er minute was obtained, but the 
recession during pumping was not determined. 

The Chicago Toi-lland Cement Compan\- also has a v^t. Peter well, 
whit-h is 1,5^0 feet in (le])th. The record of the different strata as de- 
tennine(I troni a stud\' of the drillings is given. 

In drilling this well salt water was struck at a de])th of 5S5 feet, or 
immediately 1)elow the Pennsvlvanian svstenr The head \vas sufficient to 
lai^e the water within ISO feet of the surface. In order to shut oiU this 
and any siniil;ir water from the Xiagaran limestone", the well was com- 
pletely cased from the surface to a depth of 1.050 feet. The surface di- 
ameter is 10 inches and the lower casinir is 6 inches. 



LA SALLE COUNTY 199 

Log of the Chicago Portland Certient Conipany^s deep well at Ogleshy 

Elevation— 605± feet 

Generalized section " 

Thickness Deptli; 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Clay, sand, and gravel 64 64 

Pennsylvanian system 

Shale, with occasional thin beds of limestone coal at 

320 feet 516 580 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Limestone 290 870 

Dolomite 115 985 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale, calcareous, and limestone 75 1060 

Dolomite, gray (?) 65 1125 

Shale, gray (?) 25 1150 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, gray 40 1190 

Limestone, gray ^ 340 1530 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, gray and white 40 1570 

>» The detailed log of this well compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Survey files if desired for reference. 

OTTAWA 

The municipal water supply is furnished by 4 wells about 1,200 feet 
deep, except one which is 1,449 feet. There are also 2 other deep wells 
which have been abandoned. 

The wells were drilled in 1894 to about the bottom of the St. Peter 
sandstone. In 1896 one of the wells was deepened to 1,500 feet; the 
driller's log is here given : 

Log of city well at Ottawa 
Elevation — 484 feet 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Soil and yellow clay 9 9 

Ordovician system 

St. Peter sandstone 155 164 

Prairie du Chien group 

Shale, blue 5 169 

Limestone 124 293 

Sandstone (New Richmond) 87 380 



200 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Log of icell at Ottaica — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata . Feet Feet 

Limestone 430 810 

Shale, blue 110 920 

Limestone 40 960 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone 160 1120 

Sandstone and blue shale mixed 85 1205 

Shale, blue 244 1449 

The exact size of this well is not known, but it is probably 8 inches 
at the surface and 6 inches at the bottom. When drilling, the water 
Ironi the (S^-foot sandstone at 293 feet, overflowed at the rate of 25 gal- 
lons per minute. As the drilling progressed, the static head increased, 
so that at SIO feet the flow was 300 gallons per minute. At 1,120 feet 
the rate of flow was 100 gallons per minute, btit no increase was noted 
between 1,120 and 1,410 feet. The maximum static head was 22.4 
feet above the surface, or at an altitude of 506 feet. 

Salt water was strtick at a deixh of 1,500 feet, so that the well was 
later filled up to a depth of 1,119 feet. The other wells were therefore 
drilled to a de])th of only 1,200 feet. 

It is thou,>;ht that the wells are cased with 6-inch pipe to a depth of 
about 285 feet, an arrangement that would shut out the St. Peter water. 
The jumipage from the 4 wells during the summer is about 71:0 gallons per 
minute. 1die water level at rest is approximately a foot above the sur- 
face, or at an altittude of 485 feet. This is a recession of 21 feet dtiring 
the past 20 years. The lowering while pumping is not known, but the re- 
covery is efl^ected in a short time after the ])umping has ceased. The 
water contains onl}' a moderate amotmt of dissolved mineral solids and 
is not stfl]:)hurotis. 

Other \\clls in the city which range tip to 500 feet in depth are 
at the Chicago h^ire Brick and Ixctort Company, Ottawa Brewery, 
( )ttawa Tec and Fuel Com|)anv, k\>(leral IMate Class Company, Twin 
Bluffs Company, and the C S. Silica Company. The analyses of the 
waters from some of these wells are given. 

Alih()U,L;h the St. I 'eter sandstone lies onl}- a few feet below the 
stirface in tlii^ \icinil\-. the usual ])ractice is to case off this formation 
and obtain the suppl}- from the Xew Richmond sandstone which is re- 
])orted to be not so mineralized and sul])hur()us as that from the St. 
TVter sand'^tone. 

A l.sl'i-foot flowing well in the northern part of the cit_\' is owned 
l)y Mr. j. I'. Catlin. This well was drilled about 1890. and at that 
time the static head was estimated to be 195 feet above the surface, or at 



LA SALLE COUXTY 201 

an altitude of 705 feet. The flow at the present time is about 3 gallons 
per rninute at an elevation of T feet above the well curb and 50 feet dis- 
tant. The content of sodium chloride, or common salt, is so high that 
it can be tasted. The analysis is given. 

An analysis is also given of the Sanicula Mineral Spring Avater, 
which is particularly high in chlorides. This water is bottled and sold in 
the vicinity. The spring is located at the foot of the bluff on the south 
side of the Illinois. The water issues from the gravel immediately 
overlying the St. Peter sandstone. The flow is about 5 gallons per min- 
ute. 

PEEU 

The city is situated west of the crest of the La Salle anticline, so 
that the strata that occur here at depths of over 1,500 feet outcrop a few 
miles to the east. The geological succession is indicated by the well 
record from the Illinois Zinc Company. 

The public supply is furnished by 4 flowing wells that obtain their 
major supply from the Galena-Platteville formation, at depths range 
from 1,225 to 1,505 feet. The static head is only a few feet greater than 
the curb elevation of IT 5 feet so that two of the wells are equipped with 
air-lift pumping systems. Pumping is resorted to only when the con- 
sumption exceeds the natural flow. The average daily consumption is 
300,000 gallons. The analysis of the water from the 1,505-foot well 
drilled about 1913, is given. The amount of casing is not known, but 
it probably extends for some distance into the bed rock, or Niagaran 
limestone because the water from this formation is salty and must be 
shut out. In one of the older wells in which the casing has developed 
leaks, the resulting water is somewhat brackish. 

The Illinois Zinc Company has 3 artesian w^ells, one of which has 
just been completed. The depth is 1,828 feet, and the New Richmond 
sandstone has a thickness of 140 feet. The static head of the water from 
the St. Peter was 11 feet above the surface, or at an altitude of 477 feet. 
After penetrating the New Richmond, the pressure increased to 30 feet. 
There are also artesian wells at the two breweries. 

The recession of the artesian water table at Peru has been consider- 
able, although the actual amount is not known. The hydrostatic pres- 
sure in 1899^ was estimated to be sufficient to raise the water 85 feet 
above the curb of the city wells. This is probably 75 feet grenter than 
that at the present time. 



^ Leverett, F., The Illinois Glacial Lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, 
p. 637, 1899. 



202 



AKTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX TLLTXOIS 



Log of veil owned hi/ IJlinois Zinc Co.. Peru, in the SW. l/.'i 8W. l/Jf sec. 16, T. 

33 y.. R. 1 E. 

Elevation— 463± feet 

Generalized sectioW^ 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Alluvium, silt and sand, with pebbles 72 72 

Pennsylvanian system 

McLeansboro and Carbondale formations 

Shale, gray to drab, with some limestone near base.... 86 158 

Shale, black, fissile 12 170 

Shale, gray to drab, sandy in places 78 248 

Shale, black fissile 12 260 

Limestone, gray, argillaceous 3 263 

Shale, gray, with some coal 70 333 

Coal (No. 2), with some shale 8 341 

Pottsville formation 

Fire clay 6 347 

Shale, black to grayish black 17 364 

Sandstone, gray, medium-sized grains 6 370 

Shale, greenish gray to gray with coal at base 50 420 

Pre-Pennsylvanian (Silurian ? Devonian ? Mississippian ?) 

Shale, gray, calcareous, with some brown shale 151 571 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Limestone, dolomitic, or dolomite, white 241 812 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale, gray to drab, dolomitic , 164 976 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, straw color to tan, finely crystalline 387 1363 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone, white, grains rounded, fine to coarse 125 1488 

Prairie du Chien group 
Shakopee formation 

Dolomite, sand, and green shale 12 1500 

Sandstone, white, calcareous 11 1511 

Dolomite, white to brown, sandy and shaly in places... 163 1674 

New Richmond sandstone 

Sand, colorless, quartz, coarse, rounded 134 1808 

Dolomite, white, with a little sand 3 1811 

Sand, with a little dolomite 3 1814 

Oneota formation 

Chert, white, with gray dolomite 5 1879 

Dolomite, white 9 1828 

"The detailed Iok of tlii.^ well compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Rurvoy files if di-sircd for reference. 



LA SALLE COUNTY 203 

RANSOM 

The village water supply is furnished by a ■il5-foot drilled well. 
There is no complete record of the strata penetrated, as the well has been 
deepened from 274: feet, and no log was kept of this upper part. The 
log of the lower portion indicates a 37-foot sandstone near the bottom, 
probably in the Pennsylvanian system, which is the water-bearing bed. 
The analysis given is of the water when the well was only 2«4: feet in 
depth. There is no other analysis. 

SENECA 

The village has no water works, but there are a number of private 
flowing wells ranging in depth from 300 to 680 feet. The water-bearing 
formations are the St. Peter and underlying strata. The static head is 
only a few feet above the surface or at an altitude of about 510 feet. 

The w^ell at the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad station 
is -ilO feet deep and the water is used in the locomotives. This is a 
flowing well, but the water must be pumped into the elevated tank. 

SHERIDAN 

The village water supply is obtained from a il5-foot drilled well. 
The New Richmond sandstone is reported to have been struck at a depth 
of 24:0 feet and to have been 75 feet thick. 

There is also a 71:8-foot well at Glen Park across Fox River from 
Sheridan. No accurate record of the strata penetrated was kept, but 
the chief water-bearing beds are probably the New Richmond sandstone 
and underlying strata. 

STREATOR 

The city supply is obtained from \"ermilion River, but some of the 
factories have deep wells. 

A number of years ago the city drilled a 2,496-foot well the record 
of which is given on the accompanying pages. The water is too salty 
to be used. The original head of the St. Peter water was 40 feet below 
the surface, or at an altitude of 578 feet. As the driUing continued, the 
head increased so that at 2,170 to 2,496 feet, the water had a head of 
45 feet above the surface. Although the well still flows, there has been 
a great reduction in the hydrostatic pressure. 

The following companies have St. Peter wells in use at the present 
time : American Bottle Company, Streator Brick Company, Western 
Glass Company, and the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway Com- 
pany. These wells are usually completed after the base of the St. 
Peter sandstone has been reached ; the depths range from 560 to 700 feet. 



204 



AKTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 



The casing extends down throngh the Pennsylvanian system, or to the 
Galena-Platteville Hmestone, which is about 200 to 225 feet. 

None of the wells flow-, but the water level is about 100 feet below 
the surface. In the winter of 1915, the level in the 700-foot weU at the 
American Glass Company was 98 feet below the surface, or at an alti- 
tude of 527 feet. The w^ells are not large, but yields of from 30 to 100 
gallons per minute are obtained. 

The character of the water is indicated by a number of analyses. 
The alkali salts dominate, although calcium and magnesium carbonates 
are also present. The w^ater is strongly sulphurous, and the high content 
of sodium salts renders it rather unpalatable. An objection to its use 
in boilers is that it causes considerable foaming; it is, however, used for 
this purpose at the Western Glass Company without treatment and is con- 
sidered satisfactory. The temperature of the water at the American 
Glass Company was 59.5° F. and at the Western Glass Company, 59.7° F. 

Log of an artesian icclJ 'boring at Streator, Illinois 
Elevation— 623 feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 
Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent series 

Drift 30 30 

Pennsylvanian system 

Shales, limestone, sandstone, and coal 211 241 

Ordovician system 

Galena-Platteville formation 

Limestone 203 444 

St. Peter sandstone 225 669 

Prairie dii Cliien group 

Limestone, white 90 759 

Sandstone, white 133 892 

Limestone, white 211 1103 

Sandstone, white 37 1140 

Limestone, dark gray 50 1190 

Sandstone, fine, reddish (contained magnetic iron grains) 15 1205 

Limestone, dark gray 13 1218 

Sandstone, white and brown, mixed 1 1219 

Limestone, gray 18 1237 

Cambrian system 

Sandstone, white with some ])rown 168 1405 

Shale, blue 100 1505 

Limestone, dark 73 1578 

Sandstone, dirty brown 21 1599 

Sandstone, limy and shaly 2 1601 

Sandstone. l)urf 35 1636 

Sandstone, white to l)uiT 77 1713 

S indstone, white 25 1738 



LA SALLE COUNTY 205 

Log of ivell at Streator' — Concluded 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Sandstone, red (grains of magnetic iron) 10 1748 

Sandstone, dirty brown (109c mag. iron) 17 1765 

Lime, soft 60 1825 

Shale, blue 13 1838 

Shale, brown, sandy, hard 30 1868 

Shale, blue, soft 20 1888 

Shale, pink 95 1983 

Sandstone, dark red 80 2063 

Shale, blue 50 2113 

Limestone, bluish 50 2163 

Sandstone, dark drab 15 2179 

Sandstone, reddish buff 35 2213 

Sandstone, white 283 2496 

TJTICA 

There are at least 11 flowing wells in the village which derive the 
greater amount of their supply from the New Richmond sandstone of the 
Prairie du Chien group at depths ranging from 175 to about 350 feet. 
The ground elevation varies between 475 and 500 feet, but the static head 
is about 520 feet. 

The village water supply is furnished by 5 wells which range in depth 
from 225 to 350 feet. Each of the wells has about 140 feet of 4-inch pipe 
which is directly connected to the distributing system. When the first 
well was drilled in 1883, the water had a head of 40 feet above the surface 
but at present it is but half as high or even less. 

The anal3^ses of 3 of the waters show that they are practically iden- 
tical. The chief salts are the carbonates of calcium and magnesium; 
some soft scale would form if the water were used untreated in boilers. 

WEDRON 

The St. Peter sandstone outcrops in many places along Fox River 
and sulphur springs from this formation are numerous. One of the 
largest of these springs is located about a mile south of Wedron on the 
east bank of Fox River. The Sulphur Lick Springs Hotel and a num- 
ber of cottages are situated here. The spring has a flow of 1,050 gallons 
per minute and has excavated a large pit in the St. Peter sandstone. The 
flow is utilized to turn a water Avheel that operates a pump which raises 
the water to an elevated storage tank. Sufficient pressure is thus fur- 
nished so that the water can be used in all parts of the hotel. 

The water contains hydrogen sulphide, but the amount present is 
not sufficient to give it a disagreeable taste. The chief salts are the 
carbonates of calcium and magnesium, present in moderate amounts. 



206 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

McHENRY COUNTY 

Physiography 

McHenry Coiiiil}- has an area of 624: square miles and is situated 
along the northern border of the State ; it is Ijounded on the east by 
Lake Comity and on the west l^y Boone County. 

-V large part of the area is at an elevation of 900 feet, and several 
points along the northern Ijuundary ha\'e altitudes of over 1,000 feet 
making the county one of the highest in the State. Essentially all the 
county except for a narrow strip less than a township in width on the 
west border, is covered by a system of moraines formed during the 
Wisconsin stage of glaciation.^ 

The topography has therefore pronounced morainic aspects ; the 
land is rolling and contains numerous irregular hills and depressions. 
Some of the upland areas are w^ooded. 

Kishwaukee River and its tributaries which flow^ westward to Rock 
]'v.i\er drain the western half of the county. The eastern part is inade- 
quately drained by Fox River and its tributaries through a system of 
sloughs and small lakes. The porous character of the thick drift cover- 
ing permits the absorption and retention of much of the rainfall. 

Gkology 

The entire coimty, except for a few isolated spots in the -western 
]:)ortion where the rock outcrops, is covered by a heavy drift deposit. 
This mantle of clay, sand, and gravel probably averages 200 feet in 
thickness, or nearl\' twice the average thickness for the State. 

The deptlis of farm wells which have not struck rock are taken from 
Leverett's re])ort on the Illinois Glacial Lobe.^ 

Deep drift horinys in southeastern MeHenry Coimty 

Depth 
Feet 

Moses Diinoii, 2 miles south of ^larengo 125 

R. Cooney, sec. 14, T. 45 N.. R. 6 E 94 

Harmony post office , 112 

Ira Curtiss, near center of T. 4:! X.. R. 6 E ISO 

Well SO rods east of preceding S6 

W. Whittemore. T. 43 N., R. 7 E 100 

Mr. Cummings. near Huntley 108 

George Bunker, T. 44 N.. R. 7 E 84 



* Leverett. F., Tlie lUinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, 1899. 



MC HENRY COUNTY 207 

The following list of depths to bed rock in different parts of the 
county has ben collected by the writer : 

Thickiiess of drift in McHeyiry County 

Depth 
Feet 

Algonquin, Illinois Condensing Co 103+ 

Harvard, Chicago and North Western Ry. Co 97 

Ringwood, Pullman Dairy Co 215 

Woodstock, city well 212 

This heavy mantle of drift contains irregular beds of sand and gravel 
that form reservoirs for the rainfall that has percolated down from the 
surface. The drainage lines are so poorly developed in many localities 
that an excessive run-oft is prevented. In some places the sand and 
gravel strata are confined within impervious clay beds ; then if the per- 
vious beds are dipping to any extent, artesian conditions will be cre- 
ated. This will in some places give flowing wells from the drift or 
else produce wells of large yield ; springs may be another result of these 
conditions. 

Very little rock outcrops in the county because of the heavy drift 
deposit. In the western part near Kishwaukee River rock is found at the 
surface in a few places. The outcrop surfaces, according to Leverett, 
appear to stand above the general rock surface and probably represent 
the tops of pre-glacial ridges or hills. 

The Niagaran limestone is the bed rock in the greater part of the 
county. The strata have an eastward and southward dip, so that in the 
western tier of townships the drift is underlain by the Maquoketa shale. 
It is also possible that in the extreme western and northwestern parts 
of the county,erosion, during glacial and pre-glacial times, has removed 
the INIaquoketa shale, so that the underlying Galena-Platteville limestone 
is the bed rock. 

The other formations that have been penetrated by drilling are the 
St. Peter sandstone, Prairie du Chien limestone, and the "Potsdam" 
group. 

Few deep wells have been drilled in the county, and consequently 
only a few logs have been obtained. No sets of drillings have been studied, 
so that nothing can be said regarding the strata more than is indicated 
by the driller's logs. The St. Peter sandstone is present from 650 to 750 
feet below the surface with a thickness of about 200 feet. Variations 
in the thickness of this formation may be expected and also in the depths 
at which it is found. As a rule the formations should lie at a greater 
depth in the eastern and southeastern parts of the county because of their 
dip in this direction. However, the surface elevations are greater in 



208 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

ihe nurlhern area, a dilierencc that may in many places offset to a con- 
sideraljlc degree the effect of the dip. 

1 he Prairie du Chi^-n formation seems to be much thinner here 
than in the counties to the south and southeast, and it has also assumed 
a more sandy phase. The drillers do not seem to have been able to draw 
a deiinite dividino^ line between this formation and the underlying "Pots- 
dam" sandstones. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

The heav}' drift dej^osit forms such an excellent collecting reservoir 
for the rainfall that larg^e vields are obtained from manv shallow wells. 
in prospecting for water supj^lies, these shallow depths should be tested 
before drilling deeper. The Niagaran limestone below the drift in the 
greater part of the county also contains water. The St. Peter sandstone 
can likewise be expected to deliver considerable amounts. Then finally 
the "Potsdam" group at depths of ],]00 feet and greater have always fur- 
nished large amounts of water. The county is therefore fortunate in 
having a number of possibilities for developing water supplies. 

STATIC HEAD 

Flowing wells arc oljtained from the drift at ]\IcHenry and Algon- 
quin ; there are also good springs at the latter place and at Gary. No 
flowing wells are reported from the St. Peter and underlying forniations, 
but the water level is in most [)laces within 20 to 100 feet from the sur- 
face, so that pumping is not difiicult. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

The onlv analvses of deei) well waters are from Woodstock and these 
show a moderate anioimt of mineral salts. There is generall}- consider- 
able variation in the hardness of waters from th.e drift wells in diff'erent 
localities. The analyses indicate that the drift waters contain more 
scale-forming solids than the water of \\-ells. about 1.000 feet in depth 
but the dift'erences are not great. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
ALGONQUIN 

The \-illage water su])])l}' is obtained from a number of springs situ- 
ated on a hillside. ( )|)en joint tile are laid at a depth of 4 or 5 feet 
in one or more rows of a]:»proximatel\' a (|uarter of a mile in length. It 
is i:)Ossible to collect about 700.000 gallons i)er day. The water contains 



MC HENRY COUNTY 209 

a rather moderate amount of mineral matter but would form some scale 
if used untreated in boilers. 

A 2,52T-foot well was drilled in 1893 for the Illinois Condensing 
Company. From the very incomplete record of the strata the bottom 
of the St. Peter sandstone appears to be at 860 feet. Sandstone strata 
are again mentioned at 1,185 and 1,710, and red sandstone at 2,080 feet 
which probably continued to the bottom of the well. The water corroded 
the pipes extensively so that its use was discontinued over twenty years 
ago. 

Flowing drift wells have been obtained in the vicinity at points 
of low elevation. 

CRYSTAL LAKE 

The village has a dug well 35 feet deep and 8 feet in diameter; 
the lining is 2 rows of i-inch cement blocks. The driller's record is as 
follows : 

Driller's log of ivell at Crystal Lake 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil and clay 2 2 

Gravel, coarse 4 6 

Gravel, fine, and sand 29 85 

The static water level is 16 feet below the surface and lowers only 
3 feet after pumping all day at the rate of over 200 gallons per minute. 
The average daily consumption is 20,000 gallons. 

The water contains considerable calcium and magnesium carbonates, 
and some magnesium sulphate ; no hydrogen sulphide was noted in con- 
trast to the rock well water at North Crystal Lake. 

HARVARD 

The city has two wells, 742 feet and about 1600 feet in depth, but 
no drilling records seem to have been kept. However, the rock succes- 
sion can be determined from the driller's log of a well drilled in 1910 
for the Chicago and North Western Railway Company. 

Driller's log of Chicago and North Western Railway well, Harvard 

Elevation — 935± feet Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil, clay, sand and gravel 97 97 

Limestone, "chalky" 83 180 

Shale, green 75 255 

Shale, brown 71 326 

Limestone 322 648 

Sandstone {8t. Peter) 187 835 

Sandstone, red 55 890 

Limestone 10 900 

Shale, green 19 919 



210 AETESIAN WATERS OF >ORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

The water le\el in this raih-oad well at completion was 60 feet be- 
low the surface ; on a pumping test it delivered 310 gallons per minute. 
The well is 12 inches in diameter at the surface and probably 8 inches at 
the bottom. 

The municipal water plant is located on low land in the southwest 
part of the city and about 200 feet from a creek. The old 1,600-foot 
well, which has a diameter of 10 inches at the top and 6 inches at the 
bottom, is seldom used; the capacity is given as about 200 gallons per 
minute with the working barrel of the pump at 115 feet. The 742-foot 
well is 8 inches in diameter at the surface and 6 inches at the bottom ; 
the working barrel is at a depth of 95 feet. The normal water level is 
20 feet below the surface but when pumping at a rate of 150 gallons per 
minute the level recedes to below the pump barrel. The average daily 
consumption is 200,000 gallons. The water is moderately mineralized 
and contains some scale-forming solids. 

MCIIEXRY 

The village water plant is located in the valley of an intermittent 
stream tribuary to the Fox River lowlands ; the river is approximately 
a quarter of a mile away. Two flowing wells ha\e been obtained from 
depths of 68 and 72 feet. The wells are 6 and 8 inches in diameter and 
the water is from a sand and gravel stratum. 

The Borden Dairy Company has two wells about ITO feet in depth, 
but it is not l^nown whether bed rock was ])enctrated. 

MARENGO 

The source of the municii^nl water supply is a dug well 11 feet 
deep and 20 feet in diameier. The entire depth, except for an upper 
3-foot layer of black soil, is tlirough a stratum of sand and gravel. The 
maximum yield during dry weather is about 1 00.000 gallons per day. 
The appended analysis indicates a moderately mineralized water which 
would form some scale if used for boiler purposes. 

The dug wells in the \illage vary greatly in depth. Those in the 
gravel ])lain along Kisluvaul<ee l\i\-er are only 20 to 25 feet, whereas 
those on the slope of the moraine in the south ])art of the village are 
60 to 80 and occasional!}- 125 feet in depth. Bed rock has not been re- 
l)orted. 

NORTH CRYSTAL LAKE 

The water supply for the village is obtained from a 285-foot well 
that is said to have penetrated the bed rock to a depth of 25 feet. The 
diameter is given as 8 inches at the surface and (i indies at tlie bottom. 



MC HENRY COUNTY 211 

The water level is approximately 60 feet below the surface ; at least 
225 gallons per minute can be pumped for a number of hours. The 
amount of recession in the water level at the above pumping rate is not 
known. The average daily consumption is 55,000 gallons. 

The water contains only a moderate amount of mineral matter in 
comparison with other wells of this depth. No excessive scale would 
be formed if it were used for boiler purposes. Enough hydrogen sul- 
phide is present to be distinctly noticeable when the water is delivered 
by the pump. The shallow wells in the vicinity are about 60 or 75 feet 
deep and draw water from sand and gravel beds in the drift. 

EINGWOOD 

A well 1,641 feet in depth was recently drilled for the Pullman 
Dairy Company, but no record of the strata was kept. The depth to 
bed rock was given as 215 feet. 

The water level is reported to be about 80 feet below the surface. 
No analysis of the water has been made. 

WOODSTOCK 

Three deep wells ranging in depth from about 1,000 to 2,079 feet 

have been drilled for the city. The succession of strata as indicated by 

the driller's log is given. 

Driller's log of Woodstock city well No. 2 

Elevation — 915 feet 

Authority: J. P. Miller Artesian Well Co., Chicago 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil, clay, sand, and gravel 209 209 

Limestone 66 275 

Shale 34 309 

Limestone, "caves" , 81 390 

Shale 30 420 

Limestone , 335 755 

Sandy limestone 41 796 

Sandstone, hard (St. Peter) 139 935 

Marl, red 62 997 

Sandy limestone 207 1204 

Marl and sandstone 48 1252 

Limestone and shale 70 1322 

Sandstone 74 1396 

Limestone 181 1577 

Limestone and sandstone ; 9 1586 

Limestone 17 160.1 

Sandstone, red 207 1810 

Sandstone, hard 203 2013 

Sandy shale 9 2022 

Sandstone, hard 17 2039 

Limestone 33 2072 

Sandstone 7 2079 



212 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

The city also drilled two shallow wells in 1913 so that the deep wells 
are not used now so extensively as formerly. In September, 1911:, the 
water level in the l,000±-foot well at rest was 5U feet below the sur- 
face when the other two wells were idle ; the effects of pumping were not 
known. There has been some recession of the water level, but records 
have not been kept. 

The deep wells are reported to yield from To to IGO gallons per 
minute each ; the sizes are not exactly known, but they are probably 
not over 5 inches in diameter at the bottom. 

The two shallow wells belonging to the city are situated in a 
separate puni])ing station over a mile distant from the old plant. The 
land around this No. 2 station is low lying and nearly fiat. The wells 
are 85 feet deep and are each cased with 10-inch pipe to the top of an 18- 
foot Cook deep-well strainer. Although the wells are only about 1.5 feel 
apart they are able nevertheless to deliver 200 gallons each per minute 
when operating together. The water level at rest is 23 feet below the 
surface ; the operating level is not known. 

1 he Oliver Typewriter Company has two deep wells, one of which 
is 1,211 feet deep, but the depth of the other is not known, although 
it is probably about the same. The 1,211-foot well is completely cased 
from the surface to 980 feet, or to the bottom of the red shale that 
underlies the St. Peter sandstone ; the diameter is 8 inches at the sur- 
face, and approximately 5 inches at the bottom. The water level is 
about 60 feet at rest and about 90 feet when pumping at the rate of 120 
gallons ])cr minute. 

The analvses of the water from the 1, 000 zb- foot well at the numici- 
pal water ])lant and from the 1.211-foot well at the OHver Type\\Titer 
Com])any are very similar. Although the water contains a notable 
amount of mineral matter, it is not too hard to be used for boiler purposes. 
The shallow-well water is also very similar ; carl)onates of calcium and 
magnesium being the predominant salts. 

WILL COUNTY 

PllVSIOGRAPllY 

Will County adjoins Du])age and Cook counties on the south; the 
eastern b()un(lar\- is the Indiana state line. The total area is 844 square 
miles. 

The X'alparaiso morainic system crosses the northeastern and east- 
tern portions and the elexations along its crest are the highest in the 
countv. Altitudes somewhat greater than 800 feet are found around 
Monee. although the average elevations along the ridge are from T50 



WILL COUNTY 213 

to 800 feet. The lowest points in the county are in the southwest part 
along Fox River where elevations of 490 feet occur. 

That portion of the county north and east of a line connecting Joliet 
and Peotone is occupied by the moraines of the Valparaiso system. The 
surface of this elevated area is somewhat rougher than that of the lower 
land to the southwest. The topography is undulating with knolls here 
and there that rise to a height of 15 to 40 feet above the general surface. 
Shallow basins, many of which are not well drained, are associated 
with the small hills. 

The remainder of the county outside of the morainic area is almost 
fiat except where the streams have eroded. This is particularly notice- 
able in the southwestern townships in the vicinity of Braidwood. The 
Desplaines River Valley, which crosses the northwestern part of the 
county, is a prominent topographic feature. The bottom of this valley, 
which at one time was the outlet of the waters from Lake Chicago, 
is at an elevation of 75 to 100 feet below that of the bordering uplands. 

The major drainage line is the Desplaines River which flows across 
the northwest portion of the county in a southwest direction, and drains 
the area north of about the latitude of Joliet. Dupage River, a tributary 
of the Desplaines, drains the tier of townships along the northwestern 
border. The southern and southwestern area is drained by small streams 
which flow southwestward from the moraines of the Valparaiso system. 
These streams are tributaries of Kankakee River, which flows north- 
westward across the southwestern townships. The Desplaines and Kan- 
kakee join just beyond the county border to form the west-flowing Illi- 
nois River. 

Geology 

The previously mentioned area occupied by the Valparaiso morainic 
system has a drift covering that ranges up to 180 feet thick. Leverett^ 
considered that the average thickness along the morainic area was about 
100 feet. The average depth of 42 wells situated mainly along the 
Valparaiso moraine was 76 feet and they did not penetrate rock. The 
average depth to rock in 55 wells on the plain area southwest of the 
moraine was 43 feet. In the morainic area and along its border the 
drift contains irregular beds of sand and gravel which renders it possible 
to secure good wells at shallow depths. The surface waters also find 
their way down to the underlying, fissured limestone. 

Beds of sand and gravel also occur along the valleys and afford 
favorable conditions for the retention of surface waters. 

The Niagaran limestone is the bed-rock formation that underlies 



1 Leverett, F., The lUinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38. 
p. 649, 1899. 



214 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

practically the entire county, outcropping at numerous places along the 
Desplaines. The strata rise towards the west, so that the older Maquo- 
keta shale outcrops along the western border south of about the latitude 
of Joliet. The Channahon limestone, outcropping near the village of that 
name, has been described by Professor Savage^ and referred to the 
Alexandrian series. This formation is younger than the ^laquoketa 
and older than the Niagaran limestone. It is very probable that the 
Channahon limestone is present over greater areas, but is concealed by 
younger deposits. 

In the southwestern townships there is a narrow strip of Pennsyl- 
vanian strata wdiich probably nowhere in the county attains a width of 
over five miles. This area of coal-bearing strata extends southward from 
about where Desplaines River enters Grundy County. 

\'ery few deep drillings have been made in the county so that 
the depths to the different strata are not known for all localities. The 
records from Lockport and Joliet indicate a geological succession similar 
to that at Chicago. However, the combined thickness of the St. Peter 
and Prairie du Chien formations at Joliet is greater than at Chicago. 
The combined thickness at Joliet is approximately 700 feet, whereas at 
Chicago it is only 550 feet. 

From Joliet toward the southern city limits of Chicago the St. Peter 
sandstone has a dip of about 10 feet per mile, whereas the first ''Potsdam' ' 
sandstone dips only 5 feet to the mile; this is because of the increased 
thickness of the lower strata at Joliet. In the direction of Kankakee 
the St. Peter sandstone has a dip of approximately 7 feet per mile. The 
depth to the St. Peter sandstone will vary in difi:erent parts of the county 
from GOO to 900 feet. The shallowest depths will be in the valleys of the 
Kankakee and Desplaines in the southwestern townships. The formations 
will lie at a greater depth on the u])lan(ls because of differences in surface 
elevation. In the townships north of the latitude of Joliet and west of 
the Desplaines the St. Peter sandstone will be found at depths of 625 
to 750 feet. Along the Valparaiso moraine the depths will range up to 
900 feet. The first sandstone of the "Potsdam" group should be encount- 
ered from GOO to 700 feet below the St. Peter. 

Undergrouxd Waters 

SOURCES 

The greater number of municipalities have utilized either the drift 
deposits or the underying bed rock in the development of water supplies. 
This should be done wherever it is possible, as the deeper-lying strata 



' SavapTf. T. 10.. StraliKvajiliy and i)al('ontolog:y of the Alexandrian series in 
IHinois and Miss.-ui-i: 111. i^\;\to Cool. Svirv<\v F.ull. 23, p. 20, 1013. 



WILL COUXTY 215 

have already been heavily drained. The Valparaiso moranic area and 
also some miles beyond it, furnish strong supplies of water at shallow 
depths. The St. Peter and "Potsdam" sandstones have been drawn upon 
in some of the cities in the western part of the county; those will be 
discussed under the different localities. 

STATIC HEAD 

Flowing wells from either the drift or bed rock have been obtained 
at some places along Desplaines River ; springs also occur. The head 
of these shallow wells is so variable that the water level in one may 
differ considerably from that in another situated at no great distance. 

The static head of the waters from the deeper strata is known only 
at Joliet, Lockport, and Wilmington. The waters from the St. Peter 
and "Potsdam" formations have been heavily drawn upon at Joliet, so 
that there has been a great recession of the water table. The "Potsdam" 
wells at the Joliet water works in 1899 had a head of about -10 feet above 
the surface or at an elevation of 575 feet. The St. Peter wells also 
flowed at this time. The "Potsdam" water level .in 1915 was about 85 
feet below the surface or at an altitude of 455 feet; in the large city wells 
the level recedes while pumping to 150 feet and more. 

The St. Peter water level at the Joliet School well in 1913 was 
148 feet below the surface, or at an altitude of 400 feet; in 1911 the 
level was reported to be only 50 feet below the surface. At Rockdale 
about two and a half miles from Joliet High School and the center 
of the city, the St. Peter water level in September, 1915, was 72 feet 
below the surface or at an altitude of 476 feet. Two flowing wells at 
Wilmington each about 800 feet deep, presumably obtain water from the 
St. Peter ; the curb elevation is approximately 550 feet. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

The water from wells that penetrate the drift and Niagaran lime- 
stone is, as a rule, somew^hat harder than that from the St. Peter and 
the first "Potsdam" sandstone, although exceptions occur as water of 
only a moderate mineral content is furnished by some of the shallow 
wells. 

The analyses of the waters from the St. Peter and "Potsdam" 
formations are similar. The Desplaines Street well at Joliet supplies 
a good example of the water from the first "Potsdam" sandstone. The 
waters from the deep wells at the Citizens Brewery and at the Sehring 
Brewery are not typical "Potsdam" waters, because the Niagaran lime- 
stone waters are not cased ofif in these wells as in the Desplaines Street 



216 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

well. These uncased wells are also pumped at a comparatively low rate, 
so that the greater part of the water obtained is from the Xiagaran 
limestone. The St. Peter wells at Rockdale water works and at Joliet 
High School are cased to below the Xiagaran limestone. 

The chief salts in the St. Peter and iirst "Potsdam" sandstone 
waters are the carbonates of calcium and magnesium and sodium 
sulphate. They are only moderately hard, but would form some scale 
if used untreated in boilers. 

A\^ells 2,000 or more feet in depth are very likely to furnish waters 
of high mineral content. The well at Lockport was first drilled to a 
depth of 1,922 feet, but salt water was struck, so that the well later was 
plugged at a depth of about 1,650 feet. 

The waters from the Pennsylvanian strata in the southwestern 
townships are sulphurous, the water from a shallow well at Custer 
Park has the high hydrogen sulphide content of 19 parts per million. 

LOCAL SUPPLIES 
BRAIDWOOD 

The drift at Braid wood is probably not over 10 to 50 feet thick. 
The underlying strata belong to the coal-bearing Pennsylvanian series 
and yield waters in many places of a sulphurous taste because of the 
hydrogen sulphide content. 

The chief source of the city supply is a dug well 20. feet deep. The 
dimensions are G by 10 feet, and the walls are protected by 2-inch planks. 
The water is obtained from a sand and gravel stratum near the bottom 
of the well ; the material above this water-bearing bed is for the most 
part sand. The water level at rest is 8 feet below the surface ; the ef- 
fects of ])umping are not known. The average dail\' ])umpage is ap- 
])r(>ximalcly 'l ,000 gallons. Ihc water is hard and is not desirable for 
boiler use without softening. The analysis is given. 

The cit\- has also seven driven wells, 12 feet in (Ie])th and cased with 
-'5-inch i)i])e. which liave o-toot strainers at the bottom. k^)rmerl\- the 
water supply is rei)orte(l to have been furnislied 1)\' a itOO-foot well, but 
the reason for the abandonment of this source is not known. The 
record r)f the strata is "■i\-en below. 



WILL COUNTY 



217 



Driller's log of city well at Braidwood 

Elevation — 581± feet 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quicksand 15 15 

Hard pan 6.5 21.5 

Clay and bowlders 12.5 34 

Clay shale 3 37 

Sandstone ' 10 47 

Shale, "slate'' 4 51 

Clay shale 29 ' 80 

Coal ; 2.7 82.7 

Fireclay , 3.3 86 

Sandstone 6 92 

Shale, "slate" 1 93 

Coal .5 93.5 

Clay shale 13.5 107 

Shale, sandy ; seam of fire clay 8.5 115 . 5 

Shale, carbonaceous .5 116 

Fire clay 2 118 

Fire clay, nodular 2 120 

Shale 3 123 

Coal .5 123 . 5 

Fire clay 1.5 125 

Shale, black; "slate" .5 125.5 

Coal .- 1 126 . 5 

Fire clay :..... 1.5 128 

Shale, sandy 12 140 

Limestone 20 160 

Limestone, fossiliferous 18 178 

Limestone > 8 186 

Shale 2 188 

Limestone ' 35 223 

Shale; limestone bands 10 233 

Shale, gray; "slate" 20 253 

Shale and "slate" 15 278 

Limestone 377 645 

Sandstone {St. Peter) 208 853 

Limestone 5 858 

Sandstone 2 860 

Limestone 40 900 



CRETE 



The village is situated on the northern half of the Valparaiso 
morainic system, the crest of which is a few miles to the south. The 
ground-water conditions are therefore similar to those at Steger. 

The source of the village water supply is a 192-foot well situated 
near the center of the town. The Niagaran limestone w^as struck at 



218 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX TLLIXOIS 

about 100 feet, and the well is cased with 10-inch pipe from the sur- 
face to a depth of about 150 feet. The water level at rest is 30 feet be- 
low the surface; the effects of pumping are not known but the work- 
ing barrel of the jnunp is placed at 80 feet. The pump is operated for 
2 hours per day at a rate of approximately 90 gallons per minute. 

The analysis indicates a calcium and magnesium carbonate water 
somewhat similar to other Niagaran limestone waters of this 
area. Although the water is not so hard as that froni many of the rock 
w^ells, of this region, it is nevertheless not ad\"isable to use it in boilers 
without some softening. 

JOLIET 

The original water works installation was in 188-1 and the source 
was a group of shallow drift wells. The supply was later increased by 
the drilling of St. Peter and "Potsdam" wells that ranged in depth from 
1,200 to 1,100 feet. This was again supplemented by storage reser- 
voirs that derived water from Hickory Creek. A plan was inaugurated 
in 1907 for the drilling of isolated deep wells in diff'erent parts of the 
city. The first one drilled was at Crowley and Ottawa streets and this 
was followed in 1911 by another at Canal Street. Since then, the fol- 
lowing wells have been drilled in succession at intervals of about a year : 
Spruce Slip, Van Buren Street, and Ruby Street. These wells are lo- 
cated at no great distances from the central portion of the city ; the 
maximum distance between any two wells is about two miles,- and the 
average is about half a mile, although the Crowley Avenue and the 
Canal Street wells are only U)() feet apart. 

The geological succssion is indicated by the accompanying log that 
has been compiled from a study of the drillings. The chief water-bear- 
ing stratum is the hrst 'T^otsdam" sandstone which is struck at approxi- 
mately 1,:^?.") feet. 

The drilling was discontinued after the first "Potsdanr" sandstone 
w^as passed through ; the depths range from 1.-3 IT to l.oG.'] feet. The wells 
ar'e usually cased with 1 1-inch casing through the Ala(|U()keta shale or 
to a (le])th of about -12^ feet. In near]_\- all the wells it has .been neces- 
sary to place some casing in the lower j^art of the Prairie du Chien for- 
mation, as there is a tendenc}' to cave at this horizon. In drilling the 
Canal Street well an oilv and sulpluu'ous water was obtained, which was 
thought to have its source in the Ahujuoketa shale. A lO^'^-inch casing 
was continued through this formation to a dejUh of 218 feet. As no im- 
])ro\-fment resulted the casing was extendcul so that the well is c()in])letely 
cased from the sm-face to a depth of 893 feet or below the bottom of the 
St, Peter sandstone. Concrete was also ]:)Oure(l into the s])ace between 



WILIi COUNTY 219 

the casing and the wall of the well ; this formed a layer an inch or more 
in thickness. The well was then pumped for a year at the rate of 
nearly 1,000,000 gallons per day and the water allowed to run into the 
river. The oily and sulphurous taste was still noted, and a plant was 
installed to remove the objectionable matter by aeration. 

None of the waters from the other deep city wells have the above- 
mentioned, disagreeable properties. It was therefore believed that the 
nearby gas works was responsible. This would be through the downward 
percolation of surface waters mixed with the gas-house wastes. It is, 
however, difficult to understand how these surface waters reached the 
great depth, unless they had access to an old "Potsdam" well, in which 
case it would be readily possible, as the sulphurous waters of the bed 
rock would flow into the uncased deep well and therefore affect the 
waters at the lower horizons. An instance of deep-well waters that 
developed a sulphurous taste was noted at Blue Island and is discussed 
under that locality. 

The latest well drilled at Ruby Street, is cased with 10-inch pipe 
to a depth of 1,207 feet. This was because much difficulty was ex- 
perienced with caving material. 

The daily pumpage of each of these isolated city wells is from 
500,000 to 1,000,000 gallons. The daily yield from the six old wells 
and the group of 20 drift wells located at the old pumping station is 
approximately 1,500,000 gallons. The average daily consumption of the 
city for 1915 was 5,500,000 gallons. Most of the isolated wells are 
equipped with air-lift pumping systems ; after the water has reached 
the surface it is repumped into the mains. 

There are other deep wells in the city, as at the Citizens Brewery, 
Sehring Brewery, State Penitentiary, and the Illinois Steel Mills. Like- 
wise there is a 1,565-foot well at Dellwood Park, a little over a mile 
north of Joliet. 

Some small wells as those at the high school and at the courthouse, 
penetrate only the St. Peter sandstone. Nearly all the factories have 
shallow rock wells, which do not yield a large amount. 

There has been a lowering of the artesian static head in Joliet as 
in other parts of northeastern Illinois. The only static head of the 
St. Peter water obtained in the city v/as at the high school. The water 
level in 1913 at rest was reported to be 148 feet below the surface or at 
an altitude of about 400 feet. The pumping effects are not known, but the 
working barrel at present is at a depth of 233 feet. The level in the 
village well at Rockdale, about two and a half miles southwest of the 
high school, was 72 feet below the surface or at an elevation of 476 feet 
during September, 1915. The St. Peter wells at the Joliet Water Works 
flowed up to 1900 at least. 



220 ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

The "Potsdam" static head in LSD!) wps aljout 10 feet above the sur- 
face or at an elevation of 5^5 feet/ ddie (|uantity obtained by the 
natural tiow was not sufficient so that the wells were pumped; the level 
was then lowered to TO feet below the surface. In 100 T. at the time 
the first isolated city well was drilled, the water level at rest was S feet 
bi'low the surface or at an approximate altitude of 527 feet. The nor- 
mal level in this well during October, 1913, w^as reported as 58 feet, 
but pumping at the rate of 1,000,000 gallons per day lowered it to 140 
feet. The level in the \'an Buren Street well was G3 feet below the sur- 
face or at an altitude of 468 feet, but dropped to 240 feet when ])umping 
at the rate of 650,000 gallons per day. At the Desplaines Street well, 
the level in 1913 was 64 feet, or at an approximate elevation of 464 
feet, ]jut receded to 180 feet wdien the pumpage was 650,000 gallons per 
day. llie static head on April 19, 1915, in the recently completed Ruby 
Street well was 160 feet below the surface or at an altitude of al)out 384 
feet. This well is cased whh lO-inch pipe to a depth of 1,207 feet. 
The water level is very low in comparison with those of the other wells 
when at rest. How^ever there are two wells about 2,000 feet distant 
having a combined daily pumpage of at least 1,500,000 gallons which 
very probably aftect the level at Ruby Street, as information collected 
in Chicago indicated that such heavy pumpage may aiTect w-ells at an 
even greater distance. The water level in the well at the Citizens Brew- 
cry on September 25, 1915, was 85 feet below the surface or at an 
altitude of 457 ± feet after the w^ell had been shut down for 5 hours ; the 
normal rate of pumping is about 50 gallons per minute. 

The analyses ap])ended indicate that the w^ater from the "Potsdam" 
sandstone is very moderately mineralized for deep- well waters. That the 
deep wells at the Citizens Brew^ery and at the Sehring Brewery furnish 
much harder waters than do the city wells and the one at the high school 
is to be ex])lained 1)y the fact that the br^'wery wells are not cased to 
keep out the Niagaran limestone water which is hard at this locality 
and contains considerable scale- forming solids, as indicated by the anal- 
yses of the Niagaran well waters at the ]\Ioore Stone Company and the 
Porter Brewery. Particularly if the well is pumped at a rate not much 
greater than 75 gallons ])er minute, the final water obtained will re- 
seml)b' tlial from the Xiagaran hmestone more strongly than that from 
the deeper strata. The St. Peter water in this A'icinity is also of rather 
low mineral content according to <anal\ses of the waters from the wells 
at the joliet High School and the Rockdale village well, both of which 
lia\e sufficient casing to shut out the waters from the Xiagaran limestone. 



' Levcrett. F.. The Illinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey :\ronograph 38, p. 649, 
1899. 



WILL COUNTY 221 

The waters from strata at a depth of 2,000 feet or more will probably be 
highly mineralized. A 2,000-foot well at the Steel Mills is reported to 
yield water of a high mineral content. It might be here mentioned that 
the 1,922-foot well at Lockport, less than four miles north of Joliet, 
encountered salt water. 

The temperature of the water from the 1,575-foot Desplaines Street 
well was 58.5° F. at the curb. The water from the 881-foot well at 
the high school was 55.8° F., delivered from the deep-well pump. The 
waters from wells a few hundred feet in depth varied in temperature 
from 53° to 54.5° F. 

Log .of the Joliet City Well, Canal and Division Sts. 
Elevation — 552 feet 
Generalized section'' 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Sand and gravel 3i/^ 3i/^ 

Silurian system 

Niagaran limestone 

Dolomite, gray, fine grained • 226^/^ 230 

Ordovician system 
Maquoketa shale 

Shale, dark gray . 90 320 

Galena-Platteville limestone 

Dolomite, light gray and gray, fine grained 300 620 

St. Peter sandstone 

Sandstone 200 820 

Prairie du Chien group 

Dolomite, gray, subcrystalline 225 1045 

Dolomite, gray, in some instances contains sand grains 180 1225 
Dolomite, sandy, contains numerous specks of dark min- 
eral, glauconite 30 1255 

Sandstone, dolomitic, greenish gray, numerous specks 

of a black mineral glauconite 25 1280 

Dolomite, gray, subcrystalline, contains some quartz 

sand 50 1330 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone, gray, rounded grains 240 1570 

'^ The detailed log- of this weH compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Survey files if desired for reference. 

LOCKPORT 

The city of Lockport had a well drilled in 1895 to a depth of 1,922 
feet, but salt water was obtained from the deeper strata, so it was plugged 
at 1,650 feet. 



222 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTEBN ILLINOIS 

The driller's log of this well follows : 

Driller's log of the Lockport city loell 
Elevation— 568+ feet 

(Authority, J. P. Miller Artesian Well Company, Chicago, Illinois) 

Thickness Depth 

Description of strata Feet Feet 

Soil, sand, and gravel 3 3 

Limestone 200 203 

Shale 87 290 

Limestone 245 535 

Limestone, brown, hard 95 630 

Sandstone {St. Peter) 230 860 

Shale and red marl, "caves" 60 920 

Limestone, sandy 280 1200 

Limestone, hard 75 1275 

Limestone, sandy; and green shale 35 1310 

Sandstone "Potsdam'' 220 1530 

Shale, sandy 110 1640 

Marl, red 80 1720 

Shale 150 1870 

Sandstone 52 1922 

The original flow was 275 gallons per minute, but the static head low- 
ered gradually until in 1915 it was 11: feet below the surface, or at an 
altitude of about 554 feet. The water level drops to 60 feet when pump- 
ing at the rate of 150 gallons per minute. The diameter of the well 
is 10 inches at the surface and about 6 inches at the bottom. - 

The water has a high mineral content consisting of a considerable 
amount of alkali chlorides, as well as the salts of calcium. The amount 
of mineral matter is greater than that present in the waters from wells 
at a similar depth at Joliet ; it may be that some of the water from the 
lower depths is able to get by the plug at 1,650 feet. 

MOKENA 

The village is siluntcd near the crest of the \'alparaiso morainic sys- 
tem, and consequent!}- llic mantle of drift is very heavy. Some wells 125 
to 150 feet in depth do not penetrate the bed rock or Niagaran limestone. 
There are man\' du^- wells which vary in depth from 15 to 40 feet. 

The village water supply is furnished by a drilled well 139 feet deep 
and cased the entire distance. There is a 4-foot screen at the bottom. 
The water level and effects of pumping are not known, but the working 
barrel is placed at a de])th of 129 feet. 

There is no record of the amount ])um]X'(l. l)iit there arc only 17 
services, of which the largest is the Rock Island Railroad, with a con- 



WILL COUNTY 22i 



sumption of 12,000 gallons per day. The water is hard and contains a 
considerable amount of scale-forming solids. 



MONEE 



The village is situated near the crest of the Valparaiso moraine. Its 
altitude of 803 feet makes it one of the highest points in the county. 

The public water supply is furnished by two wells that penetrate the 
Niagaran limestone. The old well, drilled in 1897, is 166 feet in depth 
and is cased to bed rock with 90 feet of 6-inch pipe. Well No. 2, drilled 
in 1913, is about the same depth and is cased with 10-inch pipe to bed 
rock at 90 feet. The wells are only 20 feet apart. The water level at 
rest is 72 feet below the surface in both wells. The old well will deliver 
35 gallons per minute continuously; the working barrel is at a depth of 
85 feet. The working barrel in well No. 2 is at a depth of 95 feet ; the 
pump will draw air in about 1.5 hours when operating at the rate of 165 
gallons per minute, this is when the other well is also delivering 35 
gallons per minute. 

The analyses of the waters are given. There is a high content of 
scale-forming solids in each of the waters and they would not be adapt- 
able for boiler use without considerable softening. 



PEOTONE 



The village is located in the southern half of the Valparaiso morainic 
system and is underlain by a heavy drift deposit consisting for the most 
part of about 100 feet of sandy clay above a stratum of sand and gravel 
wdiich yields a strong supply of water. 

The public water supply is furnished by a 10-inch well 135 feet deep, 
which obtains its yield from the bed of sand and gravel. The casing 
extends to the water-bearing formation. The water level at rest is 25 
feet below the surface ; no pumping tests have been made, but during a 
fire the well delivered 210 gallons per minute for 4 hours. The average 
daily pumpage is about 40,000 gallons. 

The analysis indicates a rather hard water that does not differ 
greatly from that obtained from other wells of like depth in this area. 



PLATNFIELD 



The village of Plainfield completed a 1,302-foot well in 1915. The 
chief water-bearing strata are the St. Peter sandstone and Prairie du 
Chien limestone. The water level at rest is about 55 feet below the sur- 
face or at an altitude of approximately 557 feet. The well has a surface 
diameter of 12 inches and is completed at about 8 inches. The pumpage 
is at the rate of 175 gallons per minute, but the recession is not known. 
The cost of well and pump was about $6,000. 



224 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

This new well supplants an old Xiagaran limestone well that is kept 
in order only for emergencies. An analysis of the water from the old 
well is appended in the absence of one from the new well. 

ROCKDALE 

The village of Rockdale is situated just outside the southwest corner 
of the corporate limits of Joliet. The municipal water supply is furnished 
by a GG2-foot St. Peter well, cased to a depth of 320 feet with 12-inch 
pipe ; the bottom diameter is S inches. The pumping equipment is a 
double-acting deep-well pump, and the yield is about IGO gallons per 
minute. In September, 1915, the water level was 72 feet below the sur- 
face or at an elevation of -176 feet; the elYects of pumping are not known. 

The appended analysis indicates a water that is practically identical 
with that from the well at the Joliet high school. There is enough min- 
eral matter so that some soft scale would be formed if it were used un- 
treated in boilers. As compared with the water from the 040- foot well 
at the American Can Company, the latter is considerably harder because 
not all of the Niagaran limestone water has been cased off. 

STEGER 

The city is located near the northern border of the \^alparaiso 
moraine and at a lower elevation than the region to the south and west. 
This higher, drift-covered area constitutes a favorable collecting area, 
so that wells to the north, at a lower elevation, yield large supplies. 

The municipal supply is furnished by a 318-foot well which pene- 
trates the Niagaran limestone for 224 feet. The well is cased with 12- 
inch pii)e to a depth of 147 feet where the working barrel of the pump 
is also placed. No pumping tests have been made, but the pump oper- 
ates for 4 or .") hours ])er day at the rate of over 300 gallons per minute; 
the recession during ])um])ing has not been determined. 

44iere are two similar wells at the Steger piano factory. These 
wells are so connected with the city sui)ply that the combined pumpage 
is available for fire protection. The analysis of the water shows a con- 
siderable amount of dissohed mineral matter, chiefly the bicarbonates 
of calcium and magnesium. 

WILMINGTON 

The village is situated on the banks of the Kankakee at a low ele- 
vation with res])cct to the surrounding country. The drift probably 
does not average over 25 feet thick; in fact, the Niagaran limestone 
outcrops along Kankakee River and Forked Creek. 

The waterworks is only for fire ])rotection and obtains its supply 
from the Kankakee. It was understood that a large St. Peter well was 



WINNEBAGO COUNTY 225 

to be drilled in 1916. The dug wells, 15 to 30 feet deep, yield sufficient 
water for domestic purposes. Numerous springs also occur along 
Forked Creek and the river. Two flowing wells about 800 feet in depth 
have been reported. The water-bearing formation is probably the St. 
Peter sandstone, but the wells are very old and little is known con- 
cerning them. 

WINNEBAGO COUNTY 

Physiography 

Winnebago County is situated along the northern border of the 
State, about midway of its width; Boone County adjoins it on the east, 
Lee County on the south, and Stephenson County on the west. The 
total area is 529 square miles. 

The drift deposit covering this county is not heavy except in a few 
places. The original topography has therefore not been greatly modified. 
The land as a whole is gently rolling, although the numerous streams 
have cut it up considerably. Prominent bluffs have been developed in 
many places along Rock River. Rarely are any marshes or undrained 
areas found, which renders the topography strikingly different from 
that of the heavier drift-covered counties to the east. 

The drainage of the county is effected by Rock River and its tribu- 
taries. This stream enters the county in the northeastern township and 
flows southward across the eastern part. It differs from most Illinois 
rivers in that the waters are clear and swift flowing. Water power is 
developed in a number of places along this stream, Pecatonica River is 
one of the important tributaries and drains the northwestern part of the 
area. Kishwaukee River drains the southeastern corner. 

Geology 

The drift mantle is not heavy except in the pre-glacial valleys. In 
the western portion of the county the deposit is very thin; the rock is 
found on the uplands within 15 or 20 feet of the surface and in many 
places it outcrops. A loess-like deposit of silt covers much of this 
portion of the county. East of Rock River the drift is much heavier, 
probably averaging at least 100 feet thick. Along the pre-glacial valley 
of Rock River the drift attains thicknesses of 300 feet. Borings show 
that the rock floor of the pre-glacial valley is 250 to 300 feet below the 
present river bed.^ The drift in the Rockford city well No. 8 was 248 
feet thick and was underlain by the St. Peter sandstone, although the 
Galena-Platteville formation outcrops in the city along Rock River. 



^ Leverett, F., The Illinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, 
1899. 



226 ARTESIAN WATERS OF ^'ORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

A knowledge of the rock formations has been obtained from well 
logs at Rockford from the examination of the drillings of a 1,500-foot 
well and also through previous work of the Illinois State Geological 
Survey. The bed rock formation of the greater part of the county is 
the Galena-Platte\ille formation. The upper division, or the Galena 
limestone, is the underlying formation over two-thirds of the county. 
The area imderlain by this formation is given by James Shaw^ as 
follows : 

"An imaginary line entering the county about the southeast corner of 
the township of Roscoe, drawn thence in a southeast course until Rock River 
was reached; thence extended round in a slight bend toward the northwest, 
until within a short distance of the Pecatonica River, at a point about four miles 
west of its mouth; thence meandering along the Pecatonica from one to two 
miles south of the thread of that stream, until the western boundary of the 
county was reached; thence starting south and keeping around the boundary 
line to the place of beginning, and embracing about two-thirds of the county, 
would indicate the superficial extent of this division, to which would have 
to be added a narrow strip, extending from the village of Pecatonica, up 
toward and nearly to the northwestern corner of the county." 

A number of quarries are worked in this area and the rock is seen 
to be a heavy-bedded, yellowish to cream-colored dolomitic limestone. 

The lower division of Galena-Platteville limestone is called by Shaw 
the "Blue Limestone" and is described by him as a thin-bedded, bluish- 
gray limestone having a few shaly partings. The Platteville limestone 
is the bed rock formation over practically all of that part of the county 
in which the Galena is absent. 

It is also known that small outcrops of St. Peter sandstone occur in 
a few places along Rock River and other streams in the northern part of 
the county. 

As revealed by the Rockford drilling, the St. Peter sandstone has its 
ctistomarv thickness, but the underlvins: Prairie dti Chien limestone is 
not over 200 feet thick. Even this amount is only obtained by including 
the lower TO feet of reddish-brown, glauconiferotis, dolomitic sandstone 
and shale, which may represent the Madison-AIendota horizon. Below 
these strata there is a great series of sandstones which range from fine to 
coarse grained. As in the section at Belvidere. 

Underground Waters 

SOURCES 

Practically all the data concerning the static head of the waters from 
the different horizons have been obtained at Rockford. At the Rockford 
water-works station there has been a recession of approximately 38 feet 

1 Shaw, James. Geol. Survey of minoi.s. vol. V, p. S6. 1873. 



WINNEBAGO COUNTY 227 

in the "Potsdam" water level since the first well was drilled in 1885. The 
present static head at this water works is about 5 feet below the surface. 
This location is at a low elevation, but it is still probable that flowing 
wells may be obtained at low elevations along Rock River, provided they 
are a few miles from the Rockford water works. 

A few flowing wells from the St. Peter sandstone still exist, but the 
level is usually a few feet below the surface. The head from the 
"Potsdam" sandstone is from 10 to 20 feet greater than that of the St. 
Peter sandstone. 

CHEMICAL CHARACTER 

The waters from all the different horizons are moderately but not 
excessively mineralized. In general it might be said that the waters from 
wells 50 feet or so in depth are less mineralized than those of greater 
depths. The waters from these shallow horizons, however, are not 
always abundant and they may also be subject to surface contamination. 

'LOCAL SUPPLIES 
PECATONICA 

The drift in this vicinity is only a few feet thick so that practically all 
wells penetrate rock. Private wells are from 80 to 125 feet in depth. 
The village water supply is obtained from a well 12 feet in diameter and 
20 feet deep. The greater part of the depth is in limestone. The well is 
located in a valley in the south part of the village ; as this is at a low 
elevation the ground water level is high. Most of the water enters the 
well on the north side through the fissured limestone. The water level 
at rest is within 6 or 7 feet of the surface. The daily consumption is 
about 20,000 or 25,000 gallons which is pumped in 2^ to 3 hours. The 
water is moderately mineralized and would form some scale if used 
untreated in boilers. 

ROCKFOED 

The geological succession in the city is shown by the log of well No. 
8. which was compiled from a study of the drillings. Another well has 
been drilled to a depth of 1,981 feet, but only the driller's log was kept. 
In the lower part of this well 275 feet of red shale was reported to be 
underlain by 171 feet of white sandstone, in which the drilling was 
stopped. 

Some of the wells at the pumping station show as much as 50 feet of 
the limestone before the St. Peter sandstone is struck. This is to be 
expected, as this limestone outcrops along Rock River. However, the 
limestone was not found in wells No. 7 and 8, but the drift was much 



228 ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

thicker. The St. Peter sandstone has a considerable thickness, but the 
Prairie du Chien hniestone is only 100 feet thick if the lower TO feet of 
reddish dolomitic sandstone and shale that probably represents the ]\Iadi- 
son and Alendota formations is excluded. The great series of sandstones 
at the lower horizons are the important water-bearing formations. 

Log of Rockford City Well No. 8 
Elevation— 728 feet 

Generalized section^ 

Thickness Depth 
Description of strata Feet Feet 

Quaternary system 

Pleistocene and Recent 

Not represented in samples, probably sand and gravel . . 70 70 

Sand, gravel, and pebbles, probably river wash 178 248 

Ordovician system 
St. Peter Sandstone 

Sand, colorless, well roundea 145 393 

Prairie du Chien group 

Chert, white 37 430 

Dolomite, gray, crystalline 70 500 

Sandstone, dolomitic, reddish brown containing some 

glauconite sand grains 50 550 

Shale, reddish brown, sandy and dolomitic 20 570 

Cambrian system 
"Potsdam" group 

Sandstone, well rounded, colorless quartz grains 150 720 

Shale, red and green 40 . 760 

Shale, green, slightly sandy and dolomitic 30 790 

Sandstone, subangular to well rounded, colorless, or 

light yellow, quartz grains 540 1330 

Sandstone, chocolate in color due to cementing material, 
varying in size from a iine powder to a coarse sand. . . . 170 1500 

•■' The detailed loj? of this well compiled from study of samples is to be found 
in the Survey files if desired for reference. 

Hie first municipal water system was constructed during ISTT and 
1875 and the source was a numljer of springs along Rock River in the 
north part of the city. In a few years it was found that this supply 
was inadequate, and at times of heavy consumption it was necessary to 
draw water from Rock Ri\er. In 1885 on the achice of Prof. T. C. 
Chamberlin the first artesian well was sunk to a depth of 1,530 feet. A 
flowing well was obtained with a head of a])proximately 33 feet above 
the sm-face or at an elevation of al)()Ul \\T) feet. Additional deep wells 
were clrilk'd from 1SS5 to ISSS at the rate of one well per year. These 
five flowing wells ranging in depth from 1 ,:)00 to 2.000 feet constituted 
the source of the city's supply until 1891. It was again found necessary 



WINNEBAGO COUNTY 229 

to increase the supply, and this was done by drilhng four wells which 
penetrated the St. Peter sandstone. Still further changes were made at 
various times, such as the building of storage reservoirs. In 1895 pump- 
ing equipment was installed for the flowing "Potsdam" wells that had 
not previously been pumped. 

A contract was made in 1896 with Mr. Daniel W. Mead for the 
construction of a shaft and tunnel system. On the completion of this 
project three "Potsdam" wells and five St. Peter wells were tapped at 
a low level and the water permitted to flow to a central shaft. This 
shaft is 95 feet deep and contains at the bottom three pumps of a 
centrifugal type. On .a 24-hour test made by the city in 1898 the yeild 
was 6,800,000 gallons. In 1910 it was found that the amount of water 
obtained from the shaft and tunnel system had decreased nearly one- 
half, and as the population had greatly increased, it was necessary to 
obtain a greater supply. A commission consisting of J. W. Alvord, D. W. 
Mead, and D. H. Maury was appointed to investigate the possibility of 
increasing the water supply. This commission outlined six plans. The 
city accepted the one which provided for the construction of large wells 
ac a considerable distance from one another. At the present time two 
of these wells, Nos. 7 and 8, have been sunk, the 'former approximately 
134 miles southeast of the old pumping station, and the latter about W2 
miles north of well No. 7. One of the wells was completed in 1913 and 
has therefore been in operation nearly three years. The results obtained 
have been very satisfactory. The three "Potsdam" wells of the shaft 
and tunnel system range in depth from 1,300 to 1,530 feet, and the five 
connected St. Peter wells average about 450 feet in depth. These wells 
are reported to be cased with 150 feet of 8-inch pipe which penetrates 
bed rock. 

Well No. 7, which is 1,503 feet in depth and penetrates the "Pots- 
dam", is cased with 250 feet of 18-inch pipe, below which there is also 
200 feet of 12-inch pipe embedded in limestone which excludes all water 
from the St. Peter sandstone. The drilling costs are given as follows : 

18-inch casing per lineal foot $16.00 

12-inch casing per lineal foot 6.25 

12-inch uncased per lineal foot 3.00 

This would give a total cost of $8,409. The well was drilled by the 
Cater Contracting Company of Chicago and completed in February, 1913. 
The pumping equipment was furnished by the American Well Works 
and is a 17-inch, 6-stage combination deep-well and pressure pump, 
being a 4-stage, turbine type of pump located 108 feet in the well, with 
a 2-stage centrifugal type of pump at the top of the casing. The well 
is covered by a small, brick pump house which protects the motor and 



230 ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEIASTERX ILLINOIS 

Other surface equipment. The entire cost of installation was approxi- 
mately $20,000, which included ground, well, pump house, motor, and 
automatic starting apparatus. The cost of pumping, which includes 
interest and depreciation on equipment, is reported as 2 cents per 1,000 
gallons delivered to the mains. This well delivers 1,400 gallons per 
minute. 

Well Xo. 8 was drilled in 1911-15 but the pumping equipment has 
not yet been installed. The cost of drilling was as follows : 

22-incli casing per lineal foot $24.45 

12-inch casing per lineal foot 6.75 

12-incli uncased per lineal foot 2.50 

However, a lump bid of $8,990 was made for drilling to a depth 
of 1,500 feet. The contractors for each of these wells furnished the 
coal for heating their boilers. 

The water level at rest in well No. 7 is 108 feet above city datum; 
the water level when delivering 1,400 gallons per minute is 42 feet, or a 
lowering of 66 feet. This static head is higher than that at the pump- 
ing station, which is probably due to several causes. The well is over 
a mile distant frcjm the old pumping station, is new and therefore clog- 
ging is absent, and the large diameter reduces the pipe friction. Well 
No. 8 at rest has a water level of 120 feet above the city datum. As the 
pumping equipment has not yet been installed it is not possible to give 
the effects of pumping. 

In many parts of Rockford the St. Peter sandstone either directly 
underlies the drift, or is found just below the thin Galena-Platteville 
formation. There is consequently some variation in the St. Peter water 
level but it is usually within a few feet of the surface except in the 
higher portions of the city. Rarely does a flowing well occur. The St. 
Peter water level at the Graham Distillery was 11 feet below the sur- 
face in March. 1911; the surface elevation is 102-|- feet, city datum or 
707 feet above sea level. In the well owned by the Chicago, Milwaukee 
and St. Paul Railway Company the St. Peter water level was 12 feet 
billow the surface in 1913, whereas the ground water was only 8 feet. 

At the time the first ''Potsdam" well in Rockford was drilled in 
1885, the head was approximately 33 feet above the surface. The lower- 
ing of the water table since that time has not been excessive and is not at 
all comparal)le with that in the Chicago area. The following data con- 
cerning the water levels at various times have been obtained: 



WINNEBAGO COUNTY 



231 



Static head of "Potsdam" water table at Rockford 



Well 
No. 



Surface 

altitude 

above city 

datum^ 



Year 
drilled 



Depth 



Altitude of static head above 
city datum'' 



Original 



Nov. 1891 



1910 



1915 





Feet 




Feet 










1 


107± 


1885 


1,530 


135.9 


113.0 


102± 


102± 


2 


107± 


188G 


1,320 


116.7 


112.4 


102± 


102± 


3 


107± 


1886 


1,981 


120.8 


118.5 


102± 


102± 


4 


107± 


1887 


1,300 


116.0 


114.4 


102± 


102± 


5 


107± 


1888 


1,379 


127.7 


118.7 


102± 


102± 


7 


130.3 


1913 


1,503 








108 


8 


122.5 


1915 


1,500 


120 






120 



a City datum is 605 feet above sea level. 



A series of very accurate tests was made upon these wells in 
August, 1910, and it was 'found that when the wells were being pumped 
at the rate of 3,600,000 gallons per day, the recession in the water level 
was approximately 75 feet. The rising curves miade at that time show 
that 60 feet of the recovery was made within 15 minutes after pumping 
had ceased. The remainder of the recovery required over 4 hours. 
Tests were made by Mr. O. E. Bulkeley of the Rockford Engineering 
Department, January 24, 1914, in order to determine the water levels. 
The wells selected were Nos. 2 and 4 ; the latter is connected with the 
shaft and tunnel system and No. 2 is only a few hundred feet distant. 
The wells were shut down for nearly 5 hours and measurements made at 
frequent intervals during this period. The rising curves obtained are 
similar to those of 1910, which place the static head at approximately 102 
feet above city datum ; this is for the wells at the pumping station. 

It was found that the specific capacity, or the yield under one foot 
head, of the "Potsdam" wells had decreased greatly since 1891. This is 
shown by the following table by Prof. C. S. Slichter contained in the 
1910 report of the Rockford water commission. 

Professor Slichter does not consider that the reduction in specific 
capacity is entirely due to the mechanical clogging of the water-bearing 
sandstone in the vicinity of the wells. He believes that much of the 
clogging is because of the growth of low forms of plant life in the pores 
of the rock in the walls of the well, supported by the carbon dioxide 
liberated as a result of the reduction in pressure. 



232 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 



Specific capacity of Rockford ivells 



Date 



Wells 



Head 



Flow per 24 
hours 



Specific ca- 
pacity per 
24 hours 



1S91 



1898 



1910 



No. 
1 
4 
5 



1, 4, and 6 



1, 4, and 6 



Feet 
8.05-0.28'^ 
11.64-1.00'» 

8.29-2.70"* 



98.5" 
98.5-10=''^ 

76.5" 
76.5-7.5"-'^ 



Gallons 
143,654 
291,711 
232.818 



6,714,000" 
4,714,000^^ 

3,670,000" 
2,670,000^^ 



Gallons 
18,600 
27,600 
30,600 

76,800 

60,000'= 



38,600 



=• The amounts deducted from heads are the approximate losses of head due to 
pipe friction. 

^ Including- St. Peter sandstone. <^ Deducting for St. Peter sandstone. 



APPENDIX . 

Mineral and Boiler Analyses of 
The Artesian Waters of Northeastern Illinois 



234 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



Table I, — Mineral analyses of underground 



County Boone 

Town Belvidere 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 1,800 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping. . gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected ' Oct. 21, '13 



Cook 

Barrington 

(Waterworks) 



Village 



315 

200 

400 

Aug. 24, '14 



Cook 

Bellewood 

(Waterworks) 



Village 



1,538 
87 
200 
July 7, '14 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Armour 

powerhouse, 

U. S. yards) 

Armour & Co. 



1,581 
To bed rock 

1.000 
July 20, '14 



Determinations made 



Potassium 

Sodium 


3.3 

6.3 

.2 

45.5 

110.8 

.07 

.2 

.3 

9.5 

24. 

85.3 

12.1 


2.7 

21.6 

.8 

39.9 

51.7 

.4 

1.7 

n 

2.7 

' *79.3' 
37.9 

.6' 


4.7 
39.8 
.5 
50.1 
61.9 
1. 
2.S 
.0 
.0 
6. 
174.2 
19. 

' '"i.e' 


42.5 
697. 


Ammonium 


2.1 


Magnesium 


83.1 


Calcium 


375.3 


Iron 


1.5 


Alumina 


4. 


Nitrites 


.0 


Nitrates 


.7 


Chlorine 


1500. 


Sulphate 

Silica 


413.9 
19 5 


Hydrogen sulphide 


42 


Manganese 




Bases 


1. 







Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite. . . . 
Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassiuin sulphate.. 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Ammonium nitrate. . . 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate. 
Animonium cai'bonate 
Magnesium nitrate... 
Magnesium chloride.. 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Aluinina 

Silica 

Bases 

Total 

Potassium nitrite. . . . 
Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassium sulphate.. 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium cai'bonatc. . . . 
Ammonium nitrate. . . 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate. 
Ammonium carbonate 
Magnesium nitrate. . . 
Magnesium chloride.. 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloi-ide 

Calcium sul])liale. . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron rarbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 

Total 



8. 



6.3 

11.7 



22 1 

106!9 

63.3 



276.5 

.1 

.2 

12.1 

.0 



4.4 



3.8 
"66.6' 



2.9 



37.7 
111.9 



129. 

.8 

1.7 

37.9 

.6 



508.3 



397.3 



2.8 
119.3 



1.8 



115.7 
92.5 



154.5 

2.1 

2.6 

19. 

1.6 



1.1 

80.2 



1769. 



6.2 



520.9 



325. 



224.9 

586.7 

303.3 

3.1 

4. 

10.5 

1. 



3324. 



Hypothetical combinations 




.06 
4.68 



103.18 



.36 



18.96 



13.12 

34.22 

17.69 

.18 

.23 

1.14 

.06 



19.S.88 



MINEKAL ANALYSES OF UXDEKGKOUND WATERS 

waters in northeastern Illinois 



235 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 




Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 




(Packers 


(Oakley St. 


(Union Stock 


(Union Stock 


(Arthington 


(Arthington 




Ave., Union 


& 4 8th Ave.) 


Yards. Oleo. 


Yards) 


& Homan 


& Homan 




S. Yards) 




house) 




Ave.) 


Ave.) 


Chem- 


Armour & Co. 


Illinois Vine- 


Morris & Co. 


Sulzberger 


Sears Roe- 


Sears Roe- 


ical 




gar Works 




Sons & Co., 
well No. 2 


buck & Co. 


buck & Co. 


formula 


1.600 


1,942 


2.300 


1,620 


1,623 


1,868 




70 


56 


To bed rock 


64 


92 


853 




1,400 


275 


250 


635 


340 


530 




July 16, '14 


June 26, '15 


Aug. 31, '14 


Aug. 31, '14 


Oct. 7, '15 


Oct. 7, '15 





(parts per luillion) 



25.2 


20. 


70.9 


21.3 


25.4 


33.6 


K 


220.8 


320.3 


1232. 


138.8 


185.2 


330.5 


X"?. 


.8 


1.3 


4.1 


7.2 


.6 


6 


NK4 


48.9 


74.4 


122.5 


42. 


25.4 


29. 


Mg 


213.3 


45.2 


543.2 


130.7 


143.8 


163.8 


Ca 


1.3 


.4 


3.6 


.4 


.5 


.3 


Fe 


2 


3.4 


• 4.9 


4.2 


2.5 


6.4 


AUO3 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


XO2 


1.1 


2.1 


1.8 


1.8 


1.2 


1.2 


NO3 


280. 


405. 


2900. 


135. 


255. 


490. 


CI 


547.2 


304.7 


314.8 


374.8 


324.9 


329.2 


SO4 


16.8 


10.4 


20. 


15.2 


12.8 


10. 


SiOa 


.38 












HoS 






.08 




.0 


.6 


Mn 


.0 


2.4 


1. 


.8 


.0 


.0 


Bases 



(parts per million) 







' 








KNO3 


1.8 


3.4 


2.9 


^ 9 


2 


2. 


KCl 


46.7 


35.6 


133. 


38.5 


46.9 


62.5 


K0SO4 

XaXTOa 

XaCl 


426.1 


640.4 


3126.8 


193. 


384. 


759.6 


X^aoSOi 


166.2 


209.7 


■ '12.1" 


191.2 


104.5 


96.2 



X^aoCOs 
XH4X^03 
NH4CI 
(NH,),S04 


2.9 


4.8 „ 




'479.' * 


26.3 


2.2 


2.2 


(XTIJ.COs 

:\[gfxo3)2 

MgClo 
MgSOi 


241.7 


200. 
117.4 


'964.1' 


207.6 


125.6 


143.4 


MgCOa 

CaClo 

CaSO'i 


343. 




446.2 


86.3 


216.6 


210.3 


CaCOa 


252. 


112.8 


212.7 


262.8 


200.4 


255.4 


PeCOa 


2.7 


.8 


7.5 


.8 


1. 


.6 


AI2O3 


2. 


3.4 


4.9 


4.2 


2.5 


6.4 


SiOa 


16.8 


10.4 


20. 


15.2 


12.8 


10. 


Bases 


2.4 


2.4 


1. 


.8 






Total 


1504.4 


1341.1 


5350.2 


1029.6 


1097.9 


1548.6 



(grains per 


U. S. gallon) 


















.12 




KNO-i 


.1 


.2 


.17 


.17 


2.74 


.11 


KNOa 


2.72 


2.08 


7.76 


2.25 


' '2'2'.46 


3.63 


KCl 

KoSOi 

X^aX^Os 


24.85 


37.35 


182.39 


11.26 


6.09 


44. si 


X^aCl 


9.69 


12.23 


.71 


11.15 




5.60 


X^a.>S04 
Xa.COa 
XH+XO3 
NH4CI 


.17 


.28 


' '27.93 


1.'53 


.13 


.13 


(XH4)2S04 
(XH4)oC03 

Mg(X03)2 

MgClo 


14.1 


11.67 
6.84 


' '52.74 


12.11 


7.33 


8.36 


MgS04 
MgCOs 
CaCl., 


26.01 




26.03 


5.03 


12.60 


12.26 


CaSOi 


14.70 


6.58 


12.41 


15.33 


11.70 


14.00 


CaC03 


.16 


.05 


.44 


.05 


.06 


.03 


FeCOs 


.12 


.20 


.29 


.24 


.15 


.37 


Al.,03 


.98 


.61 


1.17 


.89 


.75 


.58 


SiOo 


.14 


.14 


.06 


.05 






Bases 


87.74 


78.23 


312.10 


60.06 


64.07 


90.28 


Total 



236 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



Table I. — Mineral mialyscs of underground 



County 
Town. . 



Owner. 



CooK 

Forest Park 

(Jackson 

Blvd. & 

Lehmer St.) 

City 



Depth of well feet 2,012 

Depth of casing feet 90± 

Rate of pumping-. . .gals, per niin. 765 

Date sample was collected | June 28, '15 



Cook 

Matteson 

(Waterworks) 



Village 



282 
To bed rock 

200 
Oct. 27. '14 



Cook 

Riverdale 

(Waterworks) 



Village 



434 
50 
125 
June 30, '15 



Cook 
Proviso 
Township 
(SE. 14 NW. 
1/4 sec. 5) 
Chicago 
North West- 
ern R. R. 
well No. 5 
1,841 
i,72b 
90 
June 30. '15 



Determinations made 



Potassium 


15. 

97.5 

.5 

33.1 

83.8 

.5 

1.1 

.0 

1.1 

85. 

165.9 

9.2 

.'e' 


6.6 
34.8 
.8 
35.9 
123.2 
4.0 
4.5 
.0 
1.8 
4. 
219.7 
11.4 
.04 
1.6 


13.2 

106.1 

.3 

9. 

20.2 

. <> 

1.4 

.0 

1.1 

16. 

72.9 

11. 

. .._^.. . 


16. 


Sodium . . . 


113.6 


Ammonium 


.4 


Magne.sium 


8.1 


Calcium 


13.5 


Iron 


.3 


Alumina 


1. 


Nitrites 


.0 


Nitrates . . . . 


1.1 


Chlorine . 


44. 


Sulphate 


45.3 


Silica 


10.8 


Manganese 




Basev 


1.4 



Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite 

Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassiuni sulphate... 
Potassium carbonate. 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Ammonium nitrate... 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate. . 
Ammonium carbonate 
Magnesium niti-ate. . . 
Magnesium chloride.. 
Magnesium sulphate.. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate. . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 



Total 



1.8 
27.2 



119. 
156. 



l.S 



130.5 
23.2 



209.2 

1. 

1.1 

9.2 

.6 



680.6 



2.9 

S.4 
2.4 



107.3 



2.9 



IS. 
67.5 



307.5 

8.3 

4.5 

11.4 

1.6 



704.7 



1.8 
23.8 



107.9 
156.5 



31.2 



50.4 
.6 

1.4 
11. 

1. 



1.8 
29.2 



49.7 

67. 

166.4 



1.1 



28.1 



78.6 
.6 

10!8 
1.4 



394.2 



435.7 







Hypothetical combinations 


Potassium nitrite 


.'lb 
1.59 



'6. '9 4 
9.10 

.10 

'7.61 
1.35 

* "l2"."2"0 
.06 
.06 
.54 
.03 


' ' ' "."l'7 
.49 
.14 



'6.26 

.'l'7 

' '10.50 
3.94 

' 'i7'.'9"4 
.48 
.26 
.66 

.09 


.'I'o 

1.39 

.'4'5 
6.29 
9.13 

.'o's 

'l'.S2 

'2'.'9'4 
.03 
.08 
.64 
.06 




Potassium nitrate 


.10 


Potassium rliloi-ido 

Potassium .sulj^hate 


1.70 


Potassium carbonate 




Sodium nitrate 

Sodium cliloiide 

Sodium suliiliate 


'2. '90 
3.91 


Sodium carbonato 

.Ammonium )iiti'at<' 


9.71 


Ammonium cliloi'ide 

Ammonium sulphate 

Ammonium carlionate 

Magnesium nitrate 

^Magnesium chloride 

IM'agncsium sulphate 

[Mauuf'sinni carbonalc 


'.'o'6 
'l.'6'4 


Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 




Calcium carbonate 


4.58 


Iron carbonate 

Alumina 


.03 
.06 


Silica 


.63 


Bases 


. S 


Total 


39.68 


41.10 


22.98 


25.40 



i 



MINERAL ANALYSES OF UXDEKGROUND WATERS 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



237 



De Kalb 
De Kalb 


De Kalb 
Genoa 


De Kalb 
Hinckley 


Dupage 
Glen Ellyn 


Dupage 
Naperville 


Dupage 
West Chi- 




(Waterworks) 
City 


(Waterworks) 
Village 


(Waterworks) 
Village 


(Water- 
works) 
Village 


(Water- 
works) 
City 


cago 
(Water- 
works) 

City 


Chem- 
ical 
formula 


Dec". 21, '14 


1,500 
75 
200 
Oct. 24. '13 


708 
100 
200 
May 15, '14 


310 
114 
275 
Aug. 5, '14 


1.375 
14 
300 
June 4, '15 


322 
90 

200 
Nov. 12, '14 





(parts per million) 



12.2 


6.2 




15.9 


5.6 




.5 


.4 




3.3 


33.8 




75.3 


65.6 




.1 


.0 




1.1 


.6 




.0 


.0 




.2 


.0 




1. 


1. 




.0 


4.4 




33.4 


18.4 




.0 






.0 


.6 





3. 


4.5 


9.6 


4.3 


K 


21.8 


58.1 


20.9 


24.7 


Na 


1.4 


.5 


.1 


.5 


NHi 


38.5 


30.6 


44.2 


37.4 


Mg 


52. 


62. 


84.6 


66.6 


Ca 


.7 


.4 


.1 


.8 


Fe 


2.1 


1.7 


1.3 


2.1 


AloOa 


.0 


.0 


.1 


.0 


NO2 


1.8 


.0 


8.8 


.0 


NO3 


8. 


1. 


20. 


13. 


CI 


1.8 


85.6 


121.6 


62.3 


SOi 


IS. 


21.5 


7.8 
.00 


14.1 


SiOa 
Mn 


.9 


.7 


2. 


3.4 


Bases 



(parts per million) 















KNOo 


.3 




2.9 




14.3 




KNO3 


2. 


2.1 

8. 


3.6 


8.6 


9.7 


8.2 


KCl 
K9SO4 


19.4 


2.6 











K2CO3 
NaNOa 






10.4 


9.7 


25.4 


15. 


NaCl 






2.7 


126.6 


33.6 


58. 


NaoSOi 


36.6 


12.9 


38.7 


30.6 


■ '" '.3' 


■■"1.8' 


NaoCOs 
NH4NO3 
NH4CI 
(NH4)2S04 




1.1 


3.7 


1.3 


"12 3. 8* 


' '27.3' 


(NH4)oC03 

Mg(N03)2 

MeC]., 

MgSOi 


11.4 


124. 


133.3 


106. 


66.4 


110.4 


MgCOa 

CaCl, 

CaSOi 


187.9 


163.8 


129.8 


154.8 


211.2 


166.2 


CaCOs 


2 




1.5 


.8 


.2 


1.6 


FeC03 


1.1 


.6 


2.1 


1.7 


1.3 


2.1 


AI0O3 


33.4 


18.4 


18. 


21.5 


7.8 


14.1 


SiOj 


2.3 


.6 


.9 


.7 


2. 


3.4 


Bases 


294.6 


334.1 


347.6 


462.3 


496. 


408.1 


Total 



(grains per 


U. S. gallon 


} 






















KNO3 


.02 




.17 




.83 




KNO3 


.11 


.12 

.47 


.21 


.50 


.57 


.48 


KCl 
KoSOi 


1.13 


.15 










K..CO3 
NaNOa 






.61 


.57 


1.48 


.87 


NaCl 






.16 


7.38 


1.96 


3.38 


Na.,SOi 


2.10 


.75 



2.26 



1.78 


' ' ■ '.62 


■ ■ ' '.io 


NaoCOs 
NH4NO3 
NH4CI 
(NH4)..S04 




.06 


.22 


.08 


V.22 


Y.59 


(NHn.COs 
Mg(N03)2 
I^TgClo 
MgS04 


.66 


7.23 


7.77 


6.18 



3.87 


. 6.43 


MgC03 

CaClo 

CaS04 


10.95 


9.55 


7.57 


9.03 


12.32 


9.69 


CaCOs 


.01 




.09 


.05 


.01 


.09 


FeCOa 


.06 


.03 


.12 


.10 


.08 


.12 


AI0O3 


1.95 


1.07 


1.05 


1.25 


.45 


.82 


SiOo 


.13 


.03 


.05 


.04 


.11 


.20 


Bases 


17.12 


19.46 


20.28 


26.96 


28.92 


23.77 


Total 



238 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table I. — Mineral analyses of underground 



County. 
Town. . 



Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping. . gals, per min. 
Date sample was collected 



Grundy 
Coal City 

(Waterworks) 



City 

350 
285 

180 
May 2 4, '14 



Grundy 
M'inooka 

(Main St.) 



City 

2.100 

Flows, 40 
Sept. 24. '15 



Grundy 
Morris 



Kane 
Aurora 



(Waterworks) (Waterworks) 
Well No. 3) 



City 

765 
90 
160 
Sept. 22, '15 



City 

2.200 
250 
350 
July 20, '15 



Determinations made 



Potassium. 
Sodium . . . . 
Ammonium 
Magnesium 
Calcium. . . 

Iron 

Alumina. . . 
Nitrites. . . 
Nitrates. . . 
Chlorine. . . 
Sulphate. . . 

Silica 

Manganese 
Bases 



28.2 


29.6 


242.9 


560. 


1.8 


.41 


48.3 


19.9 


89.2 


88.6 


2.8 


.3 


3.8 


Trace 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


255. 


910. 


339.7 


41.3 


10.6 


10.4 




.0 


1. 


4. 




14.4 
86.2 
.4 
27.3 
68.6 
.4 
.8 
.1 
3. 
135. 
36.7 
10 
.0 
.0 



Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite. . . . 
Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassium sulphate. . 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Ammonium nitrate. . . 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate. 
Ammoiiium c^rlionate 
Magnesium nitrate. . . 
Magnesium chloride. . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 

Total 

Potassium nitrite.... 
Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassium sulphate. . 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Ammonium nitrate. . . 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate. 
Ammonium carbonate 
Magnesium nitrate... 
Magnesium chloride.. 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases .• 

Total 




56.4 
1421.2" 



1.2 



28.5 

51.7 

7.5 



221.1 
.6 
trace 

10.4 
4. 



4.2 



10.1 
11.6 
78.4 
50.6 



102.1 



163.5 
2 

'a 

11. 
3.6 



.2 

4.9 
23.6 



183.8 

42.5 



1.5 



8.6 
88.6 



171.1 



.8 



10. 



1802.6 



435.7 



536.4 



Hypothetical combinations 



3.13 



22.09 
16.85 



.38 



10.21 
2.61 



12.99 
.34 
.22 
.62 
.06 



3.29 



82.90 



.07 



1.66 

3.00 

.44 



12.89 

.03 

trace 

.61 

.23 



69.50 



105.12 



.24 



.59 

.68 

4.56 

2.95 



5.95 



9.54 
.01 
.02 
.64 
.21 



.01 

.29 
1.38 



10.72 
2.48 



.09 



.50 
5.17 



9.98 
.05 
.05 
.58 



25.39 



31.30 



MINERAL ANALYSES OF UNDEEGEOUND WATEES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



239 



Kane 


Kane 


Kane 


Kane 


Kane 


Kane 




Aurora 


Aurora 


Aurora 


Aurora 


Batavia 


Mont- 
gomery 




(Waterworks) 


(Talma St. 


(River St. 


(Philips 




(SE. % 




Well No. 5) 


well) 


well) 


Park well) 




sec. 32, T. 

38 N.. R. 8 

E.) 


Chem- 
ical 


City 


City 


City 


City 


City 


Magnesia 
Spring Co. 


formula 


2,250 


2,185 


2,263 


2,759 


2,000 


115 




255 


350 


255 


135 








650 


450 


Flows, 150 


100 





Flows, 5 




July 20, '15 


July 20, '15 


July 20, '15 


July 20, '15 


Sept. 28, '15 


July 20, '15 





(parts per million) 



11. 


16. 


16.6 


26.1 


1.5 


14.9 


K 


48.1 


51.2 


134.7 


486.2 


5.5 


157.4 


Na 


.5 


.1 


.3 


.8 


.6 


.6 


NH4 


24.9 


23.3 


28.7 


62.1 


22.4 


10.4 


Mg 


64.5 


63.5 


82.9 


240.5 


56. 


15.3 


Ca 


.4 


.3 


.5 


5. 


.3 


.2 


Fe 


1.2 


.4 


1.2 


1.6 


4. 


.9 


ALO3 


.5 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


NOo 


3.5 


3.5 


1.1 


1.8 


1.2 


2.5 


NO3 


93. 


35. 


258. 


1075. 


10. 


1. 


CI 


27.2 


41.9 


29.6 


107.1 


6. 


76.2 


SO4 


9. 


10.5 


12. 


11.6 


15. R 


11.6 


SiO., 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


Mn 


.0 


.2 


.4 


.0 


.0 


.0 


Bases 



(parts per million) 



.9 




. 








KNO2 


5.7 


5.7 


1.8 


2.9 


2. 


4.1 


KNO3 


16. 


26.3 


30.3 


47.6 


1.3 


2.1 

27.2 


KCl 

K.^SOi 

NaNOa 


122.1 


37.1 
62. 

38. 


341.8 


1234. 


14. 


■ Vo".6* 

294.6 


NaCl 
NaoSOi 
Na'oCOa 
NH4NO3 


1.5 


.3" - 


.9 


1.9 


1.7 


■ "1.6* 


NH4CI 

(NH4)2S04 
(NH4)2C03 

Mg(N03)2 


13.9 




34.7 


243.2 






MgCls 


34.1 




37.1 




7.5 




Mg-SOi 


50.2 


80.7 


42.9 


"iVi.e' 

151.8 


72.4 


36. 


Mg-C03 

CaCL 

CaSdi 


161. 


158.5 


206.9 


316. 


139.8 


38.2 


CaCOs 


.8 


.6 


1. 


10.4 


.6 


.4 


FeCOg 


1.2 


.4 


1.2 


1.6 


4. 


.9 


AI2O3 


9. 


10.5 


12. 


11.6 


15.6 


11.6 


SiOa 




.2 


.4 






.4 


Bases 


416.4 


420.3 


711. 


2212.6 


258.9 


507.7 


Total 



(grains per 


U. S. gallon 


; 










.05 












KNO3 


.33 


.33 


.10 


.17 


.12 


.24 


KNO3 


.93 


1.53 


1.77 


2.78 


.07 


.12 
1.59 


KCl 

K0SO4 

KNO3 


7.12 


2.16 
3.62 

2.22 


19.99 


71.98 


.82 


'5.28 
17.18 


NaCl 
NaoSOi 
NaoC03 
NH4NO3 


.09 


.02 


.05 


.11 


.16 


.09 


NH4CI 
(NH4)oS04 
(NH4)2C03 
M.£rm03)o 


.81 




2.02 


14.19 






MgClo 


1.99 




2.16 




.44 




MgSOi 


2.93 


4.71 


2.50 


" 11.18 

8.85 


4.21 


2.i6 


MgCOs 

CaCU 

CaSdi 


9.39 


9.24 


12.07 


18.43 


8.i6 


2.23 


CaCOa 


.05 


.03 


.06 


.61 


.03 


.02 


FeC03 


.07 


.02 


.07 


.09 


.23 


.05 


Al.,03 


.53 


.61 


.70 


.68 


.91 


.68 


SiOa 




.01 


.02 






.02 


Bases 


24.28 


24.50 


41.51 


129.07 


15.09 


29.60 


Total 



240 AETESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERN ILLIXOIS 

Table I. — Mineral analyses of underground 



County 
Town. . 



Kane 
Maple Park 



Kane 
St. Charles 



(Waterworks) (Waterworks) 



Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing feet 

Rate of pumping, .gals, per min. 
Date sample was collected 



Village 



250 
250 
40 
July 31, "15 



City 



.350 
To bed rock 

120 
Aug. 6, '14 



Kane 
St. Charles 

(Park St. 
well) 



City 



850 
60 
200 
Aug. 6, '14 



Kankakee 
M'anteno 

(Waterworks) 



Village 



426 
17 
100 
Mar. 30, '14 



Determinations made 



Potassium. 
Sodium . . . . 
Ammonium 
Magnesium 
Calcium . . . 

Iron 

Alumina. . . 
Nitrites. . . 
Nitrates. . . 
Chlorine. . . 
Sulphate. . . 

Silica 

Manganese 
Bases 




Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite 

Potassium nitrate 

Potassium chloride 

Potassium sulphate 

Sodiuin nitrate 

Sodiuin chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate 

Ammonium nitrate 

Ammonium chloride 

Ammonium sulphate 

Ammonium carbonate 

Magnesium nitrate 

Magnesium chloride 

Magnesium sulphate 

Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate 

Iron carbonate 

Aluiuina 

Silica 

Manganese carbonate 

Bases 

Total 

Potassium nitrite 

Potassium nitrate 

Potassiuin chloride 

Potassium sulphate 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate 

Ammonium nitrate 

Ammonium chloride 

Ammonium sulphate. ....... 

Ammonium carbonate 

IVIagncsium nitrate 

^Magnesium chloiide 

^Magnesium sulphate 

Magnesiuin carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Manganese carbonate 

Bases 

Total , 

" Plus 14 feet of screen 



4.1 
3.1 
5.1 



30.6 
38.7 



1.3 



93.2 



130.8 

.2 

1.3 

15.4 



324. 



36. 
1.5 



^13.4 
110.1 



1.1 



28.7 
138.2 



212.4 
1.7 
2.6 

15.4 



594.1 



6.4 

8.4 

13.6 



32.8 
55.4 



106.3 



161.3 

.8 

1.5 

10.7 

. . .^. . 



.3 

17.3 



4.8 
43.1 



2.6 
229.9 



2.1 
300.8 

.8 

.6 

11.8 



400.9 



614.5 



Hypothetical combinations 



.24 
.18 
.30 



1.78 
2.25 



.08 



5.43 



2.10 
.09 



2.53 
6.42 



.06 



1.67 
8.06 



7.63 
.01 
.08 
.90 



.01 



12.39 
.10 
.15 
.90 



.17 




.02 
1.01 



.28 
2.51 



.15 
13.41 



.12 
17.55 
.05 
.03 
.69 



ft 



.02 



18.89 



34.64 



23.38 



35.84 



MINERAL ANALYSES OF UNDEBGKOUND WATERS 



241 



waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



Kankakee 


Lake 


Lake 


La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 




Reddick 


Highland 
Park 


Lake Zurich 


Cedar 
Point 


Grand Ridge 


La Salle 




(Town Hall) 


(ly^ miles 


(Waterworks) 


(Water- 


(Water- 


(NE. 14 






west in NE. 




works) 


works) 


sec. 35, T. 






14 sec. 21, T. 








34 N., R. 






43 N.. P. 12 








1 E) 






E.) 










Chem- 


Village 


Tillman 


Village 


Cedar 

Point 

Light & 

Water Co. 


Village 


Mitchell 
Bros. 


ical 
formula 


268 


ISO 


218 


1,750 


160 


290 






165 


218 


900 


al46 






Not used 


Flows, 2 


35 


75 


110 






Aug. 11, '13 


Aug. 24, '14 


June 14, '15 


Feb. 7, '13 


July 5, '15 


July 29, '12 





(parts per million) 



9. 


3.6 


4.1 


29. 


3. 


3.9 


K 


1868.3 


73.4 


111.1 


299.5 


63.4 


17.2 


Na 


.6 


.7 


.6 


2. 


1.8 


trace 


NMi 


16.8 


45. 


113.3 


.7 


13.7 


35. 


Mg 


35.7 


55.2 


196.6 


71.7 


24.7 


88.8 


Ca 


2.06 


.1 


.2 


.3 


.9 


.4 


Fe 


6.8 


2.2 


13. 


6.9 


1. 


.6 


AkOs 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


trace 


NO2 


2.3 


1.8 


.3 


.8 


1.4 


1.2 


NO3 


2700. 


8. 


6. 


310. 


7. 


4. 


CI 


.0 


285. 


1087.8 


181.6 


.0 


63.7 


SOi 


9.8 


20.8 


15. 
.0 


10.5 


7.2 
.04 


14.8 


SiOa 
Mn 


1.8 


1. 


.1 


.0 


.0 


.8 


Bases 



(parts per million) 



(grains per 


U. S. gallon 


) 




.22 

.83 


.17 

.28 


' ' ' '.03 
.40 


' ■ ' '.07 
3.15 


"259.24 
' '15.73 


.55 
12.53 


.'2*6 
19.66 


' '27.35 

15.66 

3.72 


.09 


.16 


.'13 


' ■ ' '.30 


*3.39 


* '10.09 
2.02 


' '32. '6 '7 


' ■ ' '.is 


'5.2b 

.24 
.40 
.57 


'8."o'2 
.01 
.13 

1.21 


* '3'4."o'6 

3.58 

.02 

.76 

.87 


' 16 AZ 
.03 
.40 
.61 


.1*0 


.'o'6 






286.01 


35.23 


92.44 


61.85 



.13 
.23 



.49 
.07 



.29 



2.76 



3.60 
.11 
.06 
.42 
.01 
.03 

16.20 



.11 

.34 



.11 

2.42 



2.81 
• 5.10 



12.81 
.05 
.03 
.86 

' ' '.05 

24.69 




KNO3 

KNO3 

KCl 

KoSO, 

NaNOa 

NaCl 

NaaSOi 

NaoCOg 

NH4NO3 

NH4CI 

(NH4)oS04 

(NH4)2COj 

Mg(N03)2 

MgClo 

MgSOi 

MgC03 

CaCl, 

CaSO'i 

CaCOa 

FeCOa 

AI2O3 

SiOo 

MnCOa 

Bases 

Total 



242 



ARTESIAN M'ATERS OF N'ORTHEIASTERX ILLIXOIS 

Table I. — Mineral analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing feet 

Rate of pumping, .gals, per min. 
Date sample was collected 



La Salle 
La Salle 
(111. R. bot- 
tom land, 2 
wells) 
City 



38 & 391/2 

38 & 391/2 

bl500 

July 30, '12 



La Salle 
La Salle 



111. Zinc Co. 
well Xo. 4 



1,400 



July 29, '12 



La Salle La Salle 

Leland Marseilles 

(Waterw^orks) (Waterworks, 
2 wells) 
! Consumers 
Village 1 "Water & 
Light Co. 



230 
100 

225 
Aug. 11, '14 



800 & 600 
100 
"100 
July 3, '15 



Determinations made 



Potassium 

Sodium 

Anunonium 

Magnesium 

Calcium 

Iron 

Alumina 

Nitrites 

Nitrates 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Silica 

Hydrogen sulphide. 

Manganese 

Uaoes 




Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite 

Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassium svilphate. . . 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Ammonium nitrate. . . 
Ammonium chlorioe.. 
Ammonium sulphate.. 
Ammonium caj'bonate. 
]\Iagncsium nitrate... 
Magnesium chloride. . 
Magnesium sulphate . . 
JNIagnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate.... 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 



Total 



Potassium nitiite 

Potassiimi nitrate.... 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassium suli)hate. . . 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Ammonium nitrate... 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate-. . 
Ainuionium f-ai'bonatc 
Magnesium nitrate. . . 
Magnesium chloride. . 
Magnesium sulphate.. 
^Magnesium carbonate, 

Calrium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 

Calrium carbonate. . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 



Total 



•» Combined. 



9.3 
9.3 



20.9 
39.8 



1.5 



192.8 



2.8 

295.6 

2 

5! 6 
10. 
12.8 



1.5 
68.4 



1035.5 
lis. 5 
121. 



2.3 
5.1 



2.6 

2.4 

20.9 



600.6 



130.5 

.6 

2.4 

10. 

6.8 


1570.4 



118.7 



145.2 

9.8 

3.3 

15.1 

.6 



1.1 
5. 



136. 



1.5 



16.4 
110.3 

75.8 



206.9 

.2 

1.1 

.4 

.6 



327.8 



.3 



Hypothetical combinations 



.54 
.54 



1.21 
2.32 



.09 
3.98 



60.39 
6.91 
7.06 



.13 
.30 



.06 
.29 



.15 

.14 

1.22 



7.93 



.09 



11.24 



.16 

17.23 

.01 

.33 

.5S 
.75 



.11 



4.38 



r.6i 
.0:^ 

.14 
.58 
.39 



6.92 



8.47 
.57 
.19 
.8S 

.04 



.09 



.96 
6.43 
4.42 



12.07 
.01 
.06 
.02 
.03 



35.00 



91.56 



19.12 



32.37 



MINERAL ANALYSES OF UNDERCIiOUND WATERS 



243 



waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 




Mendota 


Ottawa 


Peru 


Peru 


Ransom 


Streator 




(Waterworks) 


(Sanicula 
Mineral 
Spring-) 












City 


E.P. Mit- 




Western 


Village 


Western 


Chem- 




schelm 




Clock Co. 
well No. 3 




Glass Co. 


ical 
formula 


490 


Spring 


1,505 


1,263 


274 


640 




260 


8 


, 










200 


Flows, 5 




Flows 




60 




Aug. 3, '15 


Aug. 2, '15 


Dec. 22. '13 


July 29, '12 


Mar. 24, '13 


Oct. 31, '11 





(parts per million) 



1.8 


39.5 


18.4 


30.4 


15.6 


26.3 


K 


30.1 


732.8 


545.7 


192.6 


123.4 


192.8 


Na 


3.3 


1.8 


1.4 


1.3 


A 


.9 


NHi 


25.1 


105. 


23.9 


10.5 


16.3 


11.9 


Mg 


70.7 


319. 


50.6 


51.5 


31.4 


48.9 


Ca 


3.2 


.1 


4. 


.6 


.3 


.2 


Fe 


5. 


2. 


.3 


1.6 


5. 


44. 


AI2O3 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.0 


NO2 


1.8 


1.8 


.4 


5. 


2.1 


5.8 


NO3 


1. 


1700. 


750. 


150. 


26. 


210. 


CI 


2.8 


196.6 


74.9 


110.2 


9. 


61.6 


SO4 


24.5 


12. 


12. 



12.8 


19.2 


9.6 

14.5 


SiOa 
HoS 
Mn 


.6 


3. 


1.6 


.6 






Bases 



(parts per million) 









• 






KNO2 


2.9 


2.9 


.7 


.8 


3.4 


9.5 


KNO3 


1.3 


73.2 


34.5 


57.4 


27.1 


43.1 


KCl 

K0SO4 

NaNOs 


.7 


1859.8 


1210. '5 


202.5 


21.7 


312.7 


NaCl 


4.1 




109.5 


163.1 


13.3 


91.2 


NasSOi 


65.6 


"5.*3" 


78.5 


137.8 


254.7 


92.1 


NagCOs 
NH4NO3 

NH4CI 
(NH,)2S04 


8.8 


' '416.6" 


3.7 


3.5 


1. 


4.7 


(NH4).C03 

Mg(N03)2 
MgCl2 
MgSOi 


86.9 


'358.9' 
283. 


83. 


36.4 


56.5 


41.2 


MgCOa 

CaCl. 

CaS04 


176.5 


265.8 


126.3 


128.5 


78.3 


122.1 


CaCOs 


6.6 


.2 


8.3 


1.2 


.6 


.4 


FeCOa 


5. 


2. 


.3 


1.6 


5. 


44. 


AI2O3 


24.5 


12. 


12. 


12.8 


19.2 


9.6 


SiOa 


.6 


3. 


1.6 


.6 






Bases 


383.5 


3276.9 


1668.9 


746.2 


480.8 


770.6 


Total 



(grains per 


U. S. gallon 


; 






















KNO2 


.17 


.17 


.04 


.05 


.9 


.55 


KNO3 


.08 


4.27 


2.01 


3.34 


1.57 


2.51 


KCl 

K2SO1 

NaN03 


.04 


id8."4"8 


70. 6*1 


11. si 


1.26 


18.24 


NaCl 


.24 




6 38 


9.51 


.77 


5.32 


Na2S04 


3.83 


.31' 


4.58 


8.04 


14.85 


5.38 


NasCOg 
NH4NO3 
NH4CI 
(NH4)oS04 


.51 


'23.9'5' 


.22 



.26 


.05 


.27 


(NH4)2C03 

MgrN03)2 

MgClo 

MgSOi 


5.07 


'2d.'9"3' 
16.51 


4.84 


2.12 


3.28 


2.40 


MgC03 
CaCl, 

CaSO* 


10.30 


15.50 


7.'3'7 


7.49 


4.55 


7.13 


CaCOa 


.38 


.01 


.48 


.07 


.03 


.02 


FeCOs 


.2!> 


.12 


.02 


.09 


.29 


2.57 


AI2O3 


1.43 


.70 


.70 


.75 


1.13 


.56 


SIO2 


.03 


.17 


.09 


.03 






Bases 


22.37 


191.12 


97.34 


43.50 


27.96 


44.95 


Total 



244: ARTESIAN WATEES OF XOETHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table I. — Mineral analyses of underground 

County 

Town 

Owner 

.Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping, .gals, per niin. 

Date sample was collected 



La Salle 
Streator 


La Salle 
Streatoi' 


La Salle 
Streator 


La Salle 
Streator 


Vulcan De- 
tinning Co. 


(Brick Plant) 

Streator 

Paving 

Brick Co. 


(near city 
Park) 

City 


(water froin 

Vermilion 

River) 

City 


563 

200 
60 


660 


2,496 
Flows 


(Average of 
12 monthly 
analyses) 


Oct. 31, '11 


Oct. 31, '11 


Oct. 31, '11 





Determinations made (parts 



Potassium 

Sodium 

Ammonium 

Magnesium 

Calcium 

Iron 

Alumina 

Nitrites 

Nitrates 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Silica 

Hydrogen sulphide 

Manganese 

Bases 




49.7 
300.7 
1.5 
23.9 
56. 
trace 
trace 
.0 
.5 
410. 
62.1 
10. 
15. 

.'o' 



346.8 
3732. 
5. 
143.3 
693.3 
6.3 
10. 
.0 
2 

7100.' 
403.2 
12. 



(IS. 



29. 


55. 


.2 


.0 


.0 


12. 


6.9 


68. 


14. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite. . . . 
Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassiiim sulphate.. 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Ammonium nitrate... 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate. 
Ammonium carbonate 
Magnesium nitrate. . . 
Magnesium chloride.. 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 

Total 

Potassium nitrite. . . . 
Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride... 
Potassium sulphate. . 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Ammonium nitrate... 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate. 
Amniniiium cai-bonate 
Magnesium nitrate. . . 
Magnesium chloi'idc.. 
Magnesium sulphate. 
^Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium suli^hate . . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 

Total 



1.5 
92.2 



604.3 

32.1 

146.4 



2.9 



23.6 



154.3 

.6 

trace 

12.8 



94.1 



602.8 
91.9 
76.9 



82.8 



139.8 
trace 
trace 

10. 



10 70.7 



1099.1 



.3 

470.1 



9471.7 



14.8 



560.4 



1268.1 
5 71.5 
167. 

13. 

10. 

12. 



16.4 
11.5 
23.1 



67.7 
53. 



137.3 
.4 



14. 



12558.9 



;23.4 



Hypothetical combinations 





.'09 
5.38 

' '35. '2 5 
l.SS 
8.54 

' ' ' .17 


'l.'37 

'9'.'o'o 
.03 
trace 
.75 


*.'05* 
5.49 

'3'.5.'l'6* 
5.36 
4.48 

'4. 83 

' '8.'l'6" 

trace 

trace 

.58 


'.'02 
27.43 

'5'5'2.'4'8 
.'8*6 

' '3'2.'6'S 

" '73'.'9'7 

33.34 

9.74 

.76 

.58 

.70 


















.95 
.67 




1.35 
































3.94 




3.09 












8.00 




.02 




.'s'l 








62.46 


64.11 


732.56 


18.83 



MINERAL ANALYSES OF UNDERGEOUND WATERS 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



245 



La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


McHenry 


McHenry 




Utica 


Utica 


Utica 


Wedron 


Algonquin 


Crystal 
Lake 




(northwest 


(near vil- 


(on Clark 


(Imile S. 


(1/2 mi. 


(Water- 




part of vil- 


lage hall) 


St. S. of 


of village) 


NE. of 


works) 




lage) 




canal) 




town) 






Village 


Village 


Village 


Sulphur 
Lick 

Springs 
Hotel 


Village 


Village 


Chem- 
ical 
formula 


225 — 350 


225 — 350 


225 — 350 


Spring 


Spring 


(Dug) 32 




140 


140 


140 










Flows, 125 


Flows, 125 


Flows, 125 


Flows, 
1,050 


Flows, 500 


215 




Aug. 1, '12 


Dec. 16, '13 


Dec. 16, '13 


July 30, '15 


June 1, '15 


Oct. 31, '13 





per million) 



4.5 

12.3 
.7 

34.1 

81. 
1.3 
1.1 
trace 
1.1 
3.4 
5.4 

11. 



6.9 

28.4 
.9 

33. 

86.2 
.5 
.5 
.0 
.7 

55. 
6.8 

10.5 



4.9 
14.9 
.7 
29. 
85. 
.7 
.'2 
.0 
2.4 
21. 

4.4 
12. 



1.2 



3.8 


19.5 


.7 


37.1 


72.3 


.05 


1.2 


.0 


3.5 


12. 


23.8 


9.2 


.0* 


.5 



2.5 

5.2 

.0 

31.7 

65. 

.07 

1.4 

.0 

14.1 

3. 
44.8 
10.9 

' " '.0* 
3.3 



2.8 
18.8 
.0 
35.6 
90.2 
.06 
.4 
.3 
5.7 
9. 
52. 
13.6 



.0 



K 

Na 

NHi 

Mg 

Ca 

Fe 

AI2O3 

NO2 

NO3 

CI 

SO4 

SiOa 

HoS 

M'n 

Bases 



(parts per million) 













.5 


KNO2 


1.8 


1.1 


3.9 


5.7 


6.5 


6.7 


KNO3 


7.2 


12.4 


6.5 


3. 


' '13'. 8* 


'2.5' 


KCl 

K2SO4 

NaNOa 


31.2 


72. 


28.8 


17.5 


3.8 


14.8 


NaCl 






6.5 


35.2 




37.9 


NaaSO* 







4.3 


2.8 






NagCOs 
NH4NO3 


2.'l 


2.6 


'i.'9' 


"1.9' 






NH4CI 

(NH4)2S04 
(NH4)2C03 

Mg(N03)2 


13.8 


5.1 






.9 




MgCls 


6.8 


8.5 






56.2 


33. 


MgS04 


101.1 


103.9 


100.4 


128.5 


69.6 


100.4 


MgCOs 

CaCla 

CaSOi 


202.2 


215.1 


212.2 


180.4 


162.3 


225. 


CaCOa 


3.2 


1. 


1.4 


.1 


.1 


.1 


FeCOa 


1.1 


.5 


.2 


1.2 


1.4 


.4 


AlsOa 


11. 


10.3 


12. 


9.2 


10.9 


13.6 


SiOa 


.2 


.0 


1.2 


.5 


3.3 


.2 


Bases 


381.7 


432.5 


379.3 


386. 


328.8 


435.1 


Total 



(grains per U. S. gallon) 



.10 

.42 



1.82 



.12 



.80 

.40 

5.89 



11.79 
.19 
.06 
.64 
.01 

22.24 











.03 


.06 


.22 


.33 


.38 


.39 


.72 


.38 


.17 


■ ■ ' ".80 


.15 


4.20 


1.68 


1.62 


.22 


.86 




.38 


2.05 




2.21 




.25 


.16 






.'l'5 


.'11 


' ' ' '.ii 






.'3*0 






.05 




.50 






3.27 


1.92 


6.06 


5.85 


7.49 


4.06 


5.85 


' 'i2'.'5'5 


" 'i2'.'3'7 


■ 'l'o'.52 


V.46 


■ '13.12 


.06 


.08 


.01 


.01 


.01 


.03 


.01 


.07 


.08 


.02 


.60 


.70 


.54 


.63 


.79 


.00 


.07 


.03 


.19 


.01 


25.23 


22.10 


22.50 


19.15 


25.3a 



KN02 

KNOa 
KCl 

K2S04 

NaNOa 

NaCl 

NaoSOi 

NaoCOa 

NH4NO3 

NH4CI 

(NH4)2S04 
(NH4)2C03 

Mg(N03)2 

MgCl. 

MgSOi 

MgCOa 

CaClo 

CaSOi 

CaC03 

FeC03 

AlnOs 

Si02 
Bases 

Total 



246 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLIXOIS 

Table I. — Mineral analyses of underground 



County 
Town. . 



M'cHenry 
Marengo 

(Waterworks) 



Owner Village 

Depth of well feet (Dug) 14 

Depth of casing' feet 

Rate of pumping-. . .gals, per min. | 200 

Date sample was collected I Oct. 28, '13 



M'cHenry 
North Crys- 
tal Lake 
(^\'ater works) 



Village 
285 
260 
200 
Oct. 31, '13 



M'cHenry 
Woodstock 

(Pumping 
station No. 
2, 2 wells) 

City 

(both) 85 

'•6 7 

•1350 

Mar. 23, '14 



Will 
Braidwood 

(AVater works) 



Village 
(Dug) 20 



100 
June 22, '14 



Determinations made 



Pota.'^sium 


2.7 

6.3 

.1 

36.5 

84.3 

.1 

1.2 

.0 

23.8 

15. 

53.3 

13.5 

' "i." 


3.5 

24.4 

.6 

32.8 

52.3 

.3 

2.5 

.n 
.3 

15. 
8.9 

17.8 
.0 
.0 


2.7 

12.5 

.6 

41.9 

76.4 

2.6 

.5 

.0 

2.2 

2. 

6.6 

26.2 

"1.3* 


8.2 


Sodium 


14.6 


Ammonium 


.2 


Magnesium 


26.7 


Calcium 


93.2 


Iron 


.3 


Alumina 


1.6 


Nitrites 


.0 


Nitrates 


22 9 


Chlorine 


6. 


Sulphate 


179 2 


Silica 


10. 


Ikianganese 




Bases 


1. 







Hypothetieal i 


combinations 


Potassium nitrite 


' ' '7'.' * 
' '2'3'.'2* 

.'3* 

'2.'9' 
20.1 
66.8 

60.2 

■2ld.'3' 
2 

1^2 

13.5 

1. 


.5 
6.3 

' '19'.'?' 

13.2 
28.3 

' "1.6' 

'113.4* 

'130.5' 

.7 

2.5 

17.8 

.0 


'3.6' 
2.5 

■l.'2' 

9.S 

20.3 

■ "'1.6' 

'iis.'i* 

'190. '7' 

5.4 

.5 

26.2 

1.3 




Potassium nitrate 


21.2 


Potassium cliloride 

Potassium sulphate 




Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloi'ide 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium caroonatc 


13.6 

9.9 

23.1 


Ammonium nitrate 




Ammonium cliloride 




Ammonium sulphate 


.7 


Ammonium car]ionate 




Magnesium nitrate 




Magnesium chloride 

Magnesiuni sulphate 


'132'.' * 


Magnesium carbonate 




Calcium chloi'ide 




Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate 


81.9 
172.5 


Iron carbonate 


.6 


Alumina 


1.6 


Silica 


10. 


Bases 


1. 


Total 


406.7 


334.6 


408.2 


468.1 







Hypothetical combinations 



Potas.sium nitrite 

Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloi-ide... 
Potassium sulphate. . . 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Ammoniui'>i nili-ato... 
Ammonium chloride. . 
Ammonium sulphate.. 
Ammonium carbonate 
Magnesium nitrate... 
Magnesium chloride., 
^fagne.sium sulphate. . 
Magnesium c:ii-l)onate . 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carlionate. . , . 

Iron carbonate 

Alumin.a 

Siliea 

Bases 



Total , 



.40 

'i.'s's 



.02 



.17 
1.17 
3.89 
3.51 



12.26 
.01 
.07 
.79 
.06 



23.70 



.03 
.37 



1.15 

.77 

1.65 



1.21 
.15 



.07 

r<7 



.09 



6.61 



7.61 
.04 
.15 
.04 

.0 



19.51 



.09 



8.46 



11.12 

.31 

.03 

1.53 

.08 



23.80 



1.24 
.04 



.79 

.58 

1.35 



7.70 



4.78 

10.06 

.03 

.09 

.58 
.06 



27.30 



••Plus 18 fc^t of screen. 



'• Combined. 



Plus 10 feet of screen. 



MIXEEAL ANALYSES OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



247 



Will 


Will 


Will 


Will 


Will 


Will 




Crete 


Joliet 


Joliet 


Joliet 


Lockport 


Mokena 




(Waterworks) 


(Desplaines 


(City High 


(Canal St. 


(W^ater- 


(Water- 






St. Station) 


School) 


well) 


works) 


works) 


Chem- 
ical 


Village 


City 


City 




City 


City 


formula 


192 


1,575 


S81 


1,565 


1,650 


139 




150 


300 


500 




51 


•^129 




90 


450 


25 




160 


60 




June 29, '15 


Sept. 27, '15 


Sept. 27, '15 


May 15, '13 


July 2, '15 


July 1, '15 





(parts per million) 



4.2 

10.1 

^_.4 

35.1 

102.6 

.9 

1.3 



2. 
2l'.6 
11.6 



.8 



23.9 
104. 
.9 
18.5 
51.5 
.4 
9. 
.0 
.0 
47. 
113.6 
21.4 
.0 



20.6 


106.8 


.9 


20.7 


50. 


.2 


2.8 


• .0 


A 


59. 


116.9 


10. 


.0 



11.2 
83. 

2 

9.9 
68.8 



2.2 
36. 

88.9 



48. 
144. 



21. 
190. 
.5 
.4 
.7 
.1 
2.3 
.04 
10.6 
410. 
188.4 
14. 



3.4 


K 


11.7 


Na 


.5 


NHi 


43.4 


Mg 


144.4 


Ca 


.6 


Fe 


3.3 


iXloO., 


.0 


NOa 


rr 
. 1 


NO:, 


1. 


CI 


148. 


SO, 


16. 


SiOa 




Mn 


1.2 


Bases 



(parts per million) 



1.1 

4.2 
3.6 


* *45.5* 


38.9 


"■3.5* 

18.8 


.1 
17.3 

27.2 


1. 

1.7 
5.3 


' "29." " 
1.6 


" "42.2' 
168. 
75.5 


' '65'.'2* 

173. 
58. 


' '44'. 6* 

131.4 

53.2 


482.2 


' '36.1 ' 


' "i.i 


' "2.4" 


* "'2."4* 


' "'5.3" 


'■'1.5' 


' '"i.s" 


'iii.V 


' '6 4.1' 


" '71.7" 


" "34. 3" 


"13 9.6" 
62.8 






1 
41.9 


'25 6. i" 

1.9 

1.3 

11.6 

.8 


■128.5' 
.8 
9. 
21.4 


'l2 4.'8' 
.4 . 
2.8 
10. 




"17 1.7* 

■ 2 5*. 4' 
9. 


"iVe. 

217.2 
.2 
2.3 
14. 
2. 


360.5 

1.2 

3.3 

16. 

1.2 


433.9 


557.4 


547.8 


497.2 


1162.4 


619.7 



(grains per U. S. gallon) 



KNO2 

KNOa 

KCl 

KoSO, 

NaNOs 

NaCl 

NaoSOi 

NaoCO., 

NHiNO:, 

NHjCl 

(NH,V,S04 

(NH4)oC03 

Mg(N03)2 

MgCl, 

MgSOt 

MgCO;, 

CaCl, 

CaSOi 

CaCO, 

FeCOs 

>1oO-. 

SiO, 

Bases 

Total 











.01 




KNOj 


.06 




.03 


.20 


1.01 


.06 


KNO3 


.24 


2.65 


2.27 


1.09 


1.59 


.10 


KCl 


.21 










.31 


lv.,SOt 
NaNOa 




2.46 


3.80 


2.59 


28.13 




NaCl 


1.69 


9.80 


10.09 


7.66 




2.11 


NaaSOi 


.09 


4.40 


3.38 


3.10 


.09 




.16 


NaoCOa 
NH4NO3 
NH4CI 
(NH4)2S04 


.b'6 


.14 


.14: 


.30 


' "8'.i4 
3.66 


' "s'.73 


(NHi)2C03 

MgClo 
MgSOt 


7.b'9 


3.7*3 


4.i's 


1.99 


" '11.43 


2.4-1 


MgC03 

CaClo 

CaSOi 


14.94 


7.49 


7.28 


10.61 


12.67 


21.03 


CaCOs 


.11 


.05 


.02 




.01 


.07 


FeCOT 


.08 


.52 


.16 


1.47 


.13 


.19 


AUO'5 


.68 


1.25 


.58 


.52 


.82 


.03 


SiOa 


.05 








.12 


.07 


Bases 


25.30 


32.49 


31.93 


28.93 


67.81 


36.14 


Total 



248 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Tai^le I. — Mineral analyses of underground 



County 
Town. . 



Owner. 



Will Will ' Will 

Monee \ Monee \ Peotone 
(■\Vaterwork.s, (Waterworks) (Waterworks) 
well Xo. 1) 
Villago 



Will 
Plainfield 



Depth of well feet 166 

Depth of casing feet 90 

Rate of pumping-. .. .gals, per min. 35 

Date sample was collected , June 29, '15 



Village 


Village 


169 


135 


90 


135 


165 


150 


June 29 '15 


April 9. '06 



Village 



104 



Determinations made 



Potassium. 
Sodium . . . . 
Ammonium 
Magnesium 
Calcium. . . 

Iron 

Alumina. . . 
Nitrites. . . 
Nitrates . . . 
Chlorine. . . 
Sulphate . . . 

Silica 

]M'anganese, 
B.Hses 




5. 


34.5 


.7 


33.8 


85.1 


1.6 


6.8 


.9' 


4. 


16.21 


16.1 



123.4 



1.9 



64 2 


79.1 


(0 


(0 


' 'ei'.'e' 


20-1. 


136. 


19.4 



4.8 



Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite. . . . 
Potassium nitrate. . . . 
Potassium chloride . . . 
Potassium sulphate. . 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Ammonium nitrate. . . 
Ammonium chloride.. 
Ammonium sulphate.. 
Ammonium carbonate. 
]\Iagnesium nitrate... 
Magnesium chloride.. 
Magnesium sulphate.. 
^Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate. . . . 

Iron cai'bonate 

Iron oxide 

Alumina 

Silica 

Bases 



Total 



.1 

.7 
6.3 

4.7 



49. 



4.8 



244.2 



192 9 

367.4 

16 6 

1 . 
14. 
1.2 



.1 

1.8 
6.:5 
3.1 



902.9 



94.1 



2.6 



186.3 
145.8 



274 8 
2.5 

' "2.5' 
20.6 
1.2 



1.5 
8.3 



10B.4 



1.6 



110.7 
39.5 



212.4 
3 3 

'6 8' 

16.1 

1.9 



84.9 
254.8 



66.6 
171. 
4 2.2 



198. 



13. 

19.4 
4.8 



■41.7 



509.5 



854.7 



Hypothetical combinations 



Potassium nitrite 


.01 
.04 

.37 
.27 

'2.'8'6 

.2's 

" 'i4.'2'! 
] 

* "ii.*25 

21.43 
.97 

.n'6 
.82 
.07 


.01 
.10 

.37 

.18 
'.5.'4'9 

ATy 

' 'io'.8'7 
8.45 

IG.o:; 
.15 

* ' ' '.'ih 

1.20 
.07 


."09 

.48 

'6. '20 

.'I's 



"6.46 
2.30 

" '12. 3 it 
.19 

.40 

.94 1 

.11 1 




Potassium nitrate 




Potassium chloride 

Potassium sulphate 




Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulpliate 


4.95 

14.87 


Sodium carbonate 

.Vnimonium niti-ato 




Ammonium rliloride 

Ammonium sulphate 




Ammonium cai-bonate 

Magnesium nitrate 

Magnesium cliloride 

Magnesium sulphate 


's'.'s's 

9.97 


IVIagnesium carbonate 


2.46 


Calcium cliloriflc 




Calcium suliiliato 




Calcium carlxmati 


11.55 


Iron carbonate 




Iron oxide 

-Mumina 


}.76 


Silir;. 


1 13 


Bases 


28 






Total 1 


52.67 1 


43.22 1 


29.71 


49.85 



' Ferric oxide and alumina. 



MINERAL ANALYSES OF UNDERGKOUND WATERS 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Concluded 



249 



(parts per million) 



Will 


Will 


Winnebago 


Winnebago 








Rockdale 


Steger 


Pecatonica 


Rockford 








(Waterworks) 


(Waterworks) 


(Waterworks) 


(1602 S. 
Main St.) 








Villag-e 


Villag-e 


Village 


Graham 
Bros. 






Chem- 
ical 


662 


318 


(Dug) 20 


175 






formula 


260 


147 


. . 










160 


300 


130 


Flows 








July 2, '15 


April 1, '14 


Oct. 18, '13 











17.8 


7.2 


2. 


2.4 






K 


91.6 


18.4 


3.2 


4.4 






Na 


1.8 


.06 


.04 


.1 






NH4 


21.8 


39.5 


39.3 


36.9 






Mg 


58. 


86.6 


67.9 


89.9 






Ca 


.6 


1. 


.1 


.1 






Fe 


.9 


1.4 


.3 


.4 






AI2O3 


.05 




.0 


.1 






NOa 


.7 


2.3 


.5 


26.2 






NO3 


47. 


2. 


4. 


IL 






CI 


117.6 


47.2 


38.5 


22.8 






SO4 


7.8 


11.6 


24. 
.0 


16.5 






SiOa 
Mn 


.6 


1. 


.8 


1.5 






Bases 



(parts per 1 


nillion) 






.1 






.2 






KNO2 


1.1 


3.8 


.8 


5.9 






KNO3 


33.2 


4.2 

7.6 


3.2 


■ io".i' 






KCl 

K2SO4 

NaNOs 


51.5 




4.1 








NaCl 


174. 


56.7 


4.9 








NasSOi 


34.3 




'1 


' iV.s' 

14.8 




, 





NasCOa 
NH4NO3 
NH4CI 
(NH4)2S04 

(NH4)2C03 

Mg(N03)2 
MgCl2 




5.9 


44.2 


28.6 






MgSOi 


75.5 


132.6 


105. 






83.4 






MgCOs 

CaClo 

CaSOi 


144.8 


216.2 


169.5 


224.4 







CaCOa 


1.2 


2. 


.2 


.2 








PeCOa 

FesOg 


.9 


1.4 


.3 


.4 







AI2O3 


7.8 


11.6 


24. 


16.5 






SiOa 


.6 


1. 


.8 


1.4 






Bases 


525. 


443. 


357.1 


406.1 




Total 



(grains per 


U. S. gallon) 










.01 






.01 






KNO3 


.06 


.22 


.05 


.34 






KNO3 


1.94 


.24 
.44 


.19 


.59 






KCl 
K2SO1 

NaNOs 


3.00 




.24 








NaCl 


10.15 


3.31 


.29 








Na2S04 


2.00 




.01 


* ** '.62 

V.is 

.86 






NaoCOs 

NH4NO3 

NH4CI 

(NH4)2S04 
(NH4)2C03 

Mg(N03)2 
MgClo 





.34 


2.59 


1.67 






MgS04 


4.40 


7.73 


6.12 



4.86 






MgCOs 

CaCl2 

CaS04 


8.45 


12.61 


9.88 


13.08 






CaCOs 


.07 


.12 


.01 


.01 






FeCOs 
FesOs 


.05 


.08 


.02 


.02 






AI2O3 


.45 


.68 


.40 


.96 






SiOa 


.03 


.06 


.05 


.08 






Bases 


30.61 


25.83 


20.85 


23.65 






Total 



250 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLIXOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



Count\' 
Town. . 



Boone 

BeUidere 

(Round House) 



Cook 
Argo 



O^vner ' C. & X. W. R. R.l Corn Products 

I Refining- Co. 



Deptli of well feet 

Depth of casing- ' * feet 

Rate of pumping gals, per min. 

Date sample w^as collected 



1231 
To bed rock 

150 
Sept. 29, 1914 



Well No. 1 

163S 

45 

200 

July 14, 1914 



Cook 
Argo 



Corn Products 

Refining- Co. 

Well Xo. 2 

1507 

79 

375 

Julv 14. 1914 



Dcterininations made 



Magnesium (as CaCOg) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate ' 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO,,) '...'. .'. 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 
Hydrog-en sulphide 




140. 



120. 
296.' 

270. 
196. 



.16 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Magne.'^ium sulphate. 
Magnesiuin carbonate 
Calcium sulphate... 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



2.3 

6.6 

22.2 



284. 



Hypothetical combinations 



102.5 


132.' 
A 
1.2 



.5 

94.1 

137.5 



230.'4' * 
37. 


*2"42.' 

.4 
58. 1 



soo. 



198." ' 
161.5 


'2 3 5. '2 ' 
37. 


'226.' 
.4 
37.9 



896. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 


.13 

.38 
1.29 

■ ■ " .'98 
5.96 

"7. '70* 
.02 
.07 


.03 
5.49 
8.02 

' 'l3."4'4' 
2.16 

' 14.' 12 

.02 

3.39 


' "li.'ss 

9.42 

' i.3.'7'2 
2.16 

' 'l'3.'i8' 
.02 

2.21 




Sodium chloride 




Sodium sulphate 




Sodium carljonate 




Magnesium suljihate 




Magnesium carbonate 




Calcium sulphate 




Calcium carbonate 




Iron carbonate 




Undetermined 








Total 


16.53 


46.67 


52.26 









BOILER ANALYSES OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 

waters in northeastern Illinois 



251 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Argo 


Argo 


Argo 


Argo 


Barrington 
(City Water- 
works) 


Corn Products 


Corn Products 


Corn Products 


Corn Products 


City 


Refining Co. 


Refining Co. 


Refining Co. 


Refining Co. 




Well No. 3 


Well No. 5 


Well No. 6 


Well No. 7 




1590 


1597 


1635 


1870 


315 


61 


70 


67 


44 


200 


250 


250 


360 


200 


400 


July 14, 1914 


July 14, 1914 


July 14, 1914 


July 14, 1914 


Aug. 18, 1914 



(parts per million) 



256. 


256. 


332. 


168. 


220. 


.7 


.2 


.1 


.1 


.1 


.08 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.4 


.35 


.0 


.0 


.0 


1.8 


83. 


82. 


120. 


110. 


1. 


316.4 


334.9 


503. 


195.9 


77.8 


829. 


892. 


1188. 


735. 


381. 


238. 


243. 


248. 


284. 


260. 


— 232. 


228. 


348. 


36. 


60. 


.17 




.10 


.21 





(parts per million) 



.5 








2.5 




137. 


135.3 


198. 


181.5 


1.7 




163.2 


172.7 


251.7 


238.7 


30. 




258.4 


273.6' ' 


398.V * 


'43.2" ' 


' 72.' ' * 




20.2 


23.5 


'2i.'8 ' 


110.9 


117.6 




2i4. 


215. 


248. 


152. 


120. 




1.5 


.4 


.2 


.2 


.2 




34.2 


71.5 


69.9 


8.5 


37. 




829. 


892. 


1188. 


735. 


381. 





(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.03 








.15 




7.99 


7.89 


11.55 


10.58 


.1 




9.52 


10.07 


14.68 


13.92 


1.75 




15.07 


'is.gV 


"23.24' 


2.'5'3' 


* * 4."2 * 




1.18 


1.37 


i.'2'7' 


6.47 


6.86 




i2.48 


i2.54 


14.47 


8.87 


7. 




.09 


.02 


.01 


.01 


.01 




1.99 


4.17 


4.07 


.50 


2.16 




48.35 


52.02 


69.29 


42.88 


22.23 



252 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 
Berwyn 
(City water- 
works) 
City 


Cook 
Blue Island 
(City water- 
works) 
City 
Well Xo. 1 


Cook 
Blue Island 
(City water- 
works) 
City 
Well No. 3 


1650 + 

36 
225 
Sept. 11, 1914 


1100-^ 
69-+- 
200 
June 22, 1914 


1649 
69 
300 
June 11, 1914 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



144. 


148. 


124. 


.4 


.4 


.0 


.72 


.08 


.28 


3.18 


.4 


1.20 


100. 


190. 


160. 


210.1 


463.3 


471.1 


727. 


1248. 


1164. 


252. 


224. 


222 


130. 


328. 


176. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium cai-bonate. . . 

Iron carbo)iate 

Undetermined 

Total 



4.4 


.5 


1.6 


165. 


313.5 


264. 


126.7 


220.8 


447.5 


156.' 


177.6 


i'48.'s ' 


11.8 








244.8 


70.7 


238. 


224. 


222. 


.8 


.8 ■ 




24.3 


66. 


9.4 


727. 


1248. 


1164. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium niti-ate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium suljihate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
!^^agnosium suljihate. 
Magne.'^ium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.26 
9.62 
7.39 



9.10 
.69 

1*3." 88 

.05 

1.42 



42.41 



.03 

18.28 
12.88 

lb is 5 

1*4." 2 7 

13.07 

.05 

3.8 5 



r2.78 



.09 
15.40 
26.09 

' 8." 6 8 

' *4."i2 
12.95 

' ' .'55 



67.88 



t 



BOILEK ANALYSES OF UNDERGKOUND WATERS 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



253 



Cook 


Cool? 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Blue Island 


Blue Island 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(Division and 


(Gas Plant) 




(651 E?. 39th St.) 


(915 Fulton St.) 


127th St.) 










Chicago Copper & 


Public Service 


Armour Am- 


Bissel Laundry 


Broman 


Chemical Co. 


Company of 
Northern Illinois 


monia Works 




Building 


1450 


2100 + 


1600 


200 + 


200 


48 


26 




To bed rock 


To bed rock 


50 


50 




25 


15 


June 20, 1914 


June 11, 1914 


Oct. 7, 1915 


Aug. 29, 1914 


Aug. 15, 1914 



(parts per million) 



152. 


68. 




12. 


84. 


.4 


.1 


.& 


.6 


.2 


.80 


.32 




.00 


.0 


3.50 


1.40 


4.07 


.00 


.0 


142. 


570. 


12. 


15. 


10. 


355.9 


170.3 




28. 


14.8 


1060. 


1506. 


450. 


208. 


209. 


256. 


300. 


277. 


116. 


146. 


104. 


—12. 




— 14. 

5.87 


—26. 

.577 



(parts per million) 



4.8 


1.9 


6. 








233.3 


940.6 


20. 


24.8 


16.5 




379.4 


252. 


124. 


41.4 


21.9 






12.7 




14.8 


27.6 




124.8 




29. 








40.3 


- 57.1 


30. 


10.1 


70.6 




208." 


226." 


241." ■ 


*96." " 


' 36.' ' ' 




.8 


.2 


1. 


1.2 


.4 




68.6 


21.5 




25.7 


36. 




1060. 


1506. 


451. 


208. 


209. 





(parts per U. S. gallon) 



254 



AETESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 
Town. . 



Owner. 



Cook 

Chicago 

(313 X. Ann St.) 



AV. H. Bunge 
Vinegar "Works 



Depth of well feet 312 

Depth of casing feet 92 

Rate of pumping gals, per min. 12 

Date sample was collected Aug. 28, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(102nd St. & 

Slip No. 2) 

Calumet 
Elevator Co. 

363 
75 
20 
Aug. 7, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(105th St. & 

Ft. Wayne 

R. R.) 

Columbia 

Malting Co. 

340 
"93 
3 
Aug. 7, 1914 



Determinations made 



Magneoium (as CaCO.-,) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.O 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




48. 
.2 
.00 
.00 
IS. 
6.2 
287. 
209. 
-176. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
]\Iagnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



6.6 

17.6 



9.6 



5.4 
126. 



183. 



42 


9 


150 


5 


47. 




1 
12 


7 
9 



25i 



29.7 

9.2 

186.3 


'46.2' * 



.4 
21.2 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
]\Iagn( sium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



' * ' .Vs' 


■ *2.V9' 


1.73 


1.03 




.54 




8.77 


10.86 


.56 








2.74 


2.36 


.31 






7.40 








.10 


.02 


i.04 


.75 


1.24 



10.72 



14.85 



16.75 



k 



BOILER ANALYSES OF UNDERGROUND WATERS 

ivaters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



255 



Coolx 

Chicago 

(435 W. 12th St.) 


Cook 

Chicago 

(435 W. 12th St.) 


Cook 

Chicago 

(Randolph & 

Desplaines Sts.) 


Cook 

Chicago 

(Canal & 15th Sts.) 


Cook 
Chicago 
(21st & Ra- 
cine Sts. 


Crane & Co. 
Well No. L 


Crane & Co. 
Well No. 2 


Crane & Co. 


Crane & Co. 


Dernier & Co. 


290 
107 + 
18 
Aug. 25, 1914 


250 
107 
18 
Aug. 25, 1914 


235 
To bed rock 

75 
Aug. 25, 1914 


415 
To bed rock 

18 
Aug. 25, 1914 


250 
To bed rock 
10 



(parts per million) 



40. 


48. 


40. 


32. 


76. 


.6 


.6 


32. 


.4 


.4 


.8 


1. 


2.4 


.64 


.56 


3.5 


4.42 


10.6 


2.80 


2.50 


27. 


12.00 


50. 


24. 


15. 


10.3 


25.5 


29.6 


16. 


126.7 


271. 


270. 


443. 


250. 


467. 


180. 


204. 


232. 


169. 


251. 


—62. 


—36. 


—132. 


—50. 


48. 


1.76 


.75 


1.92 


2.01 


3.18 



(parts per million) 



4.8 


6.1 


14.5 


3.8 


3.4 


44.6 


19.8 


82.5 


39.6 


24.8 


15.2 


37.7 


43.8 


23.7 


119.4 


65.7 


38.2 


139.9 


53. , 


' 57.'6 * 


33.6 


i6.3 


33.6 


26.9 


23.5 


'is." ■ 


120." ' 


'60." * 


"87." 


223." 


1.2 


1.2 


66.3 


.8 


.8 


27.9 


6.7 


2.4 


15.2 


14.5 


271. 


270. 


443. 


250. 


467. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.28 


.36 


.85 


.22 


.20 


2.60 


1.15 


4.81 


2.31 


1.45 


.89 


2.20 


2.55 


1.38 


6.96 


3.83 


2.23 


8.16 


3.09 


3.'36" 


1.96 


2.35 


1.96 


1.57 


1.37 


' "4.55' 


' 'i.'o'o 


' '3. '50' 


' '5. 07 


' iz'.oi 


.07 


.07 


3.87 


.05 


.05 


1.63 


.39 


.14 


.89 


.85 


15.81 


15.75 


25.84 


14.58 


27.25 



256 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County Cook 

Town Chicago 

(Oakwood & 
Drexel Blvd.) 

Owner Drexel Arms 

Hotel 

Depth of well feet 1S5 

Depth of casing feet To bed rock 

Rate of pumping gals, per min. 8 

Date sample was collected Aug. 28, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Cottage Grove 

& 139th Sts.) 

Drexel Cafe 



450? 
To bed rock 

20 
Aug. 29, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(N. Union & 

Eagle Ave. ) 

Durand & 

Casper 

239 
103 
15 
Aug. 15, 1914 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCO.-,) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulpha.te 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



12. 


12. 


84. 


.1 


.4 


.0 


.16 


.00 


.00 


.71 


.00 


.00 


19. 


23. 


33. 


12.3 


8.6 


39.5 


155. 


180. 


316. 


101. 


113. 


ISO. 


—34. 


—50. 


—52. 


2.02 


1.53 


4.72 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



Hypotlietieal combinations 



1. 






31.4 


37.9 


54.5 


18.2 


12.7 


58.4 


36. 


53. 


55.1 


■ io.Y ■ 


" 10. 'l ' 


' 7b".6 ' 


■ 55.' ' ' 


' .")i.' ' " 


' 4*4! " ' 


.2 


.8 




3.1 


14.5 


33.4 


155. 


180. 


316. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodiunx carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulpluite. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.06 
1.83 

l.fMi 

2.10 



.59 



3.21 
.01 
.18 



9.04 



2.21 

.74 

3.09 


' ' ■ .*59 


2. '9 7 
.05 
.85 



3.17 
3.41 
3.21 

4. '11 

2.5 6 

i.'9.5 



10.50 



18.11 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



257 



Cook 

Chicago 

(1300 CarroUAve.) 

B. A. Eckhart 
Milling- Co. 

156 
101 
30 
Aug. 28, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(FrankHn & Su- 
perior Sts.) 
Farley Candy Co. 



336 
131 
50± 
Aug. 27, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Adams & Market 

Sts.) 
J. V. Farwell Co. 



200 
105 
6 
Aug. 28, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Stony Island 

& S. Chicago Ave.) 

Grand Crossing 

Tack Co. 

302 
79 
25 
July 3, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(Willow & 
Larrabee Sts.) 
Hetzel Pack- 
ing Co. 

160 
To bed rock 

18 
Aug. 6, 1914 



f parts per million) 



44. 


28. 


44. 


72. 


116. 


.0 


.0 


2.6 


.0 


.4 


.00 


.00 




.56 


.00 


.00 


.00 





2.5 


.00 


5. 


33. 


26. 


30. 


28. 


31.3 


Trace 


21.4 


0. 


18.1 


179. 


221. 


228. 


208. 


296. 


128. 


154. 


137. 


139. 


201. 


6. 


—72. 


—34. 


—58. 


—78 


.339 


1.44 


.98 


.87 


.595 



parts per million) 









3.4 




8.3 


54.5 


42.9 


49.5 


46.2 


37.7 




31.6 




26.8 




76.3 


36. 


61.5 


82.7 


7.2 










31.9 


22..^ 


37. 


60.5 


97.4 


90. 


*54." ■ 
: 


■59."' ■ 
5.4 


■ " 9." ■ * 


■ ■ 7." " 

.8 


3.9 


12.7 


16.1 


24.1 


35.1 


179. 


221. 


228. 


208. 


296. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.48 

2.20 

' ' .42 

1.86 

' 5.25 
° ' .23 

10.44 



■ '3. "is 


4.'45 


i.37 


' '3.15 


' ' ' .74 



12.89 



2.50 
1.84 
2.10 


' '2.I6 


3.44 
.31 

.94 



13.29 



.20 
2.89 

' 3.'59' 
' ' . 5"2' 

" i.Vi 

12.14 



2.69 
1.56 

4.82 

' 5 .'6 7' 

* ' .*41 

.05 

2.05 

17.25 



258 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XOKTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler ajialyscs of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumpins' gals, per niin. 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 

Chicago 

(1617 21st 

Place) 

Hoerbers 
Brewery 
350± 
To bed rock 

Aug. 25, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(100th St. & 
Calumet 
River) 
Lehigh Valley 
Coal Sales Co. 
365 
67 
15 
Ausr. 7. 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(LaSalle & 

25th Sts.) 

Miller & Hart 

300 
60 
12 
Aug. 27. 1914 



Determinatious made 



?kIagnosium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Xitr;ite nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Suljiliate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.,) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



284. 



.4 


.80 


3.50 


15. 


402.8 


840. 


212. 


320. 


2.24 




184. 
.2 
.00 
.00 
11. 

240. 

601. 

244. 

178. 
1.96 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 4.8 

Sodium chloride 24.8 

Sodium sulphate 142.3 

Sodium carbonate 

^Magnesium sulphate 3 40.8 

^Fagnesium carbonate 

Calcium sulphate 49. 

(^alcium carbonate 212. 

Iron carbonate .8 

I'ndetermined 65.5 

Total 840. 



49.5 
182 "3 

' ib.'i 



.8 
29.3 



272. 



' i8.'2 * 
102.8 


2i3.*6 ' 

5. 


238.'" 
.4 
23. 



601. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sfidium nitrate 

.Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carljonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate.. 
^Magnesium cai'bonate . 

Calcium suli)hate 

Calcium car])onate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

L'ndetermiM<d 

Total 



.28 






1.45 


2.88 


1.06 


S.30 


' ib!6.3 


5.99 


19.88 




12.45 




.59 


.29 


2. 86 






12.37 




13.88 


.05 


.05 


.02 


3.82 


1.71 


1.34 


49.01 


15.86 


35.03 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



259 



Cook 

Chicago 

(210 N. Halsted 

St.) 

M'orse Chocolate 
Co. 
350± 
To bed rock 

25± 
Aug. 15, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(2608 Arthington 

St.) 

Murray & Nickels 

286 
To bed rock 

30 
Aug. 28, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(113 N. Carpen- 
ter St.) 

National Biscuit 
Co. 
300 
94 
10 
Aug. 28, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(98th St. «& Calu- 
met River) 

Norris & Co. 

346 
85 
30 
Aug. 18, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(104th St. & 

Calumet River) 

Rialto Ele- 
vator Co. 
401 
45 
15 
Aug. 7, 1914 



(parts per million) 



84. 


44. 


32. 


.2 


.1 


.0 


.08 


.00 


.00 


.35 


.00 


.00 


19. 


31. 


16. 


17.7 


52.3 


34.1 


255. 


290. 


228. 


180. 


154. 


140. 


—52. 


—16. 


—42. 


.55 


.58 


1.53 




(parts per million) 





.5 
31.4 
26.2 
55.1 


51.2 
77.4 
17. 


26.4 
50.5 
44.5 


49.5 

19.2 

180.2 


6.8 
49.5 

i54."8 ' 




70.6 


37_. 


'26.9' ' 


"26.'9' " 


' '4 3. '7 * 




44. 
.4 

26.8 




■ 94.' ■ ■ 

.2 
13.2 


'66." ' 

'is. '7' ' 


. . . .^. . 
19.8 


' ' ■ .'7 ' 
1.5 


255. 


290. 


228. 


296. 


257. 



(parts per U. S. gallon.) 





.03 
1.83 
1.53 
3.21 


2.98 

4.51 

.99 


1.54 
2.95 
2.60 


2.87 

1.12 

10.51 


.40 
2.86 

9. '03' 




4.12 


2.16 


' '1.5 7 


" 'i.'sY 


2. '5 4 




2.57 

.02 

1.56 


■' '5. '4 8' 
.01 

.77 


" '3. '8 5' 
" ' ' .'8'0' 


' ' ' .'o'2' 
1.15 


' ' ' ."04 
.09 


14.87 


16.90 


13.31 


17.24 


14.96 



260 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF NOKTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 
Town. . 



Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping- ^als. per nun 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 

Chicago 

(102nd St. & 

Calumet 

River) 

r. Rosenbaum 

Grain Co. 

a .50 

To bed rock 

18 
Aug-. 7, 1914 





Cook 


Cook 




Chicago 


Chicago 




(102nd St. & 


(93rd St. & 




Calumet 


Harbor Ave.) 




River) 




n 


J. Rosenbaum 


South Chicago 




Grain Co. 


Elevator Co. 




502 


367 




65 


95 




7 + 


30 




Aug-. 7. 1914 


June 26, 1914 



Magnesium (as CaCOa) 

lion 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Re.'^idue 

Alknlinily (as CaCOg) • • • • • ■ • 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
]\ragnesium sulphate. 
;Maf,nesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcmm carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



3.6 

39.6 

9.8 

146.3 

'7 7. "3 



2 
43.2 



320. 



S(»dium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
;Magnosium .-sulphate. 
IMagnesium cai-bonate 
Calcium suljihatc. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.20 
2.31 

.57 
8.53 

4. "51 



.01 
2.51 



Determinations made 




HypotJietieal combinations 



1.9 

29.7 

4.3 

197.2 

' ■ 3. "4 

■ ■ 9." 

,4 

7.1 



.5 
29.7 



19*2.* 9 * 


' io.'i * 


" ' s.' " 
.2 
5.6 






24' 



HypotJietieal eombinations 



.11 
1.73 

.25 
11.50 

' ■ .'20 



.02 
.41 



.03 
1.73 

ii.'25 

" ■ .'59 

' ■ .'47 
.01 
.33 



18.64 



11. 74 



14.41 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



261 



Cook 

Chicago 

(93rd St. & 

Harbor Ave.) 


Cook 

Chicago 

(104th St. & 

Calumet River) 


Cook 

Chicago 

(98th St. & 

Baltimore Ave.) 


Cook 

Chicago 

(3914 Ellis Ave.) 


Cook 

Chicago 

(106th St. & 

Torrence Ave.) 


South Chicago 
Elevator Co. 
347 
95 
25 
Aug. 18, 1914 


Star & Crescent 
Milling Co. 
340 
185 
15 
Aug. 7, 1914 


Willard Sons & 
Bell 

187 
105 
15 
Aug. 18, 1914 


Winamar Apart- 
ment 
400 
To bed rock 

20 
Aug. 29, 1914 


Wisconsin 
Steel Co. 
405 
72 
20 
Aug. 7, 1914 



(parts per million) 



36. 


64. 


36. 


24. 


84. 


.1 


.2 


.2 


.4 


.2 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.32 


.56 


.00 


.00 


.00 


1.41 


2.48 


38. 


22. 


17. 


21. 


24. 


5.8 


.0 


6. 


17.7 


26.3 


294. 


232. 


255. 


178. 


292. 


200. 


167. 


187. 


110. 


202. 


—148. 


—126. 


— 170. 


—34. 


—154. 


.54 


.48 


.52 


.88 


1.75 



(parts per million) 









1.9 


3.4 


62.7 


36.3 


28.1 


34.7 


39.6 


8.6 






26.2 


39. 


156.9 


133.6 


180.2 


36. 


154.8 


■36.2 ■ 


'53.8" ' 


'36.2" 


26.2" 


■ 23.5* * 


"id." 






'52." ■ 


■28."* 


.2 


.4 


.4 


.8 


.4 


19.4 


7.9 


16.1 


6.2 


3.3 


294. 


232. 


255. 


178. 


292. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 









.11 


.20 




3.65 


2.11 


1.64 


2.02 


2.32 




.50 






1.53 


2.28 




9.15 


7.77 


10.51 


2.10 


9.01 




■ 'i.'iV 


* *3.*13 


' 'i.Ve' 


1.18 


i.'37 




"".93" 


• 




3.03' 


i.'eV 




.01 


.02 


.02 


.05 


.02 




1.13 


.46 


.94 


.36 


.19 




17.13 


13.49 


14.87 


10.38 


17.02 



282 



ARTESIA.N WATKKS OF XOIiTHEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of undcrgyound 



Count V 
Town. . 



Owner 



Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing" feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min.l 

Date sample was collected | Aug". 15, 1914 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(601 W. Lake 


(Peoria t^- 


(4501 Cortland 


St.) 


Fulton Sts.) 


St.) 


L. A\-olff 


Wolff. Sayre 


Acme Malting- 


Mfg. Co. 


& Heller 


Co. 


303 


400 


1350 + 


113 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 


15 


12 


50 


Aug. 15, 1914 


Aug:. 15, 1914 


Aug. 14, 1914 



I 



Dctcnuiiiafions made 



^lagnesium (as CaCO.3) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nit rate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.-j) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCO;;) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



116. 
.4 
.60 
2.65 

20. 

21.4 

327. 

244. 

—4 4. 

.S4 



64. 


48. 


.6 


.4 


.08 


.36 


.35 


1.60 


15. 


30. 


10.3 


134.1 


212. 


394. 


161. 


150. 


—52. 


8. 


.39 


4.96 



Hypofliefiral eonibiiiatioiis | 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Magrnesium sulphate. 
Mag-nesium carbonate 
Calcii m suli)hate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 




Hypofliefiea! eoiubiiiafions 



Sodium nil late 

Solium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Mag IK si um sulphate. . 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate. . . , 

Iron carVjonate 

rndetermined 

Total 



.21 


.03 


.13 


1.92 


1.45 


2. 88 


1.84 


.88 


10.91 


2.72 


3.21 


' " ' .'56 


5.68 


3.14 


1.96 


'i.'oo 


2.62 


6. '4 2 


.0 5 


.07 


.05 


1.75 


.:h; 


.08 


19.07 


12.36 


22.99 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



263 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Clybourn & 

Wrig-htwood Ave.) 

American Bridg'e 

Co. 

1650 

To bed rock 

45 
Jan. 6, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(1151 Racine Ave. ) 

American Color- 
type Co. 
1580 
85 
35 
Dec. 23, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(538 Sebor St.) 

American Express 
Co. 
788 
To bed rock 

15 
Aug-. 6, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(123rd St. & 
C. & W. I. R. R.) 
American Malt- 
ing' Co. 
1656 
68 
60 
June 6, 1914 



C 



Cook 

Chicago 

(123rd St. & 

& W. I. R. R) 

American 

Malting Co. 

1663 

68 

200 

June 6, 1914 



(parts per million) 



112. 



.6 

.00 
.00 



76. 
409. 
961. 
216. 
252. 




164. 



.28 


.48 


1.20 


2.20 


200. 


170. 


685.9 


667.4 


518. 


1466. 


206. 


196. 


452. 


432. 



156. 



(parts per million) 





1.5 




1.6 


3. 


i25.4 


46.2 


95.7 


330. 


280.5 


248. 


82.3 
12.7 


234.4 


371.3 


374.4 


134.4 


26.9' 


108. 
65.5 


196.8 


187.2 


190.4 






391.7 


375.4 


216. 


lis. 


154. 


206. 


196. 


1.2 


1.7 


2.5 






45.8 


18.7 


30.9 


20. 


49.5 


961.2 


308. 


691. 


1517.4 


1466. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.09 




.09 


.17 


7.31 


2.69 


5.58 


19.25 


16.35 


14.47 


4.80 
.74 


13.66 


21.65 


■21.83 


7.83 


■ 'i.sV 


6.30 
3.82 


11.48 


10.92 


11.10 






22.83 


21.89 


12.60 


6.88 


8.98 


12.01 


11.43 


.07 


.10 


.14 






2.66 


1.09 


1.80 


i.l7 


2.86 


56.04 


17.96 


40.28 


88.48 


85.45 



264 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLIXOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of nndercjvoiind 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 

Chicago 

(123rd St. & 

C. & W. I. R. R.) 

American 

Malting Co. 

1015 (Drilling) 

68 



June 26, 1914 



Cook ! Cook 

Chicago Chicago 

(123rd St. & (123rd St. «Sr 

C. & W. I. R. R.) C. & W. I. R. R.) 

American I American 

Malting Co. \ Malting Co. 

1225 (Drilling) 1315 (Drilling) 

68 68 



I 



July 20, 1914 



Aug. 3, 1914 



Detenni)iafions made 



Magnesium (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Suliihate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




Hypoihetieal eonihinat'wns 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesivim sulphate. 
Magne.sium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



132. 

45.7 
167.5 

" 57.*1 



6.6 
1.1 



410. 



2.5 

108.9 
56.1 

148.4 

* 53.*8 

' 27." * 

1.7 

10.6 



409. 



75.9 

28.6 

150.5 

'94."l 



.4 

15.5 



365. 



I 
I 



Hypothetical cojiibiiiatioiis 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
IMagnc.'^ium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



7.70 
2.66 
9.77 


3. '3 3 



.06 



23.90 



.15 
6.35 
3.27 
8.66 

3. '14 

i!57 
.10 
.62 



4.42 
1.66 

8.77 


5.'49 


■ ■ ' "02 
.90 



23.86 



21.26 



BOILEK ANALYSES 



265 



waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(123rd St. & 


(123rd St. & 


(1249 S. Talman 


(Hickory & Bliss 


(31st Place & 


C. & W. I. R. R.) 


C. & W. I. R. R.) 


Ave.) 


Sts.) 


Waterville) 


American Malting 


American Malting 


American M'alting 


American M'alting 


Armour Glue 


Co. 


Co. 


Co. 


Co. 


Works 


1475 (Drilling) 


1575 (Drilling) 


1603 


1302 


1595 


68 


68 


571 


75 


45 






150 


110 


150 


Aug. 8, 1914 


Aug. 19, 1914 


Jan. 12, 1914 


Jan. 8, 1914 


Aug. 31, 1914 



(parts per million) 



160. 


40. 


144. 


204. 


116. 


.3 


.4 


.6 


.0 


.6 


.00 


.80 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.00 


3.5 


.00 


.00 


.00 


44. 


15. 


160. 


184. 


170. 


42.8 


51.8 


489.2 


638.6 


508.6 


422. 


231. 


1218. 


1424. 


1260. 


255. 


126. 


228. 


220. 


209. 


—180. 


18. 


344. 


368. 
.17 


152. 



(parts per million) 





4.8 




- 




72.6 


24.8 


264. 


303.6 


280.5* 


63.2 


51. 


236. 


423.4 


537.2 


186.6 








, 




21.6 


172.8 


244.8 


139.2 


63.8 


52.1 












272. 


223. 


49. 


3. 


-64. 


228. 


220. 


209. 


.6 


.8 


1.2 




1.2 


32.2 


11.9 


44. 


9.2 


43.9 


422. 


231. 


1218. 


1424. 


1260. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.28 








4.23 


1.45 


15.40 


17.70 


16.36 


3.68 


2.97 


13.77 


24.68 


31.33 


10.88 












1.26 


10.08 


14.28 


8.12 


3.71 


3.04 












15.87 


13.01 


2.86 


.17 


3.73 


13.30 


12.83 


12.19 


.03 


.05 


.07 




.08 


1.29 


.69 


2.57 


.54 


2.56 


23.99 


13.47 


71.06 


83.04 


73.50 



266 



ARTESIAN WATKRS OT XORTHEASTEKX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of itiideniroiiiid 



County I Cook 

Town Chicag-o 

(31st Place & 
I Water ville) 

Owner Armour Glue 

AVorks 



Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Butcher Shop 

1210 

45 

175 

Aug-. 31, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(31st Place & 

Waterville) 

Armoui- Glue 

AVorks 

Cook House 

1500± 

4 5 

150 

Aug-. 31. 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
((560 W. Ran- 
dolph St.) 
Arnold Pack- 
ing Co. 

1660 
To bed rock 

80 
Aug-. 15. 1914 



Deterininafioiis made 



Magnesium (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlor-ine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO..,) 

Non-carbona,le hardness (as CaCO.j) 
Hydrog-en sulphide 




9 


.72 


3.18 


280. 


439.9 


347. 


221. 


138. 



152. 
.3 
.00 
.00 
90. 

489.2 
1108. 

230. 

316. 
.32 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium suli^hate 


3.4 
676.6 
392.6 

i39.'2 ' 

'2i.'8 ' 
221. 
.4 
34. 


4.4 
462.1 
455.1 

" 86.*4 * 

■ 89.V ' 
221. 
.4 

27.8- 


148.5 ' 
275.8 


Sodium carbonate 




^lagne.sium sulphate 


182.4 


Magnesium cai-bonate 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate 


182.4 ' 
230. 


Iron carbonate 


.6 


Undetermined 


88.3 


Total 


1489. 


. 1347. 


1108. 







Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodiu)n sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium suljihate. 
Magnesium carb(»nate 
C.-ilciuni suliiliato .... 
Calfium earbcjnate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.20 
39.47 
22.90 

' S.'ll 

" i.'27' 

12.89 

.02 

1.98 



.26 
26.94 
26.57 

'5.04' 

' 5. '2 4* 

12.89 

.02 

1.62 



86.84 



■8.58 



8.66 
16.09 

io.'ei" 

10.64 

13.42 

.03 

5.14 



64.62 



BOILER AXALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



267 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicag-Q 


Chicag-o 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


918 W. 12th St.) 


(1317 Fletcher 


(1315 AVebster 


(1616 Burlington 


(Kinzie & 




St.) 


Ave.) 


St.) 


Clark Sts.) 


Bartholoniae & 


Best Brewery Co. 


Birk Bros. 


Bishop & Babcock 


Booth Cold 


Roesing 




Brewery 




Storag-e Co. 


1609 


2013 


1610 


1600 + 


926 


85 


64 


40 


73 


79 


50 


117 


45 


100 


35 


Jan. 12, 1914 


Dec. 23, 1913 


Dec. 23. 1913 


Sept. 5, 1914 


Aug-. 6. 1914 



(parts per million) 



124. 


100. 


148. 


112. 


64. 


1.2 


.8 - 


0. 


.1 


2 


.00 


.20 


.08 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.90 


.40 


.00 


00. 


64. 


162. 


80. 


95. 


36. 


360.4 


849.7 


530.8 


330.8 


8.2 


758. 


1740. 


1146. 


860. 


324. 


130. 


212. 


216. 


207. 


217. 


256. 


176. 


352. 


260. 


—76. 


.18 








.55 



(parts per million) 





1.5 


.5 








105.6 


267.3 


132. 


156.8 


59.4 




170. 


1006.3 


286.1 


120.6 


12.1 
80.6 




148.8 


120. 


177.6 


134.4 


'53.8' " 




i79.5 


103.4 


277.4 


201.3 






130. 


212. 


216. 


207. 


77. 




2.5 


1.7 




2 


.4 




21.6 


27.8 


56.4 


39.7 


40.7 




758. 


1740. 


1146. 


860. 


3 2 4. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.09 


.03 








6.15 


15.57 


7.70 


9.15 


3.46 




9.92 


58.69 


16.68 


7.03 


.71 
4.70 




8.67 


7.00 


10.35 


7.84 


.- "z'.u 




10.49 


6.03 


i6.17 


11.74 






7.58 


12.37 


12.60 


12.07 


4.49 




.15 


.10 




.01 


.02 




1.30 


1.62 


3.28 


2.32 


2.37 




44.26 


101.47 


66.81 


50.16 


18.88 



268 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County Cook 

Town Chicago 

(Elston & 
Snow Sts.) 

Owner Brand Branch 

U. S. Brewing 

Depth of well feet 1346 

Depth of casing- feet 60 

Rate of pumping- gaLs. per min. 75 

Date sample w^as collected Dec. 23, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(2530 Elston 

Ave.) 

Brand 

Brewing 

Co. 

1600± 

60 
125 
Dec. 23, 1913 



Cook 
Chicago 
(120 W. Madi- 
son St.) 
Brevoort 
Hotel 

1280 
To bed rock 

50 
June 23, 1914 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCO.,) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCTOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



104. 


180. 


140. 


1.2 


.0 


.7 


.24 


.00 


.40 


1.1 


.00 


1.80 


40. 


100. 


130. 


227.3 


53 5 7 


518. 


588. 


1174. 


1247. 


IfiO. 


220. 


236. 


116. 


320. 


392. 



H\pothctical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloT-ide 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



1.5 

66. 
171.7 


i65.1 * 
339. 


2.5 
214.5 
352.5 




iii* 


216." ' 


i6«.' 




16.3" 
160. 

2..' 
-i:.. 


i96."4 ' 
220. 


266.V ' 
236. 
1.5 
65.3 




588. 


1174. 


1247. 





Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 


.09 

3.84 
10.01 

7.2V 

' ' ■ .'95 

9.33 

.15 

2.62 


' '9.63' 
19.77 

'i2.'60* 

'ii.Yo" 

12.83 
2.5V 


.15 
12.49 
20.54 

9.80' 

*i2.0"4' 

13.77 

.09 

3.80 




Sodium chloride 




Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate 




Magnr-sium sulphate 




Magnesium carbonate 




Calcium sulphate 




Calcium carbonate 

Iron carl)onate 

Undetermined 








Total 


34.28 


68.47 


72.68 





BOILEK ANALYSES 

7vaters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



269 



Cook 

Chicago 

(1263 W. North 

Ave.) 

Chicago Brewery 



1875 
90 
75 
Jan. 8, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(1632 Indiana 

Ave.) 

Chicago Cold 

Storage Co. 

1000 (DriHing) 



To bed rock 
June 10, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(1632 Indiana 

Ave.) 

Chicago Cold 

Storage Co. 

1117 (Drilling) 



To bed rock 
June 24, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(4535 Gross Ave.) 

Chicago Packing 
Co. 

1615 
400 
83 
July 20, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 

(Archer Ave. 

& Throop St.) 
Citizens 
Brewery 

2188 

100 

To bed rock 

Sept. 5, 1914 



(parts per million) 



88. 


144. 


276. 


160. 


176. 


1.4 


.2 


.4 


.3 


1.5 


.00 


.48 


.08 


.56 


.00 


.00 


2.20 


.40 


2.50 


.00 


136. 


21. 


50. 


115. 


1800. 


539. 


25.5 


16.5 


531.6 


253.9 


1293. 


438. 


548. 


1164. 


3717. 


208. 


364. 


480. 


209. 


197. 


156. 


—104. 


—72. 


370. 
.51 


568. 



(parts per million) 







3. 


.5 


3.4 








224.4 


34.7 


82.5 


189.8 


2614.6 






576.4 


37.7 
110.2 


24.4 
76.3 


272.2 








105.6 


121.' 


23i.8 ' 


192. 


211.2 






92.5 






275.6 


121.1 






208. 


116. 


132. 


209. 


197. 




■B 


2.9 
38.2 


.4 
15. 


.8 


.6 
21.4 


3.1 
232.9 




1293. 


438. 


548.3 


1164. 


3717. 





(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.17 


.03 


.20 




13.08 


2.02 


4.8 


11.07 


152.51 


33.61 


2.20 
6.42 


1.42 
4.45 


15.88 




6.15 


"V.oe" 


' is.Vi 


11.20 


12.32 


5.39 






16.07 


7.06 


12.13 


6.77 


7.69 


12.19 


11.49 


.17 


.02 


.05 


.03 


.18 


2.23 


.87 




1.25 


13.58 


75.38 


25.53 


31.95 


67.89 


216.80 



270 



ARTESIAN WATERS OK NOKTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler ajialyses of underground 



^"I'nty I (-00]. 

Town Chicag-o 

(61st & Uni- 
A'ersityAve.) 

^>^viier Consumers 

Ice Co. 

Depth of well feet 196' 

Depth of casing- feet To bed rock 

Hate of pumping- gals, per miii. 300 

Date sample -was collected Dec. IS, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(65th St. & 

Lowe Ave.) 

Consumers 

Ice Co. 

1700 

To bed rock 

135 
June 23, 1914 



Cook 

Chicag-o 

(30 X. Green 

St.) 

Cooke Brewery 

1800 
To bed rock 

85 
Jan. 13, 1914 



Detenninations made 



Mag-nesium (as CaCO^) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO,.,) 

Non-carbonate haidness (as CaCOa) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




120. 
1.4 

.52 
2.30 
500. 
783.4 
2146. 
228. 
144. 
.31 



Hypothetical coiubiiiations 



Sodium nitrate 4.8 

Sodium chloi'ide 379.5 

Sodium sulphate 360.3 

Sodium carVjonate 

^lagnesium sul))hate 220.8 

Magnesium carbonate 

(Calcium suliihaU' 405.3 

Calcium carbonate 214. 

Ji'on carbonate .8 

Undetermined 21.5 

Total 1607. 



.5 
231. 
159.5 

14 8. 8 

is 2. .3 
216. 

"91.9" 



1000. 



3.2 
740. 
955.4 

144.' " 

■ 32.6 

228. 
2.9 
39.9 



2146. 



Sodium nitrate 

^'odium chloride 

5=!odium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
.Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sul)iliate . . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



Hypothetical c o nib i nations 



.28 
22.13 
21.02 


.03 

13.47 

9.30 


.19 
43.16 
55.72 


'iisV 


8. '6 7 


8."l"0 


■2.3.67 

1'^ 18 

.05 

1.2.") 


8.88 
12.60 


' "i.'9"o' 

13.30 

.17 


93.76 


58.30 


125.17 



BOILER ANALYSES 

ivaters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



271 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(1461 Clybourn 


(42nd St. & Ash- 


(44th St. &Cook 


(1734Fullerton 


Ave.) 


land Ave.) 


Ave.) 


Ave.) 
Deering Branch 


Crystal Ice 


Darling Packing 


Darling Packing 


International 


Mfg. Co. 


Co. 


Co. 


Harvester Co. 


1614 


1300 


1683 


1568 


92 


66 


61 


37 


175 


300 


150 


110 


June 5, 1914 


July 20, 1914 


Sept. 3, 1914 


Dec. 23, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(1734 Fullerton 

Ave.) 

Deering Branch 

International 

Harvester Co. 

1500 

37 

40 

Dec. 23, 1913 



(parts per million) 



164. 


132. 


12.0. 


148. 


144. 


.0 


.10 


.2 


1.2 


.8 


.00 


.36 


.52 


.08 


.20 


.00 


1.60 


3.08 


.40 


.9 


130. 


134. 


425. 


226. 


100. 


580.4 


441.9 


476.5 


571.9 


505.7 


1278. 


1087. 


1691. 


1418. 


1134. 


226. 


211. 


207. 


220. 


212. 


408. 


302. 
.26 


402. 
.37 


392. 


320. 



(parts per million^ 



2i4.'5' ' 
280.3 


2.2 
221.1 
224.9 


4.2 
701.3 
135.4 


.5 

372.9 
291.4 


1.2 

165. 
294.4 


i96.8' ' 


i58.'4' ' 


144.' 


i77.'6" ' 


i72.'8 ' 


33i.'8' " 
226. 

'28.6' ' 


Mi. '2 ■ 

211. 

.2 
38. 


383.'5" ' 

207. 

.4 
115.2 


33i.'8' " 
220. 
2.5 
21.3 


23 9.'4 ' 
212 
1^7 
47.5 


1278. 


1087. 


1691. 


1418. 


1134. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



'ii's'o' 

16.35 


.13 
12.90 
13.12 


.24 

40.90 

7.90 


.03 
21.75 
16.99 


.07 
9.62 

17.17 


11.47 


''9.'4'2' 


' "8.'4'o" 


10.35 


' io.'o's 


'i9.'3'4' 
13.18 


"i3.'4'9' 

12.31 

.01 

2.22 


'2 2. '37' 

12.07 

.02 

6.72 


'19.36 

12.83 

.15 

1.24 


" 13. '9 6 

12.37 
.10 

2.77 


74.51 


63.42 


98.62 


82.70 


66.14 



272 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler aiialyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Robinson St. 

& 111. Mich. 

Canal) 

Diamond 

Glue Works 

1950 
To bed rock 

50 
Aug. 24, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(2610 X. West- 
ern Ave.) 

Eagle Brewery 

1583 
To bed rock 

100 
Jan. 6, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(51st St. & 

Pennsylvania 

R. R.) 

Fleishman 

Malting Co. 

750± 
To bed rock 

20 
Aug. 29. 1914 



Deteniiiiiafioiis made 



Magnesium (as CaCOs) 
Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) . 
Non-carbonate hardness 
Hydrogen sulphide 





132. 
.8 
1.00 
4.42 
97. 
549.3 
11S6. 
179. 
360. 


156. 
.0 
.00 
.00 
84. 
484.7 
1100. 
232. 
200. 



40. 




.6 




.00 




.00 




27. 




16. 




199. 




132. 


(as CaCOs) 


—26. 











HypotJietieal combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium suli)lKito 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



6.1 
160.1 
313.3 

15 8. '4 

.sio.'i 

179. 
1.7 
57.3 



1186. 



138.6 
433.8 

is 7.2" 
'59.8" 

232. 
1.2 

■17.1 



110(1. 



44.6 

23.7 
27.6 

33.6' 

66.' ' 
1.2 



199. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloi-idr 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calciujii suli^hate . . . . 
Calcium carV)'^)nate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 





.36 

9.34 

18.28 

9.'2'4' 

'is. '08 

10.44 

.10 

3.34 


8. '07 
25.30 

'io.'g'i 
.3 .'49 

13.53 

.07 

2.76 






2.60 




1.38 




1.61 








1.96 








3.85 




.07 




.13 








69.18 


61.13 


n.f.o 







BOILER AXALYSES 

zvaters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



273 



(412 



Cook 
Chicag-o 
S. Desplaines 

St.) 



Fortune Bros. 

Brewery 

1679 

112 

200 

Jan. 13, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Fulton & Green 

Sts.) 

Fulton Wholesale 
Market 
1350 
90 
45 
Jan. 13, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(21st Place & 

Albany Ave.) 

Garden City 

Brewery 

1410 

To bed rock 

200 + 
Jan. 9, 1914 



(parts per million) 



156. 


92. 


.8 


1. 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.00 


82. 


42. 


543.1 


125.1 


1134. 


426. 


214. 


180. 


388. 


72. 



(parts per million) 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



184. 
1.2 
.00 
.00 
550. 
347.3 
1640. 
224 
340." 



Cook 

Chicago 

(33 7 Alexander 

St.) 

Gottfried Brewery 

1658 
76 

685 
Dec. 17, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(79th St. & 

Stony Island) 

Grand Crossing 

Tack Co. 

1630 

SO 

110 

Julys. 1914 



164. 


224. 


.4 


.4 


.24 


.56 


1.10 


2.5 


440. 


240. 


550.7 


696.2 


1781. 


1649. 


226. 


218. 


372. 


428. 



iss.'s * 

254.1 
187.'2" ' 

sis.'s ■ 

214. 
1.6 
26.3 


'69. '.3 ' 

83.2 

'86.4' ' 
16.8 

160.' 
1.4 

8.9 


967.'6' " 
31.5 

226.8" " 

212 '2' ' 
2'>4'" 
2^5 
41.4 


1.5 
726.1 
287.1 

i96.'8' " 

282.9' ' 
226. 
.8 
59.8 


3.4 
396.1 
423.6 

268.'8' ■ 

277."4 ' 
218. 
.8 
60.9 


1134. 


426. 


1640. 


1781. 


1649. 



i.'s'g" 

14.82 


i'o's' 

4.85 


'52.'9'3' 

1.84 


.09 
42.34 
16.75 


2 
23.'l0 
24.71 


10.92 


5.03 
98 


"ii.'s's" 


' ii. '4'8' 


'is.'es 


18.40 

12.48 

.09 

1.53 


" "g.'s's' 

.08 
.52 


'12. '3 '7' 

13.06 

.14 

2.41 


'i6.'5'o" 

13.18 

.05 

3.49 


" i6."l'8" 

12.71 

.05 

3.55 


66.13 


24.82 


95.63 


103.88 


96.18 



274 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NOKTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



a 



County ^^9'^^ ^ 

Town ' Chicago 

^*^^^" i(445 N. Sacra- 

mento Blvd.) 
Owner Griften^Wheel 

Dcuili of well ^^^^ 11^8 

Depih Sf ca^in^: • feet To bed rock 

Rate of pumping- gals, per nun. .V ioia 

Date sample was collected <Jan. ii, uit 



Cook 

ChicagfO 

(1511 Webster) 

Gutman Tan- 
neries 

990 
85 
90 
Dec. 22, 1913 



Cook 

Chicas:o 

(46th St. & 

RacineAve.) 

Hammond & 

Co. 

East Well 

1592 

67 

100 

Sept. 8, 1914 



Magnesium (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Re.sidue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO;,) . .... • 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaC.Os) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate 

:Mag:nesium sulphate 

Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium suli)hate | 

Calcium carbonate 

Iron carbonaie I 

Undetermined 

Total I 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodiun\ carl)()nate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carlionate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



212. 
.4 

.00 

210. 
564.5 
L389. 
218. 
344. 



346.5 
347.3 

254.4" 

i79.5' 
218. 
.8 
42.5 



1389. 



20.21 
20.26 

i-i.'sV 
10. '47' 

12.72 

.05 

2.1s 



I 



Determinations made 



164. 


152. 


.S 


.4 


.20 


.12 


.90 


.53 


82. 


155. 


411.9 


.;o7 1 


lO'^O. 


1436. 


.'^'^0. 


209. 


•^24. 


464. 




.28 



Hxpothctical combinations 



1.2 

135.3 
336.2 

i96.V 

'si.V 

230. 

1.7 
47.2 



25 5. S 
269.6 

is2.V 

424.3" 
209. 

9 3'. '4 



1030. 



1436. 



Hypothetical combinations 



.07 

7.88 
lit. 60 

i i .'47' 

4.75 

13.42 

1 



.04 
14.92 
15.72 

T6.6V 

'2 4. '74" 

12.19 

.05 

5.45 



81.02 



60.04 



83.75 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



275 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicag-o 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(46th St. & 


(46th St. & 


(North Ave. & 


(89th St. near 


(48th Ave. & 


Racine Ave.) 


Racine Ave.) 


Clybourn) 


Lake Mich.) 


Oakley) 


Hammond & Co. 


Hammond & Co. 


Peter Hand 
Brewery 


Illinois Steel Co. 


Illinios 
Vinegar Works 


Middle TVell 


West Well 








1592 


1592 


1972 


2080 


1689 


64 


66 


80 


80 


56 


100 


100 


50 


16 


350 


Sept. 8, 1914 


Sept. 8, 1914 


Dec. 24, 1913 


June 26, 1914 


Oct. 6. 1915 



'parts per million) 



132. 


128. 


72. 


104. 


128. 


.2 


.2 


.0 


3. 


1. 


.00 


.00 


.28 


.40 


.00 


.00 


.00 


1.2 


1.8 


1.41 


130. 


180. 


206. 


887. 


164. 


598.3 


617.2 


890.8 


104.9 


444. 


1393. 


1518. 


1894. 


1890. 


1177. 


204. 


202. 


214. 


270. 


235. 


444. 


—30. 


136. 


12. 


300. 


.28 


.36 









(parts per million) 







1.6 


2.5 


2. 


214.5 


297. 


339.9 


1463.7 


271. 


255.2 


913.4 
31.8 


1125.4 


138.2 


231. 


158.4 


ioi.s' ' 


86.4 


14.4 
77.3 


154. 


424.3 


-' 


87. 




234. 


204. 


44. 


214. 


173. 


23 5. 


.4 


.4 




6.2 


2. 


136.2 


123.8 


39.7 


14.7 


48. 


1393. 


1517.9 


1894. 


1890. 


1177. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 







.09 


.15 


.12 


12.51 


17.32 


19.82 


85.36 


15.81 


14.88 


53.28 
1.85 


65.93 


8.06 


13.47 


9.26 


' '6.27 


5.04 


.84 
4.51 


8.98 


24.74 




5.07 




13.65 


11.90 


2.57 


12.48 


10.09 


13.71 


.02 


.02. 




.36 


.12 


7.94 


7.22 


2.31 


.86 


2.80 


81.25 


88.53 


110.74 


110.23 


68.66 



276 



ARTESIAN WAThUS OF .NOUTHEASTEK-X ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County I Cook 

Town ; Chicago 

(2612 AV. 19th 
St.) 

Owner i Illinois 

Vinegar Works 

Depth of well feet! 1350 

Depth of ciising- feet To bed rock 

Rate of pumping- ^als. per min. 150 

Date sample was collected Jan. 9, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 

(1440 X. Hal- 
sted St.) 

Independent 
Brewery 

2164 
83 
125 
Jan. 6, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(41st St. & 

Halsted St.) 

Independent 

Packing Co. 

1605 
75 

75 
Aug-. 31. 1914 



Defenuiiiafions made 



Mag-nesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrog-en 

Nitrate 

Clilorine 

Sulphate 

lies i due 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.-,) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 
Hydrog-en sulphide 




64. 

6. 

6. 

26.5 

270. 

240.3 

1503. 

14 5. 

88. 



Hypotlietieal eojubinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesiuin sulphate. 
Mag-nesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate... 
(^alcium cai-bonate . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



544.6 
213.2 

iss.'e 

' 92.5" 
224. 
1.2 
54.9 



1284. 



478.6 
1069.7 



91.2 

10 3. "4 
212. 
1.7 
62. 1 



2019. 



36.3 
445.6 
174. 

' 76."8 



145. 
12.4 



977.1 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 





' 31. '7 9 
12.43 

' "s.'oV 

5. '39 

13.07 

.07 

3.20 


'2 7. '95 
162.38 

' "5 .'31 

' 'e.'oV 

12.37 

.10 

3.64 


2.12 
2 5.99 
10.15 

■ "4.'4's" 

"'o.'o'i' 
8.46 

.72 














































71.90 


217.77 


56.99 









BOILEE ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



277 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicag-o 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(31st St. & 


(120th St. & Mor- 


(2320 N. Robey 


(Polk St. & 


(1735 Diversey 


RockweH) 


gan Ave.) 


St.) 


Rockwell) 


Parkway 


International 


International 


Jefferson Ice Co. 


Jelke Butterine 


Library Bureau 


Harvester Co. 


Harvester Co. 




Co. 




Tractor "Works 










1660 


1246 


1525 


1640 


1099 


50 


90 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 


100 


150 


225 


175 


75 


Sept. 26, 1914 


June 25, 1914 


Jan. 8, 1914 


Aug. 27, 1914 


Jan. 6, 1914 



(parts per million) 



140. 


152. 


200. 


120. 


120. 


1.8 


.2 


.0 


.0 


.6 




.44 


.00 


.00 


.00 


6.2 


1.8 


.00 


.00 


.00 


90. 


160. 


680. 


69. 


60. 


511.4 


432.9 


605.7 


391.7 


240.5 


1130. 


1224. 


2245. 


899. 


661. 


216. 


238. 


224. 


195. 


208. 


342. 


2S8. 


440. 


232. 
.44 


84. 



(parts per million) 



8.5 


2.5 










148.5 


264. 


1122.1 


ii3.9 


99. 




271.4 


233. 


272.6 


250.4 


236.9 




168. 


isiV ' 


240.'"' 


144.' 


i66.'8" " 
30.2 




274.7 


485. 


326. 


152.3 






216. 


238. 


224. 


195. 


172. 




3.7 


.4 






1.2 




39.2 


44.7 


5 9. '9 


43.4 


20.9 




1130. 


1150. 


2245. 


899. 


661. 





(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.49 


.15 








8.66 


15.40 


65.44 


6.64 


5.77 


15.82 


13.59 


15.90 


14.60 


13.81 


"9.80' 


10.63 


'ii'o'o' 


.' '8.'4'o' 


' 's.'s's 

1.76 


16.02 


16.79 


19.03 


8.88 




12.60 


13.88 


13.07 


11.37 


10.03 


.21 


.02 






.07 


2.28 


2.60 


3.49 


2.53 


1.22 


65.88 


67.06 


130.93 


52.42 


38.54 



278 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of iDidcyground 



County I Cook 

Town Chicago 

^ (31.stSt. & 

<J\VJ^er Kedzie Ave.) 

I Liquid 

Carbonic Co. 



Depth of well feet 

Depth of ca.sing- feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min. 



1610 
62 
150 



Date sample was collected Aug-. 6, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Fullerton «& 

Elston Ave.) 

J. Lister Glue 

Works 

700 
To bed rock 

50 
Dec. 23, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Fullerton & 

Elston Ave.) 

J. Lister Glue 

Works 

1200 
To bed rock 

Dec. 23. 1913 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCO;j) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Suli~>hate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO:i) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



176. 


168. 


172. 


2 


.0 


.8 


.08 


.28 


.12 


.35 


1.20 


.50 


46. 


152. 


80. 


294.2 


495.8 


461.2 


648. 


1168. 


1064. 


171. 


230. 


238. 


186. 


292. 


240. 


.17 







Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 


.5 

75.9 

170.8 

2ii.'2' ' 

'i3.V * 
171. 
.4 
4.6 


1.6 
247.5 
319.5 

26i.V ' 

ies.V ' 

230. 


.7 
132. 
342.1 

266.V * 

2 38. 
1.7 
50.6 




Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 




Sodium carbonate 




Mag-nesium sulphate 




Mag-nesium carbonate 




Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carl)onate 




Iron carbonate 




Undetermined 




Total 


648. 


1168.8 


1064. 





Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium cnloi'ide 


.03 

4.42 
9.96 

"ii'sY 

■ ' ' .'79 

rf.97 

.02 

.27 


.09 

14.44 
18.64 

'ii.Ys 
* '9.V.3' 

13.42 


.04 

7.70 


Sodium sulphate 


19.95 


Sodium c;<rbonale 




Mauncsium suliihate 


12.04 


Magnesium carbonate 




Calcium suljihate 


5.39 


Calrium caibonate 

Iron carbonate 


13.88 
.10 


Undetermined 


2.95 


Total 


3 7.77 


6S.17 


62.05 







BOILER ANALYSES 

zvaters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



279 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Paulina & 

Kinzie Sts.) 

Lomax Bottle Co. 


Cook 

Chicago 

(3901 Emerald 

Ave.) 

Manhattan 

Brewery 


Cook 

Chicago 

(Sedgwick & 

Beethoven Ave.) 

O. F. Mayer 

Packing Co. 


Cook 

Chicago 

(26th St. &Blue 

Island) 

McCormick 

Branch, I. H. Co. 


Cook 

Chicago 

(27th St. & 

Western Ave.) 

McCormick 

Branch, I. H. 

Co. 

1659 

50 

200 

Sept. 4, 1914 


1625 
113 

GO 
Aug. 27, 1914 


1643 
811 
80 
Jan. 25, 1914 


1626 
107 
100 
Aug. 6, 1914 


1744 
30 

225 
Sept. 4, 1914 



{parts per million) 



112. 


192. 


164. 


128. 


120. 


.0 


.7 


.2 


.1 


.1 


.00 


.64 


.00 


.00 


.68 


.00 


2.80 


.00 


.00 


3.00 


37. 


240. 


166. 


165. 


150. 


178. 


553.4 


598.7 


380.6 


446. 


512. 


1448. 


1387. 


1142. 


1120. 


178. 


206. 


157. 


215. 


209. 


52. 


380. 


443. 


272. 


310. 


1.86 




.66 







(parts per million) 





3.8 






4.1 


61.1 


396.1 


273.9 


272.3 


247.5 


189.4 


280. 


253.9 


177.6 


220.1 


"q2A ' 


236.4' * 


196.8' ■ 


iss.'e " 


144.' 


50.4 












3 55.7 


383.5 


i95.8 


258.4 


118. 


206. 


157. 


215. 


209. 




1.4 


.4 


.2 


.2 


30.7 


74.6 


121.5 


127.5 


36.7 


512. 


1448. 


1387. 


1142. 


1120. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.22 






.24 


3.56 


23.10 


15.97 


15.88 


14.44 


11.05 


16.33 


14.80 


10.36 


12.84 


■ '3. '64 


'i3.'4'4' 


'ii.'4'8' 


8. "9 6 


8. '4*0 


2.94 












14.91 


22.37 


11.42 


15.07 


6.88 


12.02 


9.16 


12.54 


12.19 




.08 


.02 


.01 


.01 


i.79 


4.35 


7.08 


7.44 


2.14 


29.86 


84.45 


80.88 


66.61 


65.33 



280 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Tadle II. — Boiler auolyscs of underground 



County 

Town 

O w ne r 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing: feet 

Rate of pumping- jvals. per miii 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 

Chicago 

(2639 Grand 

Ave.) 
Mechanical 
Rubber Co. 

1260 
To bed rock 

65 
Aug. 6, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(4r,th Placets- 
Packers Ave.) 
:\lillei-& Hart 
Packing Co. 
1641 
174 
225 
Julv 21. 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(2421 W. 21st 

St.) 

]\Ionarch 

Brewery 

1600 

To bed rock 

115 
Dec. 17. 1913 



Dctenuijiafious made 



Magnesium (as CaCO.3) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO;0 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



232. 





2 




60 


2 


65 


190 




513 


1 


1291 




174 




300 





.24 



164. 





60 


2.70 


130 




.-r>« 




1234 




9 06 




380 






25 



192 











56 


2 


50 


250 




412 


4 


1253 




228 




292 





HypofJicfical couihinat'ions 



Sodium nitrate 


3.6 
313.5 
333. 

2 78."4 * 

' 92."5 ■ 
174. 

9 5; 6 


3.7 

214.5 
246.2 

i96.'s ' 

293."8 ' 
206. 
.4 
72.6 


3.4 


Sodium chloride . . . ■ 


412.6 


Sodium sulphate 


196.1 


Sodium carbonate 




IMagne.'^ium sulphate 


230.4 


^AFc) gne.sium carlion'\te 




(^ilciuni sulnhato 

Calcium carbonate 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 


136. 
228. 

"46.5" ' 


Total 


1291. 


1234. 


1253. 







Ilxpothct'ical conibiiiations 



Sod i u m n i t I'ate 


20 
18.28 
19.42 

'16. "23" 

' '5. "39 

10.15 

02 

5.57 


22 
12'. 51 
14.36 

*ii.'4'8" 

"i7.'l"4' 

12.02 

.02 

4.23 


.19 


Sodium Ciilorido 


24.03 


Sodium sulphatp 


11.43 


Sodiun\ carboiiate 




^Tagncsium suljiliate 


13.44 


IMagne.sium carbonate 




Calcium sulphate . . 


7.93 


Calcium carbonate 


13.30 


Ii'on carbonate 




Undetermined . 


2.71 






Total 


75.26 


71.98 


73.03 







BOILEE AXALYSES 

z^'uters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



281 



Cook 

Chicag-Q 

(2421 W. 21st St.) 

Monarch Brew'ery 

1.57 3 
To bed rock 

400 
June 23. 1914 



Cook 

Chicag-o 

(Union Stock 

Tai'ds) 
Morris & Co. 
Sec. J, 
1260 
70 
225 
July 6."'l914 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicag-o 


Chicago 


(Union Stock 


(Union Stock 


(Union Stock 


Yards) 


Yards) 


Yards) 


Morris & Co. 


Morris & Co. 


Morris & Co. 


Sec. 15 


Hog- house 


Glue house, 20 


1331 


2325 


■•622 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 


67 


2 75 


250 


300 


July 6. 1914 


July 6. 1914 


Julv 6, 1914 



(parts per viiUion) 



132. 


228. 


.0 


.8 


.16 


.68 


.70 


3.00 


180. 


410. 


414.8 


431.6 


1128. 


1563. 


214. 


203. 


304. 


412. 




.32 



144. 


264. 


176. 


.4 


7. 


.3 


.24 


.60 


.08 


1.10 


2.70 


.40 


210. 


2000. 


140. 


350.6 


177.7 


416.4 


1067. 


3761. 


1060. 


197. 


186. 


231. 


292. 


450. 


284. 




.36 


.40 



'parts per million) 



1. 


4.1 


1.5 


3*7 


.5 




297. 


676.6 


346.5 


2990.2 


231. 




182.5 


54.5 


104.6 




213.6 




158.4 


-273.6" " 


iiiV * 


250'8 ' 


2ii.*2' * 




233.9 


250.2 


201.3 


252.9 


146.9 




214. 


-2^03. 


197. 


173. 


231. 






1.7 


.8 


14.5 


.6 




41.2 


99.3 


42.5 


75.9 


25.2 




1128. 


1563. 


1067. 


3761. 


1060. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 




282 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTEEX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of uudcnjvoiind 



Count. 
Town . 



Owner 



Depth of well feet! 

Depth of casing- feet' 

Hale of punii>ins- g:aLs. per niin 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Union Stock 

Yards) 
Morris & Co. 
Oleo House 

2300± 
To bed rock 
250 



Date sample was collected , July 22, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(3937 Wallace 

St.) 

Mullens 

Brewerv 

1632 

43 

70 

Dec. 16, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(190S AV. 18th 

St.) 

National 

Brewery 

1590 

18 

100 

Dec. 18, 1913 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOa) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




156. 


1.6 


.24 


1.10 


130. 


555.8 


1217. 


210. 


360. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 


.7 

4288. 

24 2.V)" ' 
254.2 
204. 
177. 

2.1 
131.4 


19 8.' 
303.4 

130.* 

223! 
214. 

.8 
18.8 


1.5 


Sodium cliloride 

Sodium sulphate 


214.5 
311.7 


Sodium carbonate 




IMagnesium .sulphate 


182.7 


Mcigne.sium carbonate 




Calcium sulphate 

Calcium cai'bonate 


277.4 
210. 


Ii'oii carbonate 


3.3 


Undetermined 


11.4 


Total 


5300. 


1088. 


1217. 



Hypothetical combiimtions 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloi-idc 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
I^Iagncsium sulphate . 
IMagnesium ('arl)()nate 
Calcium suljihate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

1 'lulct (M-inin<'d 

Total 



.04 




250.12 


11.55 




17.69 


' i4.'l'.5 


";".".5*8' 


11.83 




11.90 


13.01 


10.32 


12.48 


.12 


.05 


7.66 


1.10 


309.14 


63.46 



.03 
12.67 
18.55 

'i .">.*.. '1' 



• " • 


• * • 


1 u 


.17 


12 


.25 




.19 




.66 



1.43 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



283 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicag-o 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(2270 Clybourn 


(Halsted & Lum- 


(3927 S. Halsted 


(3249 W. 26th St.) 


(Lombard Ave. 


Ave. ) 


ber St.) 


St.) 




& Gt. AV. 'R. R.) 


Northwestern 


Omaha Packing 


Pfaelzer Packing 


Pilsen Brewery 


Public Service 


Brewery 


Co. 


Co. 




Co. of N. 111. 


1302 


1300 + 


1600 


1845 


1705 


To bed rock 


32 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 


82 


40 


200 


100 


100 


100 


Dec. 23, 1913 


Aug. 28, 1914 


Aug. 29, 1914 


Dec. 18, 1913 


July 8, 1914 



parts per million) 



192. 


160. 


128. 


104. 


92. 


.00 


.0 


.6 


1.6 


.4 


.52 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.00 


2.20 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.00 


234. 


155. 


210. 


39. 


150. 


569.9 


578.8 


511.7 


92.2 


134.5 


1434. 


1310. 


1343. 


375. 


664. 


202. 


207. 


219. 


152. 


233. 


356. 


374. 
.21 


354. 

1.5 


36. 


2. 



(parts per million) 



3. 
386.1 


255.8' ' 


346.'5' ' 


"64.'4' ' 


247."5' ' 


338.5 


319.7 


254.8 


85.4 


196.2 


236.4' 


i92." 


i53.'6' ■ 


'43.'2' ' 


* *2.V ' 
75.6 


223. 


291. 


307.4 


57.1 




202. 


207. 


219. 


84. 


143. 






1.2 


3.3 


.8 


51. 


44.5 


60.5 


37.6 




1434. 


1310. 


1343. 


375. 


665.5 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.17 










22.52 


14.92 


20.21 


3.75 


14.44 


19.74 


18.64 


14.86 


4.98 


11.44 


'i3.'4'4' 


' ii. '2'o' 


"8.'9'6' 


2.'5'2" 


" ' ' .'1*4' 

4.41 


is. 00 


16.97 


17.93 


3.33 




11.78 


12.07 


12.77 


4.90 


8.34 






.07 


.19 


.05 


2.97 


2.60 


3.53 


2.19 




83.62 


76.40 


78.33 


21.86 


38.82 



284 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler ajialyscs of underground 



Ccunty I Cook 

Tf)\vn Chicago 

(Lombard Ave. 

& Gt. W. R. R.) 

Owner Public Service 

I Co. of N. 111. 
Depth of well feet! 1912 



Depth of casing- feet 

[iate of pumping gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected , 



97 
125 
July 8, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(445 Grant 

Place) 

Schmidt 

Brewery 

1603 

To bed rock 

35 
Jan. 13. 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Canalport 

Ave. & 18th 

St.) 

Schoenhoffen 

Brewery 

1600 

75 

100 

Dec. 18, 1913 



Detenninat'ions made 



Magnesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Xiti-ate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sul]>hale 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.,) 

Xon-carbonaie hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 



188. 



.4 

.00 
.00 



185. 
209. 
873. 
262. 
124. 



72. 



.72 


3.10 


28. 


37.5 


2S3. 


162. 


— 1.6 



140. 

2 
'.00 
.00 
120. 
569.1 
1289. 
222. 
384. 
.15 



Hypothetical couihinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
^Magnesium, sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



305.3 
133.6 

14 8. "8 
53.8 

198." ' 

.8 

32.7 



873. 



4.3 
46.2 
55.3 

1.7 

eb.'s 

S8.'4 

1.7 

24.9 



283. 



198. 
297.6 

168.' ' 

33i."s 
222. 
4.1 

67.5 



1289. 



HypotJictical conibinations 



Sodium nili-ate 

Sodium cliloi-ide 

S')vl iiiin siilpliate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
IMagnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium cai'bonate 
Calcium suljihate . . . . 
CalciuuA carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



17.81 

7.79 

' 8. '6 8 
3.14 

ii.'.55' 

.or, 

l.!)l 



50.93 



2.69 

3.22 

.10 



3.53 

.5 .'15 
.10 

1 . 4 5 



16. lit 



11.55 
17.35 

' 9. 'so 

19. '3 6 

12.95 

.24 

3.94 



75.19 



BOILER ANALYSES 

zvaters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



285 



Cook 

Chicag-o 

(Canalport Ave. 

& 18th St.) 

Schoenhoffen 

Brewery 

2187 

75 

150 

Dec. 17, 1913 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Arthington & 

Homan Ave.) 

Sears. Roebuck 

&Co. 

1623 

92 

340 

June 22, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(Arthington & 

Homan Ave.) 

Sears. Roebuck 

&Co. 

1868 

853 

530 

June 22, 1914 



Cook 
Chicago 
(27th St. & Cot- 
tage Grove Ave.) 

Seipps Brewery 

1600± 
To bed rock 

200 
Jan. 13, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(4651 Malcolm 

Ave. ) 

Sellers Mfg. 
Co. 
961 
To bed rock 

12 
Aug. 26, 1914 



(ports per million) 



136. 


128. 


160. 


184. 


8. 


.0 


.0 


.4 


.4 


4. 


.24 


.16 


.04 


.00 


.00 


1.10 


.70 


.20 


.00 


.00 


620. 


280. 


580. 


160. 


38 


578.3 


281.4 


273.6 


625. 


Trace 


2135. 


1131. 


1659. 


1384. 


238. 


240. 


230. 


230. 


212. 


119. 


556. 


236. 


352. 


440. 


—116. 


.15 






.17 





'parts per million) 



1.5 


1. 


.3 






1023.1 


462.1 


887.8 


264. 


62.7 


492.8 


81.8 




300.3 


i23.' 


i63.2 


153.6 


111.9 


220.8 


■ ' 6.7 ' 


i63.2 


146.9 


261.1 


348.2 




240. 


230. 


230. 


212. 


25. 




.8 


.8 


.8 


8.3 


51.2 


54.8 


111. 


37.9 


12.3 


2135. 


1131. 


1659. 


1384. 


238. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.09 
59.68 
28.74 


.06 

26.95 

4.76 


.02 

51.78 


* 15.40* 
17.50 


' 's.'e'e 


' '9.5'l' 


' '8. 95' 


" *6.52* 


'12'. si 


7.17 


9.51 
14.00 

' '2.'9V 


' "8.56' 

13.42 

.04 

3.18 


'i5.*2V 

13.41 

.05 

6.47 


*26.'3'0* 

12.37 

.04 

2.21 


.39 

' "i.Ve 

.48 

.72 


124.51 


65.92 


96.74 


80.69 


13.88 



2S6 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NOUTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 
Town. . 



Owner 



Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feeti 

Rate of pumping gals, per min.j 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 
Chicag-o 
(1470 Larra- 
bee St.) 
Siebens 
Brewery 

1240 
98 
50 
.Tan. 7, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(3 7th & S. 

Halsted Sts.) 

South Side 

Brewery 

1631 
40 
75 
Dec. 18. 1913 



Cook 
Chicag'O 
(908 W. North 
Ave.) 
Spielman Vine- 
gar Works 

1590 
S6 
100 
Jan. 6, 1914 



Determinations made 



Mag-nesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Xitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCC:,) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




116. 
1.4 
.00 
.00 
76. 
539. 
1148. 
220. 
404. 



HypotJictical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium suli)hate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
]\Iagnesium sulphate.. 
Magnesium carbonate. 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate. . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



102.3 


4i2.V * 


i25.V * 


200.7 


235. 


224.9 


1(11). 








196.8 


139.2 


63.8 








212.7 


391.7 


48. 


216. 


220. 
2.9 


39.2 


94.9 


43.9 


560. 


• 1368. 


1148. 



HypotJictical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodiuin chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carljonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium cari)()nate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



5.96 


' 2 1 .06" 


i.Vi' 


11.70 


1:^.71 


13.11 


6.18 








11.48 


8.12 


3.72 








12.40 


22.85 


2.80 


12.60 


12.83 
.17 


2.29 


5.53 


2.56 


32.65 


79.78 


66.95 



BOILER ANALYSES 

water's in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



287 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicag-o 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(1225 S. Camp- 


(15th St. & Ash- 


(42nd St. & Ash- 


(Union Stock 


(Union Stock 


beU St.) 


land Ave.) 


land Ave.) 


Yards) 


Yards) 


Standard 


Steges Brewery 


Sulzberger Sons 


Swift & Co. 


Swift & Co. 


Brewery 




&Co. 


Bone house 


Fertilizer 
house 


2120 


1750 


1690 


1979 


2019 


70 


90 


64 


72 


72 


40 


45 


600 


300 


250 


Jan. 10, 1914 


July 18, 1914 


July 6, 1914 


Sept. 8. 1914 


Sept. 9, 1914 



(parts per million) 



68. 


152. 


200. 


152. 


204. 


3.6 


1.1 


.2 


.3 


.6 


.60 


.32 


.80 


.44 


.48 


2.70 


1.4 


3.5 


1.94 


212.2 


30. 


94. 


130. 


720. 


1500. 


53. 


472.4 


387.6 


300.4 


201.8 


317. 


1090. 


1037. 


1908. 


3244. 


162. 


234. 


236. 


234. 


208. 


44. 


306. 
.26 


256. 
.26 


352. 


598. 



(parts per million) 



3.7 


1.9 


4.8 


2.7 


2.9 


49.5 


155.1 


214.5 


1111.5 


2005.9 


78.4 


265.3 


210.6 






46.6 












182.4 


240. 


i82.4 


244.8 


57.1 






41.4 


444.8 




2-09.4 


76.2 


219.6 


9.2 


50. 


234. 


236. 


234. 


208. 


7.5 


2.3 


.4 


.6 


1.2 


23.3 


39.6 


54.5 


115.8 


327.2 


316.1 


1090. 


1037. 


1908. 


3244. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.22 


.11 


.28 


.16 


.17 


2.88 


9.05 


12.51 


64.81 


117. 


4.57 


15.47 


12.28 






2.71 












10.64 


14.00 


10.64 


14.28 


3.33 






2.41 


25.94 




i2.21 


4.44 


1^ 81 


.5t 


2.92 


13.65 


13.77 


13.65 


12.13 


.44 


.13 


.02 


.03 


.07 


1.36 


2.31 


3.18 


6.75 


19.08 


18.43 


63.57 


60.48 


111.26 


189.21 



2S8 



ARTESIAN -WATERS OF XOKTIIEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

E>epth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Kate of punii)ing' gals, per niin.i 

Date sample w^as collected | Sept S, 1914 

I 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(Union Stock 


(Union Stock 


(Union Stock 


Yards) 


Yards) 


Yards) 


Swift & Co. 


Swift & Co. 


Swift & Co. 


Hog house 


House Xo. 5 


Refrigerating- 
Plant 


2008 


1643 


2000 


70 


7()-(- 


56 


250 


250 


300 


Sept S, 1914 


Sept. 8, 1914 


Sept. 8. 1914 



Determinations made 



Mag-nesium (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO:,) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




176. 
.3 
.84 
3.71 
360. 
355.1 
1362. 
232. 
332. 



176. 





32 


9 


21 


690. 




453. 




2127. 




217. 




17 k 







Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphfvte 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



3.1 

841.6 
130.3 

is 7. "2 

198.6' 
229. 
1.7 
33.5 



5.2 

594.1 

54.6 

211. '2 

212.2 
232! 
.6 

52.1 



3.3 

1094.4 



211.2 
41.9 
402.6 
217. 

1.2 
155.4 



1625. 



1362. 



2127. 



Sodiuna nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodiuni carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium f-ai-bonate. . . . 

Iron caiV)()nato 

Undetermined 

Total. . 



Hypothetical combinations 



91.78 



.18 

49.09 

7.60 


.30 

34.65 

3.18 


1'|.!I2 


" 12. '.3 2 


' i i '5 8 

13.36 

.10 

1.95 


"i2.'38 

13.53 

.03 

3.04 



■9.43 



.19 
63.84 





'12.32' 

2.44 

23.54 

12.66 

.07 

9.06 


12 4.12 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters of northeastern Illinois — Continued 



289 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(Union Stock 


(40th St. & 


(16th & Dearborn 


(Union Stock 


(Union Stock 


Yards) 


Butler Ave.) 


Sts.) 


Yards) 


Yards) 


Swift & Co. Oleo. 


Tosetti Brewery 


Union Cold Stor- 


Yards & Transit 


Union Stock 


house 




age Co.) 


Co. 
West well 


Yards & 

Transit Co. 

East well 


1643 + 


1366 


1135 


2180 + 


2180 + 


60 + 


42 


90 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 


200 


60 


20 


150 


100 


Sept. 8, 1914 


Dec. 18, 1913 


July 15, 1914 


July 25, 1914 


July 25, 1914 



(parts per million) 



144. 


144. 


248. 


164. 


ISO. 


.4 


.8 


6. 


.1 


2 


.20 


.24 


2.40 


.12 


.36 


.88 


1.1 


10.60 


.5 


1.6 


460. 


250. 


55. 


1250. 


1700. 


452.6 


553.7 


63.8 


233.3 


141.9 


1625. 


1456. 




2441. 


3217. 


221. 


212. 


565. 


219. 


195. 


378. 


362. 


14. 


328. 

.54 


482. 
.40 



(parts per million) 



P 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





1.2 


1.5 


14.5 


.7 


2.2 




759. 


412.6 


90.8 


1956.4 


2416.7 




134.1 


305.9 


74.6 


'86.8* ■ 


i68.'2 ' 




172.8 


172.8 


16.8 


86. 


171*5 ' 




318.2 


296.5 




223. 


201.1 




221. 


212. 


284.3 




195. 




.8 


1.6 


12.4 


2 


.4 




17.9 


53.1 




87.9 


61.9 




1625. 


1456. 


711.2 


2441. 


3217. 



.07 


.09 


.85 


.04 


.13 


44.21 


24.06 


5.30 


114.11 


140.97 


7.82 


17.84 


4.35 


* *5.'0'7* 


9.*81 


10.08 


10.08 


.98 


5.02 


*ii.*7*3" 


18.56 


17.29 




13.01 


10.00 


12.89 


12.36 


16.58 




11.37 


.05 


,09 


.72 


.01 


.02 


1.04 


3.09 




5.13 


3.61 


94.72 


84.90 


41.48 


142.39 


187.64 



290 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NOKTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casins' feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per niin. 

Date sample was collected 



Cool: 

Chicago 

(Union Stock 

Yards) 
Union Yards 
& Transit Co. 

975 
500± 
Drilling 
Sept. 26, 1914 



Cook 

Chicag-o 

(20 E. Austin) 

Western Cold 
Storage Co. 

2008 
643 

18 
.July 15, 1914 



Cook 

Chicago 

(W. 4Sth Ave. 

& 22nd St.) 
AVestern Elec- 
tric Co. 

1489 
68 
500 
Aug. 14, 1914 



Detenninations made 



Mag-nesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO:,) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




92. 


2.8 


.56 


2.5 


330. 


886.7 


2068. 


225. 


120. 



128. 
2 

^36 
1.60 
190. 
244.4 
924. 
257. 
176. 

.08 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride. ... 
Sodium sulphate. . . . 
Sodium carbonate. . . 
Magnesium .sulphate 
Magnesium car bona t 
Calcium sulphate. . . 
Calcium carbonate. . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



1.2 
404. 
253.8 
218.4 

ioi.Y 

'30." 

.2 

43.3 



1055. 



3.4 

544.6 
1142.2 



104.7 

'38." 

220. 
5.7- 
9.4 



206 8. 



313.5 
44.1 

2ii.'2' 

'65.3' 
257. 
.4 
30.3 



924. 



Hypothetical comhinations 



Sodium nitrate .07 

Sodium chloride 23. .'i6 

Sodium sulpliale 14.80 

Sodium carbonate 12.73 

Magnesium sulphate 

Magnesium carbonate 6.07 

Calcium sulphate 

Calciuin cari)onate I 1.75 

Iron rarbonate .01 

Undetermined I 2.53 

Total 61.52 



.2 

31.75 
66.62 

'6.'n 

2 22 

12.83 

.33 

.55 



120.61 



.13 

18.28 

2.57 

ii'.ii 

' z'.ii 

14.99 

.02 

1.77 



• 



53.88 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



291 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


Chicago 


(916 N. Paulina 


(38th St. & Ra- 


(106th St. &Tor- 


(915 S. 5th Ave.) 


Heights 


Ave.) 


cine Ave.) 


rence Ave.) 




(City Water 


West Side Brewery 


White Eagle 


Wisconsin Steel 


Wrisley Soap 


Works 




Brewery 


Co. 


Works 


City 
Well No. 2 


2100 


1816 


1706 


1490 


300 


To bed rock 


58 


67 


75-1- 


50 


180 


200 


150 


200 


1500 


Jan. 8, 1914 


Dec. 7, 1913 


Aug. 7, 1914 


Jan. 12, 1914 


July 28, 1914 



(parts per million) 



128. 


136. 


220. 


156. 


240. 


.8 


.4 


1. 


.4 


.2 


.48 


.24 


.32 


.00 


.24 


.00 


1.10 


1.41 


.00 


1.06 


780. 


140. 


255. 


98. 


8. 


679.7 


517.6 


809.3 


458. 


191.9 


2544. 


1222. 


1839. 


1027. 


628. 


216. 


212. 


221. 


202. 


376. 


296. 


362. 


530. 
.39 


312. 


162. 



(parts per million) 



2.1 


1.5 


1.9 




1 5 


1287.1 


231. 


420.8 


161.7 


13 2 


584.7 


252.2 


445.4 


235.2 


54 6 


153.6 


163.2 


264.' 


187.2' ' 


i94.'4 ' 
65.5 


228.9 


307.4 


421.6 


212.2 




216. 


212. 




202. 


298. 


1.7 


.8 


221. * 


.8 


.4 


69.9 


53.9 


62.2 


27.9 


.4 


2544. 


1222. 


1839. 


1027. 


628. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.12 


.09 


.11 




.09 


75.05 


13.47 


24.54 


9.43 


.77 


34.20 


14.70 


25.98 


13.72 


3.18 


S.'d5 


"9'.52' 


'15. '40* 


'i6.*9'2' 


'ii.'33 

3.82 


13.34 


17.92 


24.59 


12.37 




12.60 


12.37 


12.89 


11.78 


17.38 


.10 


.05 


.12 


.05 


.02 


4.07 


3.14 


3.62 


1.63 


.02 


148.43 


71.26 


107.25 


59.90 


36.61 



292 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XOIJTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping gais. per niin. 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 

Chicag'o 

Heigrhts 

(City Water 

^\'orks) 

City 

Well No. 3 

300 

50± 

1500 

July 28, 1914 



CooK 

South Chicago 

Heights 



Village 



2700± 

65 
150 
July 28, 1914 



Cook 
Clearing 

SW. 14 Sec. 

21, T. 38N.,'H. 

13 E. 

C. & W. I. R. R. 

Well No. 1 
1554 

84 
250 
July 9, 1914 



Determinations made 



Mag-nesium (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOs) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOy) 



288. 


192. 


124. 


.4 


.0 


.7 


.48 


.40 


.08 


2.10 


1.80 


.35 


11. 


11. 


45. 


319.7 


20.2 


164.6 


817. 


451. 


480. 


372. 


414. 


148. 


300. 


8. 


82. 



HypotJictieal eombinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



2.9 


2.5 


.5 


18.2 


18.2 


74.3 


47.9 


29.9 

8.5 


127.5 


345.6 




98.4 




161.3 


35.3 


ie.s 






372. 


213.5 


106. 


.8 




1.5 


13.3 


i7.1 


3'6.5 


S17. 


451. 


480. 



Hypothetieal combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

l'ndetermin< d 

Total 



.17 
1.06 
2.79 

2 6. 16" 

" * ."95 

21.70 

.05 

.78 



47.66 



.15 
1.06 
1.74 

.5 



9 


40 


12 


45 


1 


00 



26.30 



.03 
4.33 
7.44 

5.74 
2.06 

6.18 

.09 

2.13 



28.00 



BOILEK ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



293 



Cook 
Clearing 


Cook 
Clearing- 


Cook 
Des Plaines 


Cook 
Harvey 


Cook 
Harvey 


SW. lA, Sec. 21, 
T. 38, N., R. 13 E. 


SW. 14, Sec. 21, 
T. 38 N., R. 13 E. 


(City Water- 
works) 


(155th St. near 
I.e. R. R.) 


(City W^ater 
Works) 


C. & W. I. R. R. 


C. & W. I. R. R. 


City 


Austin Mfg-. Co. 


Public Service 
Co. of N. 111. 


Well No. 2 
1586 
80 
225 
July 9, 1914 


Well No. 3 
1584 
100 
225 
July 9, 1914 


125 
125 
45 
Aug. 17, 1914 


1128 
20 + 
30 + 
July 26, 1914 


Well No. 1 

1320± 
To bed rock 

85-)- 
July 27, 1914 



(parts per million) 



156. 


160. 


232. 


180. 


136. 


.2 


.6 


.8 


.3 


3. 


.80 


.80 


.88 


.40 


6.00 


3.50 


3.50 


3.88 


1.80 


26.50 


18. 


37. 


330. 


220. 


47. 


282.6 


228.8 


200.4 


662.5 


94.6 


589. 


582. 


1070. 


1564. 


574. 


127. 


163. 


170. 


225. 


332. 


182. 


128. 


298, 


434. 


— 37.2 



(parts per million) 




(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.28 


.28 


.31 


.15 


2.12 


1.73 


3.56 


25.70 


21.17 


4.52 


9.76 


9.17 




28.74 


8.16 
2.30 


10.92 


8.96 


14.64 


12.60 






1.57 


(MgCla) 1.25 




6.66 


2.09 




(CaCla) 4.28 


13.26 




7.41 


7.64 - 


9.92 


13.12 


9.25 


.02 


.07 


.05 


.03 


.36 


2.14 


2.69 


6.23 


2.20 


.09 


34.35 


33.94 


62.38 


91.27 


33.46 



294 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County. 
Town. . 



Cook 
Harvev 
(City Water- 
works) 

Owner Public Service 

Co. of X. in. 
AVell Xo. 2 

Depth of well feet 1600± 

Depth of casing- feet To bed rock 

Rate of pumping' g"als. per min. 100± 

Date sample was collected July 27, 1914 



Cook 
Harvev 
(City Water- 
works) 

Public Service 

Co. of X. 111. 

Well Xo. 4 

1600± 
To bed rock 

200± 
July 26, 1914 



I Cook 

Hubbard Woods 



North Shore 
Ice Co. 

1437 
180± 
140 
Aug-. 25, 1914 



D eterminations made 



Mag-nesiuni (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 



164. 
.0 
.28 
1.3 
ISO. 
576. 
1366. 
216. 
366. 



184. 


120. 


.1 


.4 


.80 


.00 


3.50 


.00 


145. 


37. 


513. 


321. 


1268. 


794. 


270. 


236. 


338. 


190. 



HyputJietical combinations 



Sodiuni nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium cari)onate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



1.8 
297. 
332.9 



ige.V ' 


274.V " 
216. 


'46.'8 ' 



1366. 



5. 
239.3 
279.7 



220.8 

269.*4 
270. 
2 

43!6 



1268. 



' (;i.'i * 

205.4 


144. 


"95.V * 
236. 
.8 
51.5 



794. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sul i)hate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Mag:nesium caibonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.11 
17.32 
19.42 

Has 

16.02 
12.60 

' 2. "73 



■9.68 



.29 
13.96 
16.21 

i2."8S 

I'z'.'Ii 

15.75 

.01 

2.54 



73.95 



3.56 
11.98 

' 8. "40 

* 5.'55 

13.77 

.05 

3.00 



46.31 



BOILER ANALYSES 

zvaters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



295 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


La Grange 


La Grange 


Lemont 


Lyons 


Maywood 


(City Water 


(City Water 


(City Water 


(City Water 


(St. Charles 


Works) 


Works) 


Works) 


Works) 


Road& 9th 
Ave.) 


Public Service 


Public Service 


Public Service 


City 


American Can 


Co. of N. 111. 


Co. of N. 111. 


Co. of N. 111. 




Co. 


Well No. 1 


Well No. 2 








1990 


2000 + 


2284 


1595 


1607 


lO-H 


10-1- 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 


55 + 


400 


400 


125 


50 


150 + 


June 19, 1914 


June 19, 1914 


Sept. 24, 1915 


July 29, 1914 


Aug-. 6, 1914 



(parts per million) 



160. 


184. 


80. 


176. 


220. 


.4 


.8 


.6 


.1 


.3 


.60 


.80 




2.20 


.52 


2.7 


3.50 


.33 


9.70 


2.29 


36. 


15. 


590. 


21. 


6. 


118.9 


160.1 


46. 


146.9 


223. 


572. 


524. 


1332. 


511. 


540. 


348. 


236. 


300. 


250. 


230. 


92. 


132. 


—40. 


134. 


138. 



(parts per million) 



3.7 


4.8 




12.7 


3.1 


59.4 


24.8 


974. 


34.6 


9.9 


45.7 


49.5 


68. 
42. 


27.9 


133.3 


iio.4 


158.4 




160.8 


165.6 


57.1 


43.7 


.67 


35.3 


68.9 


280.' 


184.' 


iso.' 


208." '" 


148. 


.8 


.8 


1. 


.2 


.6 


14.9 


58. 




31.5 


10.6 


572. 


524, 


1332. 


511. 


540. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.22 


.28 




.74 


.18 


3.46 


1.43 


56.81 


2.02 


.58 


2.66 


2.88 



3.97 
2.45 


1.63 


7.77 


6.43 


9.23 




9.38 


9.66 


3.33 


2.54 


3.91 


2.06 


4.01 


'ie.Vs 


'io.VV 


"io.Vo" 


'iiiV 


8. '6 3 


.05 


.04 


.06 


.01 


.03 


.87 


3.38 




1.84 


.62 


33.35 


30.51 


77.70 


29.81 


31.48 



296 



AKTESIAX WATKKS OF .XOl.TIIEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depih of well feet 

Depth of casing' feet 

Rate of pumpinj;- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


May wood 


Melrose Park 


Melrose Park 


(City Water- 


(City Water- 


(City AVater- 


works) 


works) 


works) 


City 


City 


City 




Well No. 1 


Well Xo. 2 


1605 


1620 


1571 


.53 


To bed rock 


94 


725 


42 


520 


Aug-. 6, 1914 


Aug. 12, 1914 


Aug. 12. 1914 



Dcterniinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOs) . . . 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOji) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




140. 
.1 
.56 
2.48 
6. 
195. 
547. 
271. 
114. 



HypotJictical eouihinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium clTloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate.... 
IMagnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium caibonate . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



1.5 

69.3 
119.4 


1.9 

11.6 

122.6 


is 2.4* * 
2 3.7 


i39.'2 ' 
47. 


iss.' 

1.7 
6. 


221." ' 
.8 
21.9 . 


592. 


566. 



3.4 

9.9 
128. 4 

ise.s' 

21.8 



1 



24i 



2 

l!5 



54- 



Hypotlietieal eoinbiuations 



Sodium nitiate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
IMagnesium sulphate, 
^lagnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calciun^ car])()nate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.08 
4.04 
6.96 



10.64 


1 


38 


111 


9 6 




111 




O " 




o .) 



34.51 




.20 
.58 

7.48 



7 


.98 


1 


.27 


14 


29 




01 




09 



31.90 



BOILER AXALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



297 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Park Ridg-e 


Park Riage 


Proviso Township 


Proviso Township 


Proviso 
Township 


(City Water 


(City Water 


(SE. 14 NAV. 14 


(SE. 14 NW. 14 


(SE. 14 NW. 


Works) 


AVorks) 


sec. 


sec. 5 


14 sec. 5) 


City 


City 


C. & N. W. R. R. 


C. & N. W. R. R. 


C. & N. W. R. R. 






Well No. 1 


Well No. 2 


Well No. 5 


1804 


1425 


1825 


1200 


1841 


100 + 


100 + 


1551 


66 


1723 


175 


175 


107 


150 


105 


Aug-. 26, 1914 


Aug-. 26, 1914 


March 3, 1914 


June 30, 1915 


Mar. 3, 1914 



(parts per inillion) 



76. 


112. 


0. 


152. 


0. 


.4 


8. 


.4 


.2 


.0 


.40 


.64 


.80 




.64 


1.77 


4.42 


3.5 


2.1 


2.8 


105. 


155. 


22. 


23. 


42. 


355.9 


260.9 


98.3 


144.4 


41.6 


919. 


885. 


486. 


520. 


426. 


213. 


195. 


268. 


270. 


268. 


48. 


84. 


—52. 


46. 


— 156. 



(parts per mill ion) 



2.4 

173.3 
458.6 

"57.'6" * 
23.5 

i85." 
.8 
17.8 


6.6 

255.8 
269.3 

i65."6 * 
20.2 

iii."' " 

16.6 
39.9 


4.8 

36.3 

145.4 

55.1 

2i6." 
" 28.'4" * 


2.9 
38. 
148.6 

" 55."2" ' 
89. 

iei." 
.4 
21.9 


3.8 

69.3 

61.5 

165.4 

ii2." 

" 14." " " 


919. 


885. 


486. 


520. 


426. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.14 


.38 


.28 


.17 


10.11 


14.92 


2.12 


2.22 


26.75 


15.71 


8.47 
3.21 


8.67 


3.36 


6.16 




3.22 


1.37 


1.18 




5.19 


"i6.'7'9' 


9. '9 7 


■i2."6"o" 


9.57 


.05 


.97 




.02 


1.04 


2.33 


i.66 


1.28 


53.61 


51.62 


28.34 


30.34 



.22 
4.04 
3.60 
9.64 


6. '5 3 


' ■ ■ .Si' 



24.84 



298 



ARTESIAX WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 



Table II. — Boiler analyses of under groi 



mm 



County I Cook Cook 

Town Proviso Proviso 

Townsliip Township 

(SE. I4, XAV. (SE. 14 XW. 

1^ sec. 5) 14 sec. 5) 

Owner C. & X. W. R. R. C. «& N. W. R. R, 

' Well Xo. 9 I Well Xo. 11 

Depth of well feet 1849 | 1S50 

Depth of casing- feet 1522 1679 

Rate of pumi)ins^- gals, per min.j 93 100 

Date sample was collected ' Mar. 3, 1914 Mar. 3, 1914 



Cook 
Riverdale 

(City Water- 
works) 
City 

434 
58 
160 
July 23, 1914 



Dctenninations niadi 



Magnesium (as CaCO.^) 

Iron 

Xitrate nitrogen 

N'itrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.,) 

Xon-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 
Hydrogen sulphide 




60. 
.5 

.48 
2.10 
17. 
96.3 
433. 
245. 
-142. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodiuin chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Ir-on carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



1. 

75.9 

66.3 

173.8 



124. 

'is.' 



454. 



8.5 
42.9 
55. 
148.4 



104. 

" ii.'2 



370. 



2.9 

28. 
142.5 
150.5 

"56.*4 

'43.' " 

1. 

14.7 



I 



433. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 


.01 

4.42 

3.86 

10.14 



' Y.2.3' 

.76 


.49 
2.49 
3.20 
8.65 

' '6.07' 
.65 


17 


Sodium chloiide 


1 63 


Sodium sulphate 


8 31 


Sodium carbonate 


8.78 


Magnesium sulnhate 


Magnesiui7i carbonate 


2 94 


Calcium suli)liate 




Calcium carbonate 


2.51 


Iron carbonate 


06 


Undetermined 


S6 






Total 


26.42 


21.55 


25.26 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



299 



Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


Cook 


River Forest 


River Forest 


'Riverside 


Summit 


Summit 


(City Water 


(City Water 


(City Water 


(City Water 


(City water- 


Works) 


Works) 


Works) 


Works) 


works) 


City 


City 


City 


City 


City 


Well No. 1 


Well No. 2 


West Well 






1000 + 


980 


1980 


1547 




54 


54 


302 


60 + 


58 


109 


150 


240 


175 




Aug. 15, 1914 


Aug. 15, 1914 


July 29, 1914 


July 20, 1914 


Aug. 21, 1914 



(parts per million) 



108. 


84. 


168. 


156. 


128. 


.2 


.1 


.5 


.1 


.2 


.32 


.40 


.32 


.32 


1.00 


1.41 


1.8 


1.4 


1.4 


4.42 


9. 


8. 


65. 


100. 


14. 


189.6 


128.3 


167.9 


139.9 


81.9 


526. 


437. 


670. 


672. 


423. 


245. 


229. 


342. 


288. 


262. 


42. 


—26. 


— 4. 


—24. 


12. 


.70 


1.86 





.19 





(parts per million) 



1.9 


2.5 


1.9 


1.9 


6.1 


14.9 


13.2 


105.6 


165. 


23.1 


221. 


189.9 


248.5 


.207. 


104.2 




27.6 


1.2 


25.4 





50.4 








14.4 


55.4 


70.6 


141.1 


131. 


97.4 


i79." ' 


119. 


170. 


i()^y ' 


146. 


.4 


.2 


.6 


.2 


.4 


3. 


14. 


1.1 


33.5 


31.4 


526. 


437. 


670. 


672. 


423. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.11 


.16 


.11 


.11 


.36 


.87 


.77 


6.16 


9.62 


1.35 


12.89 


11.07 


14.49 


12.07 


6.08 




1.61 


.07 


1.48 




2.93 








.84 


3.22 


4.12 


8.23 


7.64 


5.68 


10.44 


6.94 


' '9. "92' 


6.V0* 


8.52 


.02 


.01 


.03 


.01 


.02 


.17 


.82 


.06 


1.95 


1.83 


30.65 


25.50 


39.07 


39.18 


24.68 



300 ARTESIAN WATERS OF ^ORTHEASTERX ILLIXOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



1 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of weU feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping- g-als. per niin. 

Date sample was collected 



De Kalb 
Sycamore 

(Waterworks) 
De Kalb & 
Sycamore Elec- 
tric R. R. 
Well No. 1 
902 
170 
150 
July 15, 1915 



Du Page 

Bensenville 

(Near Station) 

C. M. & St. P. 

R. 'R. 



2290 

12 36 

170 

Mar. 4, 1914 



Du Pag-e 

Downers 

Grove 

(Waterworks) 

City 



250 
To bed rock 

75 
Aug. 4, 1914 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCO.;) 

Iron 

Niti-ate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO^) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 



160 



0. 



.1 


.1 







.32 


.28 


1.1 


1.4 


1.24 


9.9 


46. 


6. 


361. 


45.7 


125.9 


345. 


430. 


444. 


-24. 


268. 


244. 




— 160. 


110. 



220. 



H\potJiefieaI conibinations 



Sodiuni nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
IVIagnesium sulphate. 
^Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



1.5 


1.9 


1.7 


1.7 


75.9 


9.9 


14.7 


67.6 


30.5 


25.4 


169.6 


isi' 


134.4 




92.4 


iei.' 


ios." 


i34." 


.2 




.4 


22.1 


t . 


4 3.1 


361. 


430. 


444. 



Sddiu 111 nil lute 

Sodium chloi'ide 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium cai'boiKite. . . . 
Magnesium suljihate. 
jMagnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium cai-])onate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.09 

.10 

.86 

1.4S 

7.84" 

9.39' 

.01 
1.2 9 



21.06 



Hypothetical combinations 



.11 

4.42 
3.93 
9.88 



6.30 

" .Vo' 



25.04 



.01 

.58 

1.78 



7 


.70 





.38 


7 


82 




2 





51 



2 5.80 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



301 



Du Page 
Elmhurst 

(Waterworks) 

City 
Wen No. 1 



301 
76 
152 
July 9, 1915 



Du Page 
Elmhurst 

(Waterworks) 
City 



958 
76 
325 
Sept. 2, 1915 



Du Page 
Elmhurst 

(Waterworks) 
City 



958 
76 
410 
Sept. 20, 1915 



Du Page 
Hinsdale 

(Waterworks) 
City 



268 
To bed rock 

500± 
Aug. 5, 1914 



Du Page 
Lombard 

(Waterworks) 
Village 



89 



330 
Aug. 12, 1914 



(parts per million) 



232. 


156. 


164. 


148. 


148. 




.2 


.3 


.5 


1.5 




.56 


.44 


.0 


.48 




2.47 


1.94 


.0 


2.12 


6. 


5. 


5. 


0. 


4. 


0. 


56. 


53. 


174.5 


44.8 


465. 


413. 


408. 


534. 


405. 


375. 


322. 


315. 


270. 


350. 


—8. 


20. 


20. 


116. 


10. 



(parts per million) 





3. 


3. 




2.9 


10. 


8. 


8. 




6.6 


117. 


55. 


50. 


94. 


49.1 


8. 












24. 


24. 


139.2 


12. 


195. 


114. 


121. 


26.9 


117.9 


135." 


i86.' 


17i.' 


238.' 


2i2.'" ' 
3.1 




23. 


31. 


35.9 


1.4 


465. 


413. 


408. 


534. 


405. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.17 


.17 




.17 




.58 


.47 


.47 


, , 


.38 




6.82 


3.21 


2.92 


5.48 


2.86 




.47 














1.40 


i.40 


8.11 


.70 




11.37 


6.65 


7.06 


1.57 


6.87 




" "7.87' 


'10.85' 


' '9.'9'7' 


'is.'s's 


'i2.'3"7' 
.18 






i.34 


1.81 


2.08 


.08 




27.11 


24.09 


23.80 


31.12 


23.61 



!02 



ARTESIAX -SVATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLIXOIS 

Table II. — Boiler aiialyscs of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumpinj? gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Du Page 
Xaperville 
(SW. 1,4 sec. 
18. T. 38 N., 

R. 10 E.) 
Mr. Goodwin 

Spring- 



Flows 10 ± 
July 13, 1915 



Du Page 
West Chicago 
(Waterworks) 



City 

X^ew Well 

322 

90 

100± 

Aug-. 13. 1914 



Du Page 
West Chicago 
(Waterworks) 



CHy 

Old Well 

715 

90 

100± 

Aug-. 13, 1914 



Dcteruiiuat'ions made 



Maji'nu.siuni (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Xitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOs) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 



232. 


148. 


0. 


.4 




.32 


44.2 


2.29 


22. 


23. 


111.5 


106. 


605. 


485. 


330. 


300. 


84. 


SO. 



148. 
1.2 



.36 



1.6 
11. 
50.2 

366. 

275. 
10. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodii'm sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium cai-bonate . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



60.6 
36.3 
46. 

ioo.V 

124.3 
i82.' ' 
'55." 



605. 



3.1 
37.9 
43.5 

'96." 
57.1 

232.' ' 

.8 

14.6 



4s; 



2.2 

18.2 
60. 



'12." 

117.9 


i37.* 
2.5 
16.2 



366. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate 

IMagnc^ium sulphate 

M.agn«'siuin cai'bonate 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



35.29 



3.53 
2.12 
2.68 


.18 

9 91 
I53 


.13 
1.06 
3.50 


' '5.88' 
7.25 


" '.5.'60' 
3.33 


' ' ■ . Yo" 

6.87 


' i6."6'2" 
' '3.*2V 


13.53 
.05 

.S5 


.15 

.94 



2S.28 



21.34 



BOILEE ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



303 




(parts per million) 



120. 


192. 


88. 


168. 


160. 


.4 


.1 


.5 


.4 


.3' 


1.2 


5. 


.48 






5.3 


22.1 


2.12 


1.77 


1.94 


3. 


26. 


1. 


290. 


260. 


41.6 


134. 


48.6 


382. 


350. 


363. 


588. 


356. 


1296. 


1190. 


300. 


325. 


270. 


252. 


252. 


12. 


134. 


0. 


188. 


136. 



(parts per million) 



7.3 


30.3 


2.9 


2. 


3. 


5. 


42.9 


1.7 


479. 


429. 


44.4 


8.4 


71.9 


299. ■ 


326. 


'iiV ' 


160.8" ' 




202." 


163.' 


90.7 


48.7 


73.9 



'27." " 


20. 


192. 


267. 


182. 


252. 


228. 


.8 


.2 


1. 


1. 


1. 


8.4 


29.7 


22.6 


34. 


20. 


363. 


588. 


356. 


1296. 


1190. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.43 


1.77 


.17 


.12 


.17 


.29 


2.49 


.10 


27.94 


25.02 


2.58 


.49 


4.18 


17.44 


19.02 


'.Si 


■ '9.38" 




11.78 


9.51 


5.28 


2.83 


4.30 


" 'i.5'7' 


1.17 


11.20 


15.57 


10.62 


14.70 


13.30 


.05 


.01 


.06 


.06 


.06 


.50 


1.73 


1.32 


1.98 


1.17 


21.17 


34.27 


20.75 


75.59 


69.42 



304 



AUTESIAX WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing feet 

Rate of pumping gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Grundy 

;Mniooka 

(Waterworks) 



City 



620 
100± 
50 
Sept. 23, 1915 



Grundy 
Morris 
(614 W. Wash- 
ington St.) 

Gebhard 
Brewery 



35 
Sept. 22, 1915 



Kane 

Aurora 

(Pumping 

Station) 

City 
Well No. '/ 



2300± 
300± 
250± 
July 2. 1915 



I 



I 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCO.-i) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.,) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCO.-O . 




1S4. 



2.1 

510. 

74.5 

1248. 

248. 

184. 



1 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



4. 
!74. 
62. 
51. 



71. 



138. 
1. 



1201. 



1. 

25. 
58. 
38. 



97. 



163. 
1. 



383. 



2.9 

734.2 

MgClo 90.9 



93.4 



248. 
2 
78."4 



124N. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Soditim sulpbate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carl)onate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.23 

50.98 

3.62 

2.97 

'4.1V 

's.oV 

.06 



.06 
1.46 
3.38 
2.22 

5.66" 

"9.5V 
.06 



•0.0; 



22.35 



.17 

42.82 

MgCls 5.30 



5.45 



14.47 
.01 

4.57 



■2.79 



BOILER ANALYSES 



305 



waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



Kane 


Kane 


Kane 


Kane 


Kane 


Aurora 


Aurora 


Aurora 


Aurora 


Aurora 


(PhiHips Park) 


(Lake St ) 


(River St.) 


(River St.) 


(Farns worth 

St. «& R. R. 

Tracks) 


City 


Aurora Bleachery 


Aurora Brewery 


Aurora Brewery 


Aurora 

"Wheeled 

Scraper Co. 


2759 


1280 


250 


Spring 


1410 


320 


To bed rock 


To bed rock 




1200 


125 


400 + 


60 


15 


40 


July 15, 1915 


Julys, 1915 


July 4, 1915 


July 3, 1915 


Julys, 1915 



'parts per million) 



208. 


124. 


188. 


232. 


132. 




0. 




0. 


.2 


' 'i'.d^ 


'i(il^' 


" *8.8" ' 


'io.V " 


■ ■ 2.9 ■ 


1300. 


12. 


64. 


48. 


14. 


98. 


50.2 


132.1 


156.8 


85.6 


2992. 


378. 


655. 


694. 


428. 


264. 


280. 


365. 


282. 


278. 


632. 


—28. 


—4. 


136. 


—18. 



(parts per million) 



1 


14.5 


12.1 


97. 


4. 


1537. 


19.8 


105.6 


79.2 


23.1 


MgCla 196. 


74.3 


195.5 


39.4 


126.7 




29.7 


4.2 


16 3.2' ' 


19.1 


CaCla 354. 


104.1 


157.9 


80.6 


ii6.9 


139. 










264. 


128. 


173. 


186. 


128. 
.4 
15.8 




" '7.6' ' 


" 'e.V ' 


'48.6' " 


2491. 


378. 


655. 


694. 


428. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.58 


.85 


.71 


5.66 


.23 




89.64 


1.15 


6.16 


4.62 


1.35 


MgCl2 


11.43 


4.33 


11.40 


2.3 


7.39 






1.73 


2.4 


" '9.'5'2' 


1.11 


CaCla 


20.65 
8.11 


6.07 


9.21 


4.70 


6.47 




15.40 


7.47 


10.09 


10.85 


7.47 
.02 






.44 


.39 


2.83 


.92 




145.81 


22.04 


38.20 


40.48 


24.96 



306 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF XORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of iiiidergroiind 



Countv. 
Town. . 



Owner 



Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing: feet 

Kate of pumping- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Kane 
Aurora 
(160 N. High- 
land Ave.) 

W. B. Davis' 

Greenhouse 

69 

24 
140 
July 19. 1915 



Kane 

Aurora 

(Farns worth 

St. & R. R. 

Tracks) 

Munroe 

Bindery 

1420 

60 

225 

July S. 1915 



Kane 
Elgin 



El! 



;in AVatch 
Co. 

2000± 
To bed rock 

50 
Sept. 30, 1914 



Determinations made 



]\Iag-nesium (as CaCOy) 

Iron 

Nitrate niti'ogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOa) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOiO 




60. 
.2 
.3 
1.3 

24. 

33. 
318. 
202. 

10. 



Hypotlietieal eomhinations 



I 

Sodium nitrate i 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate 

Magnesium sulphate 

Magnesium carbonate 

Calcium sulphate i 

Calcium cai'])onate j 

Iron carbonate i 

Undetermined | 

Total 



1.5 


2.9 


1.8 


14.9 


24.8 


39.6 


40.8 


140. 


34.6 


12.7 


8.5 


' ii' " " 


154.6 


i24.3 


42. 


151.' 


122.' 


152.' 


2.1 


.4 


.4 




27.1 


35.6 


377.6 


450. • 


:ns. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate. ... 
Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate.. 
Magnesium carbonate 

Calciun\ suli)hato 

Calcium carbonate. . . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 





.09 

.87 

2.38 

.74 

■ '9.'o'2' 

■ "8. '81 

.12 


.17 
1.45 
8.17 

.50 

7. '25' 

7. '12" 

.02 

1.58 


.10 
2.31 
2.02 

' ' ' .70' 
2.4 5 

' '8.V7' 

.02 

2.08 






































22.03 


26.26 


18.55 





BOrLER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



307 



Kane 
Elgin 


Kane 

Elgin 

(Waterworks) 


Kane 

Mooseheart 

(NE. % sec. 33 

T. 39 N., R. 8E.) 


Kane 

St. Charles 

(Waterworks) 


Kane 

St. Charles 

(Park Street) 


Elgin Watch Co. 


City 


Order of Moose 


City 


City 


500 
40 
50 
Sept. 30, 1914 


1300 
Aug'. V, 1915 


1840 
39 
100 
July 10, 1915 


350 
To bed rock 

120 
Sept. 30, 1914 


850 

60 + 
200 
Sept. 30, 1914 



(parts per million) 



52. 


100. 


184. 


144. 


96. 


.3 


.1 


.1 


.0 


.1 


1.4 


(H2SO4) .9 




6.8 


.3 


6.2 




1.8 


29.2 


1.3 


25. 


8. 


7. 


27. 


5. 


30.4 


37. 


41.1 


97. 


26.7 


426. 


371. 


397. 


537. 


369. 


320. 


304. 


340. 


280. 


326. 


—156. 


16. 


12. 


22. 


—56. 



(parts per million) 



8.5 




2.5 


39.8 


1.8 




41.2 


13. 


11.6 


44.5 


8.2 




45. 


55. 


43.8 


112.3 


39.4 




166. 


17. 


' i4.'4' ' 


'26.'4" ' 


59.4 




4.3.7 


84. 


144.5 


102.5 


80.6 




112.' 


204. 


168. 


i5S.' 


174.' 




.6 


2. 


.2 


.0 


.2 




9. 




12. 


53.5 


5.4 




426. 


375. 


397. 


537. 


369. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.49 




.15 


2.32 


.11 




2.40 


.76 


.68 


2.60 


.48 




2.62 


3.21 


2.55 


6.54 


2.30 




9.68 


.99 


" ' " . sV 


' 'i.'5'4' 


3.46 




2.'5'5 


4.9 


8.43 


5.97 


4.70 




6. '5 3 


'ii.'g ■ 


" *9."8'o' 


' '9.'2'2' 


'io.iV 




.03 


.12 


.01 


.00 


.01 




.52 





.70 


3.12 


.31 




24.82 


21.88 


23.16 


31.31 


21.52 



308 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of loidergroiini 



Countiv' 
Town . . 



Owner 



Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Kankakee 
Bradley 



Bradley Mf g-. 
Co. 

244 
200± 
200± 
Oct. 1, 1915 



Kankakee 
Kankakee 
(396 S. Schuy- 
ler St.) 

Kankakee 
Pure Milk Co. 

205 
30 

75 
Oct. 2, 1915 



Kankakee 
Kankakee 
(600 S. Dear- 
born St.) 

Radeke 
Brewery 

225 
25± 
80 
Sept. 30, 1915 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrog-en 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 




180. 


200. 


1. 


3. 


2.12" 


' 47.Y * 


25. 


30. 


186. 


175. 


758. 


703. 


415. 


345. 


156. 


136. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
IMagnesiuin carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



450. 



758. 



5. 


3. 


65. 


26. 


41. 


50. 


16. 


55. 


67. 


' 58.' ■ ■ 


187.*" 


163.' 


77. 


20. 


54. 


235.' 


391. 


281. 


2. 


2. 


1. 


31. 


59. 


22. 



703. 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

So(liu)n carbonate. . . . 
Mag'nc.'^ium sulphate. 
MiLgnesium carbonate 

Calcium sulphate 

Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.29 

1.52 

.93 



26.25 



Hypothetical combinations 



"3. 38' 
4.49 


' 13.71' 

.12 

1.81 



.17 
2.39 
3.21 

io.'g'i' 

1.17 

2 2. '81' 

.12 

3.44 



44.22 



3.79 
2.92 
3.91 



9. '51' 
3.15 

'ie.'s'g" 

.06 

1.2s 


41.01 



BOILER ANALYSEIS 

Zi'afers in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



309 



Kankakee 
Kankakee 

State Hospital 
Well No. 1 


Kankakee 
Kankakee 

State Hospital 
Well No. 2 


Kendall 

Oswego 

(Waterworks) 

Village 


Lake 

Highland Park 

(One Mile T^/est 

at Blodgett) 

C. & N. W. R. R. 


Highland Park 

(SE. 14 sec. 

21, T. 43 N., 

R. 12 E.) 

Mr. R. Tillman 


1812 

75 + 
250 + 
Sept. 30, 1915 


1847 
75 + 
250 + 
Sept. 30, 1915 


(IHig) 22 

■ ' ' 40' 
July 20, 1915 


1760 
121 
300 + 
Aug. 20, 1914 


168 
160 + 
2 + 
Aug. 24, 1914 



(parts per million) 



268. 


188. 


172. 


36. 


172. 


.3 


.3 


.6 


.4 
.48 


2 

.8 


1.41 


2.65 


2.47 


2.12 


3.5 


550. 


176. 


10. 


25. 


9. 


671. 


265. 


97. 


15.2 


276.9 


2197. 


978. 


410. 


231. 


609. 


233. 


288. 


307. 


163. 


170. 


452. 


192. 


64. 


—44. 


738. 



(parts per million) 



2 


4. 


3. 


2.9 


4.8 


908. 


2Pn 


17. 


41.3 


14.9 


327. 


121. 


53. 


22.5 
46.6 


214.3 


322. 


226. 


77. 




165.6 




— 


91. 


30.2 


28.6 


274. 


5. 








233. 


288. 


199. 


83. 


136. 


1. 


1 




.8 


.4 


130. 


43. 




3.7 


44.4 


2197. 


978. 


440. 


231. 


609. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.12 


.23 


.17 


.17 


.28 




52.96 


16.92 


.99 


2.41 


.87 




19.07 


7.06 


3.09 


1.31 
2.72 


12.50 




is. 78 


13.18 


4.49 




9.66 








5.31 


i.76 


1.67 




15.98 


.29 










13.59 


16.80 


11.61 


4.84 


7.93 




.06 


.06 




.05 


.02 




7.58 


2.51 




.22 


2.59 




128.14 


57.05 


25.66 


13.48 


35.52 





310 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERX ILLINOIS 



Table II. — Boiler analyses of iDidcryvoiind 



County 
Town. . 



Lake Lake Lake 

Lake Bluff Lake Bluff Lake Forest 

(Waterworks) i (Waterworks) 



Owner 



City 



Depth of well feet 498 

Depth of casing- feet! 193 

Rate of pumping- g-als. per min. 55 

Date sample was collected Sept. 1, 1914 



City 



1900± 

19.=; 

75 
Sept. 1, 1914 



Ogden Armour 



1600± 
150 
200± 
Oct. 7, 1915 



Deteniiinatioiis iiiadc 



Magnesium (as CaCO,,) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCO.,) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOg) 




J (17 
12. 



4.")0. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodiui-n chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium, .vulphate.. 
Magnesium carbonate. 

Calcium sulphate 

Ca.lcium car])onate . . . . 

Iron caibonatc 

Undetermined 

Total 



1.3 




6. 


26.4 


26.4 


20. 


155.8 


95.4 


124. 


33.9 








67.6 


29 


20.2 


" 89.8 " 


30. 


64. 


251. 


241. 


.4 





1. 


16. 


49.6- 




318. 


580. 


451. 



Hypothetical conihinations 



Sodium nitrate 


.08 
1.54 
9.09 
1.98 

'"i.Ys" 

3.73 
.02 
.93 


" "i.'5V 
5.56 

3. "94 

.5.'2'-{ 

14.64 

.01 

2.89 


35 


Sodium chloride 


1 17 


Sodium sulphate 


7 23 


Sodium carbonate 




Magnesium suli>hate 


1 69 


Magnesium cai-bonate 


1.75 


Calcium sulphate 




Calciuni carbonate 


110 6 


Iron carbonate 


06 


Undetermined 








Total 


18.55 


33.82 


26 31 







BOILER ANALYSES 

waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



til 



Lake 


Lake 


Lake 


Lake 


Lake 


Ravinia Park 


Waukeg-an 


Waukegan 


Waukeg-an 


Zion City 




(C. &N W. Sta- 


(E. of Station) 


(E. of Station) 


(ShilohPark) 




tion) 








Ravinia Park 




North Shore 


North Shore 


City 


Association 


C. & N. W. R. R. 


Oon. Gras Co. 
Old Well 


Con. Gas Co. 
New ^Vell 




1096 


2200 


82 


145 


1568 


161 






115 


167-+- 


75 


Flows io 


Flows 6 


Flows 10 


Flovs 200 + 


Aug-. 25, 1914 


Sept. 9, 1914 


Sept. 9, 1914 


Sept. 9, 1914 


Sept. 10, 1914 



(parts per million) 



120. 


84. 


100. 


92. 


104. 


.6 


.4 


.8 


.4 


.4 


.0 


.20 


.16 


.20 


.52 


.0 


.88 


.7 


.88 


2.29 


41. 


16. 


27. 


40. 


20. 


276.2 


173.2 


136.2 


145.6 


260. 


739. 


555. 


496. 


547. 


698. 


263. 


252. 


223. 


246. 


247. 


136. 


104. 




22. 


204. 



(parts per million) 





1.2 


1. 


1.2 


67.7 


26.4 


44.6 


66. 


220.2 


108. 


133.5 


184.4 


144." ■ 


ioo.V ' 


' 57.6 ' 


'26.V' 






43.7 


58.8 


21.8 


27.2 






263. 


252. 


171. 


176. 


1.2 


.8 


1.7 


.4 


21.1 


38.6 


42.9 


33.8 


739. 


555. 


496. 


547. J 



3.1 
33. 

95.4 

'72." 

i95."8" 

247. 
.8 
50.9 



698. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 





.07 


.06 


.07 


.18 


3.95 


1.54 


2.60 


3.85 


1.92 


12.84 


6.30 


7.79 


10.75 


5.56 


" 's.Vo" 


' "s.Vs 


3.36" 

2.55 


' "i.sV 

3.43 


4.20' 


i.27 


i.59 






11.42 


15.34 


14.70 


9.97 


10.27 


14.41 


.07 


.05 


.10 


.02 


.05 


1.23 


2.25 


2.50 


1.97 


2.97 


43.10 


32.38 


28.93 


31.90 


40.71 



;3i2 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Lake 

Zion City 

(Edinah Park) 

City 



1270 + 
112± 

Flows 125± 
Sept. 10, 1914 



La Salle 
Grand Ridge 
(Waterworks) 

Village 



160 
146 + 
14' screen 
110 



La Salle 

Marseilles 

( Water w^orks) 

Consumer's 

Water & Light 

Co. 

Two Wells 

SOU c'c 600 

100± 

(Combined) 

100 + 



Sept. 17, 1915 Sept. 17, 1915 



Determinations made 



[Magnesium (as CaCO;,) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOa) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 




136. 



2 



2.12 

92. 
100. 
568. 
290. 

24. 



Hypothetical combinGtions 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium .sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



576. 



'i6.'5 * 


"i2.'** 


102.1 






212. 


67.2 






44. 


106.1 




252. 


48. 


1.2 


9 


30.9 


13. ■ 



331. 



3. 

If) 2 
114 

'29 
94 




178 









570. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magn(^sium sulphate. 
IM^agnesiuiii carbonate 
Calcium .^uli^liate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.96 
5.96 

' .3 .'92 

' 6. '19 

14.70 

.07 

1.80 



33.60 



.70 
i2."37" 



2.57 

2. '80 
.12 
.76 



19.32 



.17 
8.87 
6.65 

' i.'n'9 

5.18 

I'o'.ii 



33.24 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters of northeastern Illinois — Continued 



313 



La Salle 
Marseilles 



Crescent Paper Co, 



128 
80± 

Flows 4 
Sept. 17, 1915 



La Salle 
Marseilles 



E. T. Hanshue 



137 
35 

- Flows V2 
Sept. 17, 1915 



La Salle 
Marseilles 



Howe & Davidson 
Paper Mills 



590 
To bed rock 

Flows 10 
Sept. 18, 1915 



La Salle 
Marseilles 



Howe & Davidson 
Paper Mills 



75 



Flows 2 
Sept. 18, 1915 



La Salle 
Mendota 

(N. of R. R. 
Station) 

I. C. R. R. 



563 
135± 

125± 
July 26, 1915 



(parts per million) 



176. 


176. 


156. 


0. 


0. 


.6 


1.24 


"■.71 


i.'oe* 


190. 


200. 


130. 


206. 


212. 


136. 


895. 


912. 


698. 


300. 


280. 


305. 


68. 


112. 


40. 




(parts per million) 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



2. 

313. 
209. 


1. 
330. 
155. 


1. 
215. 
145. 


1. 
330. 
197. 


7. 
23. 


82. 
91. 


i34.* 

54. 


'48."'" 
97. 


'di.'" 

87. 


76. 
' 67.* * * 


192. 
" 6." ' 


244. 


i89.' 
1. 
2. 


196."" 
1. 
13. 


i46.* 
4. 


895. 


918. 


698. 


916. 


317. 



.12 
18.26 
12.19 


.06 

19.25 

9.04 


.06 

12.54 

8.46 


.06 
19.25 
11.49 


.41 
1.34 




4.78 
5.31 


7.82 
3.15 


2.'80 
5.66 


5.V1 

5.07 


4.43 

iVi 




11.20 
* ' ' .'35 


14.23 


'ii.'oV 

.06 
.12 


' ii.*43' 
.06 
.76 


8. '17 
.23 




52.21 


53.55 


40.72 


53.43 


18.49 





!14 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 



Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min, 

Date sample was collected 



C. 



La Salle 

Mendota 

(E. of R. R. 

Station) 

B. & Q. R. R. 

480 
136 
200± 
July 26, 1915 



La Salle 

Ottawa 

(Waterworks) 

City 

Well No. 1 

1449 

2S5± 

200 

July 28, 1915 



La Salle 

Ottawa 
(Waterworks) 

City 

Well No. 2 

1200 

285± 

200 

July 28, 1915 



Deterniinafiois made 



^Magnesium (as CaCOa) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOs) 



80. 


108. 


92. 


2.5 


2 


.4 


"i'lV 


' "i.Vi* 


2."l2' 


13. 


23. 


38. 


0. 


0. 


13. 


382. 


359. 


402. 


333. 


326. 


320. 


104. 


—72. 


—84. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcivim carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



3. 


2. 


3. 


2L 


38. 


63. 
19. 


iio. 


76. 


89. 


'67." 


'gi." ' 


"77." 


149.' 


14-6. 


144. 


5. 






355. 


353. . 


395. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesiuin sulphate. 
Magnesiuin carbonate 
Calcium sulphate.... 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



.17 
1.69 



21.16 



.12 
2.21 



6.V1 


4.43 


3.'9'l 


5. '31 


8.V9 
.29 


8.'5'2' 



.17 
3.67 
1.11 
5.19 

4. '49 

8. '40' 



20.59 



23.03 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters of northeastern Illinois — Continued 



315 



La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


La Salle 


Ottawa 


Ottawa 


Ottawa 


Ottawa 


Peru 


(La Salle St.) 






(Michigan & 
Champlain Sts.) 


(Waterworks) 


J. P. Catlin 


Chicago Fire Brick 
«& Retort Co. 


Chicago Fire Brick 
& Retort Co. 


Ottawa Brewery 


City 


1800 + 


400 + 


600 + 


310 


1505? 




188 + 


200 + 


80 + 




Flows 3 


Flows 8 


10 


75 


100 + 


July 29, 1915 


July 29, 1915 


July 29, 1915 


July 28, 1915 


July 26, 1915 



(parts per million) 



176. 


120. 


128. 


108. 


92. 


6. 


2. 


.2 


.1 


1.7 


i.'os" 


i.'76* 


i.06' 


i.Vi" 


1.77 


2000. 


43. 


36. 


23. 


245. 


62. 


40. 


47. 


0. 


65. 


3707. 


468. 


475. 


373. 


845. 


255. 


328. 


325. 


326. 


314. 


376. 


0. 


— 32. 


76. 


—100. 



(parts per inillion) 



1. 


2. 


1. 


2. ' 


2. 


2954. 


71. 


59. 
70. 


38. 


404. 
96. 


MgCls 165. 


59. 


34. 


76. 


106. 


CaCls 148." 


ioi."' 


108." ' 


*9i." " 




77. 


88. 










255. 


208. 


165. 


146. 


122. 


12. 


4. 






4. 


3623. 


445. 


437. 


353. 


811. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.06 


.11 


.58 


.12 


.12 


172.30 


4.14 


3.44 


2.22 


23.57 




3.44 


4.08 





5.60 


(MgCls) 9.62 




1.98 


4.43 


6.18 


(CaCla) ' '8.'6'3' 


' "5.8V 


' "e.'s'o' 


5.30 


4.49 


5.13 










14.87 


12.13 


9.62 


8.52 


7.12 


.70 


.23 






.23 


211.31 


25.94 


26.00 


20.59 


47.31 



316 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler aiiolyscs of underground 



County 

Town 

0\\ ner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing- feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



La Salle 
Peru 



Illinois Zinc 
Co. 



Jan. 9, 1916 



La Salle 

Streator 
(E. Plant) 



American 
Bottle Co'. 
700± 
200± 
97 
Aug. 10, 1915 



La Salle 
Streator 



"Western 

Glass Co. 

5S7 

200± 

60± 

Aug. 10, 1915 



Determinations made 



Magnesium (as CaCOs) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOg) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 




112. 



116. 



1.8 


1.4 


325. 


325. 


45. 


36. 


95S. 


963. 


355. 


370. 


128. 


—136. 



Hypothetieal combinations 



Sodium nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate... 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



338. 
11.2 

47. 



94. 



146. 
6. 



743. 



2. 

536. 

67. 

135. 



94. 

ii5.' ' 
.2 

8.8 



958. 



2. 

536. 

53. 

144. 



97. 

lis.' " 

.4 
12.6 



963. 



Hypothetical combinations 



Sodium nitrate 


19.72 
6.53 
2.74 

5. '4 8 

8. "5 2 
.35 


.12 

31.26 

3.91 

7.87 

5. '4 8 

6.V1 
.01 
.51 


.12 


Sodium chloride 


31.26 


Sodium sulphate 


3.09 


Sodiuiii Cc* rbonate 


8.40 


^lagnc^ium suli")hate 




IViagnesium carbonate 


5.66 


Calcium .sulphate 




Calcium carbonate 


6.88 


Iron carbonate 


.02 


Undeterm i nod ... 


.73 






Total 


43.34 


55.87 


56.16 







BOILER ANALYSES 



317 



waters in northeastern Illinois — Continued 



McHenry 


McHenry 


McHenry 


Will 


Will 


North Crystal 


Woodstock 


Woodstock 


Joliet 


Joliet 


Lake 










(Waterworks) 


(Waterworks) 


(Near C. & N. W. 


(HOW. Jeffer- 


(210 Collins 






R. R. Sta.) 


son St.) 


St.) 


City 


City 


Oliver Typewriter 


Adler Packing 


Joliet Citizen's 






Co. 


Co. 


Brewery 


285 


1000 + 


1211 


344 


1350 


260 


To bed rock 


980 


60 + 


150 


200 + 


160 


120 


35 + 


50 + 


Sept. 28, 1914 


Sept. 28, 1914 


• Sept. 26, 1914 


Sept. 27, 1915 


Sept. 24, 1915 



(parts per million) 



112. 


156. 


162. 


236. 


236. 


.8 


1.2 


2.2 


.2 


0. 


.3 


.2 


.0 






1.3 


.9 


.0 


6.2 


26.5 


17. 


2. 


4. 


50. 


53. 


7. 


.0 


26.3 


215. 


285. 


328. 


390. 


441. 


761. 


842. 


294. 


380. 


380. 


330. 


300. 


—44. 


—20. 


—40. 


200. 


244. 



(parts per mUlion) 



1.8 


1.2 




9. 


36. 


28. 


3.3 


6.6 


83. 


87. 


10.3 




38.8 


34. 


74. 


46.6 


21.2 


42.4 


240.' 


283.' 


94.1 


131. 


134.4 


30. 


'ii.' 


i38. 


204. 


180. 


294. 


300. 


1.6 


2.5 


4.6 






7.6 


26.8 


34.2 


7i. 


hi. 


328. 


390. 


441. 


761. 


842. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.10 


.07 




.52 


2.10 


1.63 


.19 


.38 


4.84 


5.07 


.60 




2.26 


1.98 


4.32 


2.72 


1.24 


2.46 


*i4.'o'o* 


'ie.'si 


5.49 


7.64 


7.83 


1.75 


' ' ' .'64 


8.05 


11.90 


10.50 


17.15 


17.50 


.09 


.15 


.27 






.44 


1.56 


2.00 


4.14 


2.97 


19.12 


22.75 


25.70 


44.38 


49.11 



318 



ARTESIAN WATERS OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 

Table II. — Boiler analyses of underground 



County 

Town 

Owner 

Depth of well feet 

Depth of casing feet 

Rate of pumping- gals, per min. 

Date sample was collected 



Will 

Joliet 

(Michigan & 

Benton Sts. 

Moore Stove 

Co. 

503 

175 

35± 

Sept. 23. 1915 



Will 

Joliet 

(142 S. Bluff 

St.) 

E. Porter 

Brewery 

512 



20 
Sept. 24, 1915 



Will 

Joliet 

(812 X. Scott 

St.) 

F. Sell ring 

Brewery 

1575 



50 
Sept. 23, 1915 



Determinations made 



Magiiesium (as CaCO.-,) 

Iron 

Nitrate nitrogen 

Nitrate 

Chlorine 

Sulphate 

Residue 

Alkalinity (as CaCOs) 

Non-carbonate hardness (as CaCOa) 




352. 
0. 



19.4 
107. 
561. 
1379. 
355. 
504. 



HypotJietieal eonibinatiojis 



Sodium, nitrate 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium sulphate 

Sodium carbonate. . . . 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate. . . . 
Calcium carbonate. . . 

Iron carbonate 

Undetermined 

Total 



39 
119 
121 



418 



141 

370 



10' 



1315. 



12. 

297. 

MffClo 188. 



94. 



174. 
310. 



214. 



1289. 



27 
177 
114 



422 



208 
355 



76 



1379. 



HypotJietieal eombinations 



Sodium nitrate 


2.27 
6.94 
7.06 

' 24.'38 

8 '22 
21.58 

6.': 4 


.70 

17.32 

MgClo 10.97 

5."48 

'io.'iV 

18.08 
"12. '4s' 


1.57 


Sodium chloride 


10.32 


Sodium sulphate 


6.65 


Sodium carbonate 

Magnesium sulphate 

Magnesium carbonate 

CalciuiTi sulphate 


■ 2 4. '6 2 
' 12. '13 


Calcium carbonate 

Iron carbonate 


20.71 


Undetermined 


4.43 






Total 


76.69 


75.18 


80.43 



BOILER ANALYSES 

waters of northeastern Illinois — Concluded 



319 



Win 

Rockdale 
(Watei-works) 


Will 
Rockdale 


Winnebago 
Rockford 


Winnebago 
Rockford 




Villag-o 


American Can Co. 


Nelson Hotel 


Trust Building 




662 
260 
160 
Sept. 24, 1915 


640 
135 
40 
Sept. 24, 1915 


400± 
To bed rock 
15 
Sept. 29. 1914 


400 
To bed rock 

10 
Sept. 29, 1914 





(parts per million) 



88. 


208. 


196. 


156. 




.4 


.1 


.0 
.5 


.0 
3.2 




.53 


7.4 


2.2 


14.1 




47. 


22. 


26. 


34. 




116. 


206. 


71.6 


47.7 




530. 


695. 


528. 


468. 




290. 


370. 


318. 


330. 




—84. 


76. 


96. 


62. 





{parts per million) 



1. 


10. 


3. 


19.3 


78. 


36. 


18.5 


41.7 


172. 


1.97 






89. 




(MgCls) 19.9 


(MgCls) 11.7 




9i. 


89.7 


59.7 


74. 


111. 


84. 


78.9 


iis." 


238.' 


218.' 


236." 


1. 




.0 


.0 




12. 


94.9 


20.7 


533. 


695. 


528. 


468. 



(parts per U. S. gallon) 



.06 


.58 


4.55 


2.10 


10.03 


11.49 


5.19 






5.31 


4.32 


6.47 


6.88 


'is.'sV 


.06 






.70 


31.09 


40.53 



.17 
1.08 



30.78 



(MgCl2)' 


1.16 
5.23 
4.90 


12.71 

.00 

5.53 



1.12 
2.43 

(MgClo)' ' " .'68 
3.47 
4.59 



13.76 

.00 

1.20 

27.25 



INDEX 



521 



INDEX 



A 

PAGE 

Acknowledgments 20 

Air-lift pumps 70-72 

costs of pumping with 74-75 

investigations of 70-72 

Algonquin, mineral analysis 

for 245 

water supply at 208-209 

Alluvial deposits 28-29 

Analvses, methods of making 

37-38,40-41 

Analyses of: 

gas from Armour well, Lake 

Forest 188 

Niagaran limestone waters. . 96 

Potsdam waters 99 

water from w^ells at Bensen- 

ville , 143 

See also Boiler ivater anal- 
yses and Mineral analyses. 
Argo, boiler water analyses 

for 250-251 

log of well at 109-110 

water supply at 109-111 

Arlington Heights, water sup- 
ply at 127-128 

Armour well, near Lake Forest, 

log of 186 

Artesian waters, definition of. 24 

Aurora, boiler water analyses 

for 304-306 

log of city well at 163 

mineral analyses for 238-239 

temperatures of deep well 

waters at 46, 163 

temperature of shallow well 

water at 48 

water supply at 160-163 

B 

Barrington, boiler water an- 
alysis for 251 

mineral analysis for 234 

temperature of shallow well 

waters at 48 

water supply at 128 

Bartow, Edward, assistance of 20 
Batavia, log of city well No. 

2 at 165 

mineral analysis for 239 

temperature of deep well 

w^aters at 46 

water supply at 164-165 



PAGE 

Bed rocks, outcrops of 25 

Bellewood, mineral analysis for 234 

water supply at Ill 

Belvidere, boiler water analysis 

for 250 

log of well at 79-81 

mineral analysis for 234 

temperatures of well waters 

at 46, 47 

water supply of 78-79 

Bensenville, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 300 

log of well at 140-141 

water supply at 140-142 

Berwyn, boiler water analvsis 

for 252 

water supply at Ill 

Blodgett, log of well at 184 

water supply at 184 

Bloomingtori moraine, distribu- 
tion of 129-130, 190 

Blue Island, boiler water an- 
alyses for 252-253 

static head at 103 

temperatures of deep well 

waters at 46 

water supply at 102-103 

Boone Countv, artesian waters 

of 77-81 

Braceville, water supply at... 151 
Bradley, boiler water analysis 

for 308 

Braidwood, log of well at 217 

mineral analysis for 246 

water supply at 216-217 

C 

Cady, G. H., assistance of 20 

Calumet River, course of 82 

Carbon Hill, boiler water an- 
alysis for 303 

water supply at 151 

Carpentersville, water supply 

at 166 

Casing of wells 54 

effect of on chemical char- 
acter of water 38-39 

Cater Contracting Company, 

assistance of 20 

Cedar Point, mineral analysis 

for 241 

water supply at 193 

Centrifugal pump, see Impeller 
pump. 



322 



INDEX — continued 



PAGE 

Chemical character of under- 
ground waters 37-42 

Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
way Company's wells, logs 

of. at Belvidere 79 

Blodgett 184 

Harvard 209 

Malta 134 

Norma 125-126 

Proviso 116-117 

West Chicago 148 

Chicago, boiler water analyses 

for 253-291 

daily pumpage of 17, 90-91 

first deep well in 88 

hydrogen sulphide in waters 

of 40-42 

mineral analyses for 234-235 

temperatures of well waters 

in 45, 46 

well water supply at 87-102 

Chicago Heights, boiler water 

analyses for 292 

water supply at 107-108 

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railway Company's well 

at Bensenville, log of 140-141 

Chicago Portland Cement Com- 
pany's well at Oglesby, log 

of 199 

Clearing, boiler water analyses 

for 292-293 

water supply at 111-112 

Coal City, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 303 

log of well at 152 

mineral analysis for 238 

water supply at 151-152 

"Coal Measures", sec Pennsyl- 

vanian system. 
Cook County, artesian waters 

of 81-129 

Corn Products Refining Com- 
pany's well at Argo. log of 109-110 
Crete, mineral analysis for.... 247 

water supply at 217-218 

"Crevices", the 98 

Crystal Lake, log of well at. . . 209 

mineral analysis for 245 

water supply at 209 

D 

Deep well iiunips 69 

costs of pumping with 73 

Deer Park, log of well at 194 

water supply at 193-194 

DeKalb. log of well at 133 

mineral analysis for 237 

water supply at 132-133 

DeKalb County, artesian waters 

of 129-137 

DesPlaines, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 293 



PAGE 

temperature of shallow well 

water at 48, 125 

DesPlaines Valley, outlet of 

Lake Chicago 29 

springs in 108 

Devonian deposit at Elmhurst 83, 139 
at East Chicago possible ex- 
istence of 83 

Downers Grove, boiler water 

analysis for 300 

log of well at 142 

temperature of shallow well 

water at 48, 49. 144 

water supply at 142, 144 

Dresbach formation 84 

Drilled wells 51-76 

Drillers specifications for wells 

55-56,59-69 

Drilling, costs of 52, 55, 57-58 

methods of 51-52, 52-53 

Drilling samples, directions for 

taking and importance of. 18,19 

Driven wells 51 

Dug wells 50-51 

DuPage County, artesian 

waters of 137-149 

E 
Earlville, water supply at.... 194 
East Chicago, log of well at. . . 106 

Elburn, log of well at 166 

water supply at 166 

Elgin, boiler water analyses 

for 306-307 

log of well at 167 

temperatures of well waters 

at .- . . . 48. 168 

water supply at 166-168 

Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- 
way Company's well at 

Coal City, log of 152 

Elmhurst, boiler water anal- 
yses for 301 

log of well at 145 

water supply at 144-145 

Eola, water supply at 145 

F 
Farm Ridge moraine, distribu- 
tion of 190 

Forest Park, mineral analysis 

for 236 

water supply at 112 

G 

Galena - Platteville limestone, 
see under local discussions 
for each county. 

Gardner, water supply at 152 

Gas in the Niagaran limestone 185 
analysis of, from Armour 

well. Lake Forest 186 

Geiger, S. B., assistance of.... 20 

Geneva, water supply at 168 



INDEX — continued 



323 



PAGE 

Genoa, mineral analysis for... 237 

water supply at 133 

Geologic formations 25-30 

Geothermal gradients, defini- 
tion of 42 

factors affecting 49-50 

Glen Ellyn, mineral analysis 

for 237 

water supply at 146 

Glenwood, water supply at. . . . 105 
Grand Ridge, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 312 

log of well at 194 

mineral analysis for 241 

temperature of shallow well 

water at 48 

water supply at 194-195 

Grasselli Chemical Company, 

log of well of 105-107 

Grays Lake, log of well at 182-183 

water supply at .182-183 

Ground moraines 27-28 

Ground-water level 21 

Grundy County, waters of 149-157 

Gurnee, water supply at 183 

H 

Harvard, log of well at 209 

water supply at 209-210 

Harvey, boiler water analvses 

for '. .. .293-294 

water supply at 104 

Highland Park, boiler water 

analyses for 309 

mineral analysis for 241 

water supply at 183-184 

Highwood, water supply at. . . . 185 

Hinckley, mineral analysis for 237 

water supply at 134 

Hinsdale, boiler water analysis 

for 301 

temperature of well water 

at 48, 49, 146 

water supply at 146 

Hoge well near Morris, log of 155 

Homewood, water supply at. . 105 
Hospital for the Insane at 

Kankakee, log of well at. . 175 
Hubbard Woods, boiler water 

analysis for 294 

water supply at 126 

Hydrogen sulphide, presence of 

in underground waters. . . . 40-42 

I 

Illinois Zinc Company's well 

at Peru, log of 202 

Impeller pumps 69-70 

costs of pumping with 73 

Invariable stratum, depth of . . 44 



J 

PAGE 

Joliet, boiler water analyses 

for 317-318 

log of well at 221 

mineral analyses for . 247 

temperatures of deep well 

waters at 221 

water supply at 218-221 

Jordan sandstone 84 

see also under local discus- 
sions for each county. 
J.P. Miller Artesian Well Com- 
pany, assistance of....... 20 

K 

Kane County, waters of 157-171 

Kankakee, boiler water anal- 
yses for 308-309 

log of well at 175 

temperatures of well waters 

at 46, 47 

water supply at 172-175 

Kankakee County, artesian 

waters of 171-177 

Kendall County, waters of 177-179 

Kirkland, water supply at 134 

L 

Lacustrine deposits 29 

LaGrange, boiler water anal- 
yses for 294 

temperature of deep well 

water at 113 

water supply at 112 

Lake Bluff, boiler water anal- 
yses for 310 

temperatures of well waters 

at 46, 48 

water supply at 185 

Lake Chicago, former exten- 
sion of 29,82 

Lake County, waters of 179-189 

Lake Forest, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 310 

log of Armour well at 186 

water supply at 185-187 

Lake Zurich, mineral analysis 

for 241 

water supply at 187 

LaSalle, mineral analyses for. 241-242 

water supply at 195 

LaSalle County, artesian 

waters of 189-205 

Leland, mineral analysis for. . 242 

water supply at 195 

Lemont, boiler water analysis 

for 295 

water supply at 108-109 

Libertyville, water supply at.. 187 

Lockport, log of well at 222 

mineral analysis for 247 



324 



iNDEx^continued 



PAGE 

water supply at 221-222 

Logs, importance of 118 

Logs, see under town and own- 
er's name. 
Lombard, boiler water analysis 

for 301 

temperature of shallow well 

water at 146 

water supply at 146 

Lostant, water supply at 195-196 

"Lower Magnesian", see Prai- 
rie du Cliicn group. 
Lyons, boiler water analysis 

for 295 

M 

McHenry County, artesian 

waters of 206-212 

thickness of drift in 206-207 

Malta, log of well at 134 

water supply at 134 

Manteno, mineral analysis for 240 

water supply at 178 

Maple Park, mineral analysis 

for 240 

water supply at 169 

Maquoketa shale, see under 

local discussions. 
Marengo, mineral analysis for 246 

water supply at 210 

Marengo Ridge, location of . . . . 158 
Marseilles, boiler water anal- 
yses for 312-313 

log of well near 196-197 

mineral analysis for 242 

temperatures of Avell waters 

at 46, 48 

water supply at 196-197 

Marseilles moraine. . .149. 171, 177, 190 
Matteson, mineral analysis for 236 

water supply at 108 

Maywood, boiler water analysis 

for 295-296 

log of well at 114 

temperature of deep well 

water at 46, 115 

water supply at 114-115 

Mazon, log of well near 153 

water supply at 152-153 

Melrose, boiler water analyses 

for 296 

water supply at 115-116 

Mendota. boiler water analyses 

for 313-314 

log of well at 197 

mineral analysis for 243 

temperature of shallow well 

water at 48 

water supply at 197-198 

Minooka, boiler water analyses 

for 204 



PAGE 

log of well at 154 

mineral analysis for 238 

temperature of deep well 

water at 46, 153 

water supply at 153-154 

Minooka Ridge, distribution of 177 

Mokena, mineral analysis for. 247 

water supply at 2:22-223 

Monee, mineral analyses for. . 248 

water supply at 223 

Momence, water supply at 176 

Montgomery, mineral analysis 

for 239 

water supply at 169 

Mooseheart, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 307 

water supply at 170 

Morris, boiler water analysis 

for 304 

log of well at 156-157 

log of well near 155 

mineral analysis for 238 

water supply at 154-157 

N 

Naperville, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 302 

log of well at 147 

mineral analysis for 237 

temperature of well water 

at 48,49,146 

water supply at 146-147 

New Richmond sandstone 192 

Niagaran limestone, hydrogen 

sulphide in waters from . . . 40-42 

analysis of water from 96 

See also local discussions 
under Lake. McHenry, 
Kane, Cook,, DtiPage. Ken- 
dall. Will, and Kankakee 
counties. 

Norma, log of well at 125-126 

North Crystal Lake, boiler 

water analyses for 317 

mineral analyses for 246 

water supply at 210-211 

O 

Oglesby. log of well at 199 

water supply at 198-199 

Open wells 50-51 

Oswego, boiler water analysis 

for 309 

water supply at 178-179 

Ottawa, boiler water analyses 

for 314-315 

log of well at 199-200 

mineral analysis for 243 

temperatures of deep well 

waters at 46 

water supply at 199-201 

Outwash deposits 28 



ixDEX — continued 



32i 



P 

PAGE 

Palatine, water supply at 128-129 

Palos, water supply at 105 

Park Ridge, boiler water anal- 
yses for 297 

high static head at 94 

log of w^ell at 127 

water supply at 126-127 

Pecatonica, mineral analysis 

for 249 

water supply at 227 

Pennsylvanian system, see wi- 
der local discussions for 
LaSalle. Gi'undy. Will, and 
KanTcakee counties. 
Peotone, mineral analysis for. . 248 

water supply at 223 

Peru, boiler water analyses 

for 315-316 

log of well at 202 

mineral analyses for 243 

water supply at 201-202 

Peddicord well near Marseilles, 

log of 196-197 

Plainfield, mineral analysis for 248 

water supply at 223-224 

Piano, log of well at 179 

water supply at. 179 

"Potsdam" group 84 

chemical character of waters 

of 98-102 

static head of 95 

waters from 85-86, 89-90, 131 

See also under local dis- 
cussions -for each county. 
Prairie du Chien group, see un- 
der local discussions for 
each county. 
Proviso, boiler water analysis 

for 297-298 

log of well at 116-117 

mineral analysis for 236 

pumping tests on wells at. . .118, 119 
temperatures of deep well 

waters at 120 

water supply at 116-120 

Pumpage, effect of on chemical 

character of water 39-40 

Pumping, costs of 73-75,91,93 

methods of . 69-72, 91, 93 

Pumping tests on Chicago & 
Northw^estern Railway Com- 
pany's wells at Proviso. . .118, 119 

R 

Ransom, mineral analysis for. . 243 

water supply at 203 

Ravinia Park, boiler water an- 
alysis for 311 

temperature of deep well 

waters at 46 

water supply at 187 



PAGE 

Recession of static head 36 

See also under local dis- 
cussions for each county. 
Reddick, mineral analysis for 241 

water supply at 176-177 

Ringwood, water supply at. . . . 211 
Riverdale, boiler water anal- 
ysis for 298 

mineral analysis for 236 

static head at 95 

water supply at 104-105 

River Forest, boiler water an- 
alysis for 299 

sulphur in waters from 42 

temperature of deep well 

waters at 46 

water supply at 120-121 

Riverside, boiler water an- 
alysis for 299 

water supply at 120-123 

Rockdale, boiler water analyses 

for 319 

mineral analysis for 249 

water supply at 224 

Rockford, boiler water analyses 

for 319 

log of well at 228 

mineral analysis for 249 

pumping equipment of . . .70, 73-74 

w-ater supply at 227-232 

Rondout, water supply at 1S7-188 

S 

"Sag'', the 82 

St. Charles, boiler water an- 
alyses for 307 

mineral analyses for 240 

water supply at 170-171 

St. Lawrence formation 84 

St. Peter sandstone, see under 
local discussions for each 
county. 

Sandwich, log of well at 135 

water supply at 135 

Savage, T. E., assistance of . . . 20 

Sheridan, water supply at 203 

Size of wells, relation of to 

yield 75-76, 90 

Somonauk, log of well at 136 

water supply at. 135 

South Chicago Heights, boiler 

water analysis for 292 

Specifications for wells. . . .55-56, 59-69 

Springs 23 

"Standard rig", use of 51 

State Water Survev, assistance 

of 20 

Static head 31-37 

See also under local dis- 
cussions for each comity. 

Steger, mineral analysis for... 249 

water supply at 224 



32& 



ixDEx — concluded 



PAGK 

Stock Yards district, depth of 

wells in 53 

recession of static head at. . . 94 

size of wells in 90 

Stream deposits 28-29 

Streator, boiler water analj'ses 

for 316 

log of well at 204-205 

mineral analyses for 243-244 

temperatures of deep well 

waters at 46, 204 

water supply at 203-205 

Summit, boiler water analyses 

for 299 

divide near 29 

log of well at 123 

temperature of deep well 

waters at 46 

water supply at 123 

Surface deposits, effect o n 

ground-water level of 22 

Sycamore, boiler water anal- 
yses for 300 

log of well at 136-137 

temperature of deep well 

water at . . 46, 137 

water supply at 136-137 

T 

Temperature of invariable stra- 
tum 44 

Temperatures of well waters.. 42-50 
from great depths in Chicago 45 

outside Chicago 46 

See also under local cliscus- 
sio7is for each county. 
from shallow depths in Chi- 
cago 46 

outside Chicago 48 

See also wider local dis- 
cussions for each count ji. 
methods of measurement of 42 

Terminal moraines 26-27 

Tinley Park, water supply at. . 108 

Topograi)hy, effect of on 

ground-water level 22 

Turl)ine pump, sec Impeller 
])umi). 

U 

Ulrich, E. O., assistance of . . . . 20 
Underground waters, sources 

of 20 

Utica, mineral analyses for.. 245 

water supply at 205 

V 

Valparaiso moraine, distribu- 
tion of. .26-27, 82. 107, 108. 127. 213 



PAGE 

waters of 85 

Virgil, water supply at 171 

W 

Walker well near Mazon, log of 153 

Water table 21 

Waukegan, boiler water anal- 
yses for 311 

temperatures of well waters 

at 48, 188 

^vater supply at 188 

Wedron. mineral analysis for 245 
temperature of shallow well 

water at 48 

water supply at 205 

Weiland, H. J., work of 18, 40, 93 

Wells, casing of 54, 90 

dug or open 50-51 

size of 54-90 

specifications for 55-56, 59-69 

varieties of 50-52 

West Chicago, boiler water an- 
alyses for 302-303 

log of well at 148 

mineral analysis for 237 

temperatures of well waters 

at 46, 48, 49 

water supply at 147-148 

Western Springs, water supply 

at 124 

Wheaton, boiler water analysis 

for 303 

temperatures of well waters 

at 48, 49 

water supply at 148-149 

Will County, waters of .212-225 

Willow Springs, springs at... 108 

Wilmington, water supply at.. 224-225 
Winnebago County, artesian 

waters of 225-232 

Wisconsin Condensed M i 1 k 
Companv's well at Grays 

Lake, log of 182-183 

Woodstock, boiler water an- 
alysis for 317 

log of well at 211 

mineral analysis for 246 

water supply at 211-212 

Y 

Yorkville. w^ater supply at.... 179 

Z 

Zion City, boiler water an- 
alyses for 311-312 

log of well at Shiloh Park 

near 189 

temperature of deep well 

waters at 46 

water supply at 188-189 







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